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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/68326/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
Large transport infrastructure projects, which can cost billions of dollars, are major drivers of the economy, and political flagships.
They have significant impacts on health and wellbeing. Yet our research finds these impacts are not as well considered in the project assessment phase as they should be.
A recent Lancet series is the culmination of knowledge linking transport and health. For example, it recommends reducing reliance on private cars and enhancing opportunities for walking, cycling and public transport use. It argues this will improve health both by reducing air and noise pollution, and by promoting physical activity, community connectedness and better access to goods and services, particularly for the socio-economically disadvantaged.
Each transport project’s environmental assessment thus presents a crucial opportunity within the mandated planning process to consider health. This is also when the wider community can engage with the design of projects. The main output of this process, the environmental impact statement (EIS), is available for public scrutiny and comment prior to final project approval. 
<h2>A health check on assessments</h2>
We recently compared the inclusion of health issues in four major transport project assessments. Three involved motorways (WestConnex M4 East and NorthConnex in New South Wales and the 2010 Darlington Upgrade in South Australia) and the fourth the Sydney CBD and South East Light Rail. We did this by first applying a “health audit” to each EIS, then interviewing a range of stakeholders. 
The road assessments emphasised risks from air quality and noise, concluding these were minimal. Indeed, each project was predicted to improve air quality and, by extension, health. 
When health was assessed, human health risk assessment was the method used, which we judged to be of good quality. The 2010 Darlington upgrade was the only road project not to include health data explicitly in its calculations. 
The light rail EIS referred mainly to the connection of the project to health facilities, with some reference to noise and dust in construction. This statement’s chapter on social impacts, in which health featured strongly, reflects the tone of the recent Lancet report, albeit with less detail. It considered wider health benefits of the project, including better access to health facilities and employment opportunities, improved road safety, opportunities for walking and cycling, better air quality and enhanced social interaction. 
Of the four environmental impact statements, WestConnex M4 East had the most detailed coverage of mental health issues, mostly related to property acquisition. Despite this, there was limited detail in the health chapter when compared to other issues like air and noise risks. Mitigation measures were limited to the provision of phone counselling services. 
The EIS for each of the other projects lacked assessment of mental health impacts due to construction and operation. 
As outlined above, evidence that links transport and health advocates for access to a mix of transport options, giving people opportunities to walk, cycle and use public transport. The importance of this mix was excluded from the project and parameters set for the two NSW motorway projects. 
While the EIS for each of NorthConnex and WestConnex acknowledged the need for multi-modal transport options, their provision was described as being outside the project’s parameters. It wasn’t clear how or when this was being done elsewhere, only that it was not the proponent’s responsibility and not within the scope of the EIS.
This mix of options was minimal in the 2010 Darlington report we analysed. However, the most recent 2016 iteration of this project design appears to emphasise walking and cycling facilities, with a recent announcement of a rail link adjacent to the motorway.
<h2>Why were health impacts neglected?</h2>
Stakeholder interviews were held with project co-ordinators, consultants, the health department and affected community members for the NSW-based projects. We were unable to conduct interviews for the Darlington case due to changing and uncertain project parameters at the time of the research. 
Informants stressed the importance of the requirements issued to proponents by the state Department of Planning and Infrastructure. Health featured in these requirements, largely on the advice of the state Ministry of Health. 
These requirements focused on environmental health risks, particularly concerning air quality. This corresponded to historical community concerns about motorway impacts. 
Despite an overall consensus that health was an important issue, there was little appetite for comprehensive consideration of broader health impacts, such as those advocated by evidence-based research. Crucially, as reported in the environmental impact statements and confirmed through stakeholder interviews, the design of each project reflects prior financial and strategic decisions. The purpose of the EIS is focused on minimising these risks within those existing design parameters. 
Supporting the considerations behind the light rail, there was reference to the cost savings from the health benefits associated with public transport use. This suggests that health was part of that project’s preceding business case. For the motorway projects, however, our research suggests these early decision points failed to comprehensively consider health impacts. 
If health is to be comprehensively included in the environmental impact statement, it is clear that it needs to be considered much earlier on when the decisions are made on the parameters of the project. Our findings suggest the design of these projects – from business case to assessment – lags well behind the evidence surrounding transport and health. 
The community can be confident that these assessment processes were conducted thoroughly within their set purpose. But the bar for considering the full range of health impacts needs to be raised. This will ensure communities are aware of the long-term impacts of infrastructure provision, and that opportunities to promote and protect health through transport are maximised.
Patrick Harris is senior research fellow, University of Sydney and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/patrick-harris-102775" target="_blank">here</a>.
Emily Riley is research assistant , University of Sydney and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/emily-riley-315794" target="_blank">here</a>.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jennifer-kent-13822" rel="author">Jennifer Kent</a> is research fellow, University of Sydney and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jennifer-kent-13822" target="_blank">here</a>.
All are authors for The Conversation.
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

Why transport projects aren’t as good for your health as they could be

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GUEST OBSERVER
Washington Brown has crunched the numbers on The Block’s latest development in Melbourne’s inner-city bayside suburb of Port Melbourne, and something just doesn’t add up.
From a financial point of view the development, which consisted of transforming a 1920s art deco building into a luxury apartment block, was one of the worst I have ever seen.
While I understand the magic of television, Channel 9 have outdone David Copperfield in creating the illusion of a profit to the public!.
Let's look at the numbers:
According to reports Channel 9 bought the site for around $5 million, which allowed for 6 apartments. Only 5 were sold on TV and for calculation purposes let’s say the acquisition costs is $4.2 million.
The construction cost and depreciation allowances totalled over $11 million, for the 5 apartments.  
That’s $15.2 million alone in construction and acquisition costs.
It’s worth noting that under the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 the initial vendor (ie. the developer) has an obligation to pass on the actual costs of construction to the purchaser, where the costs are known.
Let’s not forget there’s then a variety of other costs involved in buying and selling, and undertaking the development, including:
<ul>
<li>Stamp duty</li>
<li>GST on the sale</li>
<li>Demolition</li>
<li>Marketing</li>
<li>Agents’ fees</li>
<li>Legal fees</li>
<li>Interest</li>
<li>Rates</li>
</ul>
Whilst some of these costs may have been avoided due to contra deals, the bulk would have to be outlaid by Channel 9.
I estimate these additional costs to conservatively be $2 million, which brings the total cost to $17.2 million.
The Block’s<a href="https://www.domain.com.au/news/the-block-2016-will-and-karlie-win-and-take-home-815000-in-prize-money-20161113-gsoefv/" target="_blank"> total sales </a>realised just a little over $12 million, leaving the development in the red by around $5 million, yet it has been indicated that <a href="https://www.domain.com.au/news/the-block-2016-the-auctions/" target="_blank">profits</a> of up to $715,000 were made by the contestants. 
That something David Copperfield would be in awe of.
You know it’s the peak of the market when reality TV shows are pulling rabbits out of a hat to show a profit.
Whilst the contestants may have walked away with some ‘profit’, if the numbers are to be believed as shown on the show that development was a stinker.
Tyron Hyde is director, Washington Brown, and can be contacted <a href="https://www.washingtonbrown.com.au" target="_blank">here</a>.
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How successful was The Block Port Melbourne as a development?

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Cricketer Mitchell Starc has listed his Mosman home after he bought the North Curl Curl home of Jennifer Hawkins and her husband Jake Wall.
The luxury new build at North Curl Curl home cost the 26 year old Baulkham Hills-born fast bowler a bullish $5,235,000.
Starc bought the property in Mosman for $4.55 million back in 2014. <a href="https://www.realestate.com.au/property-house-nsw-mosman-124151974" target="_blank">It is listed</a> for December 10 auction. 
Set at the end of the Botanic Road cul-de-sac, the five-bedroom property includes a dramatic entry with soaring ceilings, walls of glass and a rooftop terrace. Offered through McGrath Mosman’s Michael Rava, it has $5.5 million hopes.
His prior home was at Breakfast Point pad, which fetched $1,275,000 on its sale.
Starc and his now wife, Southern Stars cricketer Alyssa Healy, had paid $960,000 in 2012. 
Starc's fellow new ball partner in the Australian Test team attack, Josh Hazlewood, recently secured a Hunters Hill property for $3.8 million.
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Australian cricket star Mitchell Starc lists in Mosman

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/68429/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
Last week the Australian division of global financial institution Citibank became the first local bank to stop handling cash.
The bank’s retail head said it was not a precursor to closing bank branches, but it comes as banks are stepping up their investments in technology, while at the same time looking to reduce costs. But evidence shows customers still want branches or personal interaction with bank staff. 
Banks today spend a lot of time talking about technology. Their public documents are littered with terms like “simplification”, “process excellence”, “creating a footprint for a digital world”, “stepping up the pace of innovation”, “cloud based solutions”, “digital transformation”, “unparalleled digital capabilities”, “digital security”, “innovation labs”, “technology for leveraging data analytics” – it goes on and on. 
It is clear the banks are highly motivated to ride the technology wave to its full extent. And they cite several compelling reasons. The first is improving the customer experience. The banks argue they can build deep customer relationships through technology improvements. 
The way customers want to undertake banking is continually changing, and more and more customers want simplified solutions and to be able to do everything on digital devices. Part of the customer service improvement is heavy investment in data analytics to better understand customer profiles and the ways in which customers transact. 
The second reason is to drive down costs. Customers want the cost effective solutions that smart technology can offer them, and banks want to improve their own cost to income ratios.
Security is a third factor. Customers want their money to be safe and banks need to invest in secure solutions and the prevention of cybercrime. 
But what is the role of the traditional bank branch in all of this? Will increasing digital solutions lead to more branch closures? And do customers still want branch based solutions and interactions? 
<h2>Branch networks are declining, but at a slower pace</h2>
APRA figures show there were 5904 “points of presence” in Australia offering a branch level of service as at June 30, 2016. These figures include non-bank entities such as building societies, but the vast majority relate to bank branches. 
From 2012 onwards, the number of branches has shown negative growth each year, and there has been a particularly large slide of 5 percent in 2016. There has been a greater percentage of closure in rural areas. According to APRA’s branch classifications, there was a reduction of 315 branches, of which 173 (-4 percent) was in highly accessible areas, 75 (-10 percent) in accessible areas, 36 (-12 percent) in moderately accessible areas, 25 (-17 percent) in moderately accessible areas, 6 (-13 percent) in very remote areas.
<a href="/images/2016/11/17/image-20161114-21945-10joapy.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/11/17/image-20161114-21945-10joapy.png" alt="">
APRA data, Author provided
These closures need to be put into context. They are small compared to the many closures that were seen in Australia from the early nineties to the early 2000s, when ATMs and other electronic solutions were being increasingly rolled out by banks. APRA figures show a reduction of more than 2,000 branches over this period. 
An Australian parliamentary report at that time put this down to banks seeking increased efficiency and reduced costs in a highly competitive global environment, fuelled by an increase in technology and electronic banking solutions. 
The US, like Australia, has also shown a relatively small reduction in branches in recent times. The UK on the other hand has had a comparatively huge number of branch closures. A parliamentary report showed branch numbers have fallen from more than 20,000 in the late eighties to less than 9,000 in recent times. These closures even led to an active group called the Campaign for Community Banking Services. It spent nearly two decades trying to stop the closures but disbanded recently, believing the tide could not be stopped.
Despite bank branch closures, there’s evidence to suggest customers still want branches or some sort of personal interaction with bank staff. 
A Canstar Blue 2016 survey showed that in Australia the top three drivers of bank customer satisfaction are enquiry and problem handling, fees and charges, and customer service (branch and call centre). Digital banking (mobile, website and apps) ranks only as the sixth key driver. In the UK, a study by McKinsey (2016) showed that customers still want interaction with branches, especially for more complex transactions.
But do branches still deliver value for the banks themselves? Well yes, not only do they serve to satisfy the needs of those customers who want personal interaction with their banks, these branches are also essential sales outlets for the banks.
There is also generally a desire among Australian banks to retain, and even expand, the relationship manager model for business customers, in contrast to a strong move over the last two decades by many global banks towards automated business processes such as credit scoring for small businesses. 
The banks in Australia have generally been reluctant to dispel further closures. And it’s clear they wish to move much further into technology-based solutions. However, there appears fairly wide acceptance among the banks that branches and personal contact still have an important role to play. This means branches are likely to keep evolving into smaller outlets focusing on sales and more complex transactions, while banks focus on other technology solutions as they evolve.
Robert Powell is associate professor, Edith Cowan University and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/robert-powell-314697" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Banks are hedging their bets on costly branch networks

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GUEST OBSERVER
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<div class="column">Wage growth is holding near 2 percent and it clearly is a win-win situation. Lower growth of wages has encouraged employers to take on more staff. And while low nominal growth of wages is positive for employers, wages are still growing at a faster pace than prices – positive for consumers.</div>
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<div class="column">In fact inflation is just 1.3 percent and wages are growing at a 1.9 percent annual pace (although dragged down by the Mining sector). It is clear that real wage gains are still boosting consumer purchasing power.</div>
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<div class="column"><a href="/images/2016/11/17/Screen%20Shot%202016-11-17%20at%208.10.29%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a></div>
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<img src="/images/2016/11/17/Screen%20Shot%202016-11-17%20at%208.10.29%20AM.png" alt=""> The Reserve Bank Governor appears an even more reluctant rate-cutter than the former Governor. Simply, Philip Lowe believes that there is no value in just cut, cut, cutting. The Reserve Bank believes that the economy will continue to grow faster than the ‘speed limit’ and that will serve to lift inflation. And despite the headlines, the Reserve Bank Governor is encouraged by the more prudent behaviour of consumers. There are no warnings on debt, just the conventional wisdom that higher debt means higher risks. </div>
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What do the figures show?
Wage price index
The wage price index rose by 0.4 percent in the September quarter after a 0.5 percent rise in the June quarter. Annual wage growth eased at a record (18-year) low of 1.9 percent (2 percent in original terms) although influenced by just 1 percent growth in mining wages. Private sector wages rose by 0.4 percent in the quarter while public sector wages rose by 0.6 percent. Annual growth of private sector wages eased to a record low of 2.0 percent in the quarter. Annual growth of public sector wages was 2.3 percent.
Including bonuses, wages rose by 0.6 percent in original terms in the September quarter to be up 1.7 percent on a year ago.
Private sector wages including bonuses rose by 0.6 percent in the quarter to be up 1.6 percent on a year ago. Public sector wages including bonuses rose by 0.9 percent in the quarter and by 2.3 percent over the year.
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<div class="column">Industries with fastest annual wage growth: Health care &amp; social assistance (up 2.4 percent); Electricity, gas, water and waste services, Education &amp; training and Accommodation &amp; food services (all up 2.3 percent).</div>
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<div class="column">Industries with slowest annual wage growth: Mining (up 1.0 percent); Administrative &amp; support services (up 1.2 percent); Professional, scientific &amp; technical services (up 1.6 percent). <a href="/images/2016/11/17/Screen%20Shot%202016-11-17%20at%208.11.58%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/11/17/Screen%20Shot%202016-11-17%20at%208.11.58%20AM.png" alt="">
  Annual wage growth across States &amp; Territories:
NSW, 2.1 percent; Victoria, 2.0 percent; Queensland, 1.9 percent; South Australia, 2.3 percent; Western Australia, 1.7 percent; Tasmania, 2.2 percent; Northern Territory, 2.2 percent; and ACT, 1.9 percent.
New vehicle sales:
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) new vehicle sales fell by 2.4 per cent in October after a 2.4 percent rise in September. Passenger car sales fell by 2.3 percent, while sales of sports utility vehicles fell by 1.2 percent and sales of “other” vehicles (includes utilities, panel vans, cab chassis, goods carrying vans, rigid trucks, prime movers, non-freight carrying trucks, and buses) fell by 4.7 percent.</div>
<div class="column">
 Across states/territories in September: NSW (-1.0 percent); Victoria (-1.3 percent); Queensland (-2.8 percent); South Australia (-9.1 percent); Western Australia (-4.2 percent); Tasmania (-2.6 percent); Northern Territory (- 10.9 percent); ACT (-4.4 percent).</div>
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<div class="column">New vehicles sales were up by 1.2 percent over the year. Passenger car sales in October were down by 4.6 percent over the year while SUVs sales were up by 6.9 percent and “other vehicles” were up by 2.7 percent. In rolling annual terms, 1,178,688 new vehicles were sold over the year to October. Sales of SUVs (440,060) hit record highs in annual terms, while annual sales of “other” vehicles stood at a record high of 248,710. Sales of passenger vehicles fell to a 20-year low of 489,918 in the year to October.
What is the importance of the economic data?
The Wage Price Index has been compiled since September quarter 1997 and measures quarterly changes in wage and salary costs for employees. The index is based on a representative sample of employees, and includes measures of non-wage costs including superannuation, payroll tax, public holiday and workers compensation. The Wage Price Index is useful in measuring wage pressures in the economy. While strong growth in wages would boost domestic spending, it could also serve to lift employer costs and prices and add to economy-wide inflationary pressures. The wage price index is a measure of hourly pay rates (excluding bonuses). The Australian Bureau of Statistics provides seasonally adjusted and trend estimates of industry data. The Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries releases estimates of new vehicle sales on the third business day of the month. The figures highlight the strength of consumer spending as well as conditions facing auto &amp; components companies.
<a href="/images/2016/11/17/Screen%20Shot%202016-11-17%20at%208.13.04%20AM.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/11/17/Screen%20Shot%202016-11-17%20at%208.13.04%20AM.png" alt="">
What are the implications for interest rates and investors?
Wages continue to outpace prices. Add in the strong flow of dividends from companies, lower interest rates, cheaper petrol and higher home prices and there is plenty of latent spending power to boost sales at retailers.</div>
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<div class="column">The Reserve Bank Governor has laid out clearly why rates don’t need to go lower. The economy is expected to grow above its ‘potential’ rate, inflation is tipped to lift to the Reserve Bank target band and lower rates could encourage excessive borrowing. </div>
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Craig James is the chief economist at <a href="https://www.comsec.com.au/default.aspx" target="_blank">CommSec</a>.
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Upbeat Reserve Bank, wages ahead of prices: CommSec's Craig James

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Australia's heavily-indebted economy is at risk from Trump-style protectionism and potential fallout from badly roiled financial markets, according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The IMF warns that Australia hasn't escaped worldwide symptoms of financial sickness, despite having survived the end of the resources boom relatively well.
Dr Thomas Helbling, mission chief for the Australia-New Zealand division of the IMF, said the organisation's main fear is that Trump-like protectionism, that slams global trade, would reverse globalisation.
"Nations will turn inward and there will be less global trade," Helbling said.
The federal government was challenged to do more to lift productive infrastructure investment.
The IMF team of economists warned that the RBA no longer has much interest rate ammunition to stave of a potential downturn.
The fund recommends the RBA should lengthen its forecast horizons beyond two years to reinforce its longer-term view that inflation will return to its 2-3% range.
They urged the Turnbull government to ramp up its commitment to restricting the country's debt, which they suggested was getting out of control, by introducing a 'longer-term debt anchor'.
"Rather than have vague notions of debt in the room it might be helpful to be specific about the debt objective and feed this back to what this means for the conduct of fiscal policy," Helbling said. 
Helbling also warned that Australia as an open economy could be hurt by any reversals.
"We would for example expect that if there were less trade, that global growth would slow, [and] commodity prices would decline with corresponding implications for Australia," he told The Australian Financial Review.
While overall threats to the economy have lessened since the fund's last comprehensive assessment in early 2015, its analysts warn that decision-making by the federal government will be "critical" to cutting employment in a "fragile global environment".
Helbling suggested that a tighter policy would also help frame the need for spending decision that will emerge as the population ages.
The fund also urged the government to increase plans for a pipeline of infrastructure investments to prepare for the next major crisis.
The IMF team's preliminary report will now be turned into a formal so-called Article IV report due in early 2017.
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Trump-style protectionism will hurt economy: IMF

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Allawah, the Upwey home occupied by artist Fred Williams in the 1960s, has been sold.
It sold for $800,000 after auction.
The 1924 three bedroom home sits on 4382 square metres at the base of the Dandenong Ranges.
Ray White’s Matthew George was the marketing agent for<a href="https://www.realestate.com.au/sold/property-house-vic-upwey-123422554" target="_blank"> 10 St Kilda Avenue, Upwey</a>.
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Fred Williams' former Upwey home, Allawah sold

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Australia’s most famous brothel, the Daily Planet, in Elsternwick in Melbourne’s south-eastern suburbs, is up for auction.
The bordello, founded by John Trimble in 1975, made history in 2003 when its holding company, Planet Platinum, became the first sex industry business to be listed on the Australian Stock Exchange.
It also owned King Street strip club Showgirls Bar 20, which was recently sold for $13.25 million to Rialto Tower owners.
The Daily Planet building, which continues to operate as a licensed brothel, is expected to fetch more than $7 million at its November 18 auction.
The property at 7-12 Horne Street stands on a 829 square metre block.
It will be auctioned alongside two neighbouring properties providing the potential for an apartment development.
The third property, at 15 Horne Street, is a privately-owned warehouse unrelated to Planet Platinum. 
All three properties are being marketed by Alex Ham, Benjamin Klein and Michael Gross, of Gross Waddell, with Mr Ham telling the Australian Financial Review the buyer would “most likely be a developer”.
“The Daily Planet is still operating as brothel and will be a brothel up until the day of the auction. After that it’s up to the new owner if they wish to continue the licence agreement,” he said.
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Melbourne's Daily Planet brothel for auction

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Asia Pacific millennials are more likely to spend their time and money on leisure activities and experiences like travel, entertainment and dining than previous generations.
Millennials shop online—at an average of 4.7 days per month —but only physical bricks-and mortar venues, particularly shopping centers, provide them with the experiences and social elements they require.
Millennials visit shopping centres for purposes other than buying products, such as to dine out, banking and visiting exhibitions, at an average of three days per month.
However, slower economic growth and a desire to save money for purchasing a home may inhibit future spending on leisure activities, suggests CBRE research.
“Millennials represent the fastest source of spending power regionally and serve as the most influential demographic framing future trends in real estate through their lifestyle behaviour, requirements and priorities of living, working and play,” said Dr Henry Chin, Head of Research, CBRE Asia Pacific.
“In order to leverage on millennials’ spending habits, retailers are recommended to increase the experience-based element of their offering and focus on providing an environment for visitors to socialise and relax.
"In addition to increasing F&amp;B, cinema and entertainment elements in their shopping malls, retail landlords should consider organising more live events to attract millennials.
"However, they should also carefully manage their tenant mix to ensure they still cater to other generations,” added Dr Chin.
In Australia, 70 percent of non-food purchases are made in store.
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Millennials spend 4.7 days a month shopping online: CBRE

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/67629/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
The most recent report card on the Great Barrier Reef’s water quality highlighted major changes that need to be made to meet targets by 2018. 
Sediment and pollutant runoff from land use have increased 2-3 fold since 1850, largely driven by agricultural land clearing and grazing, while fertiliser used in sugar cane farming contributes to nitrogen runoff.
Runoff increases coral’s sensitivity to bleaching and disease, shifts the balance between coral and algae, leads to a build-up of pollutants in marine species that are long-lived or high in the food web, and increases the chances of crown-of-thorns starfish outbreaks.
Improving water quality will likely increase the health of reef organisms, and help reefs to bounce back from disturbances. 
Government investment plans need to account properly for the total estimated value of the Great Barrier Reef and past progress in reducing runoff. An estimated A$500 million per year is needed to improve management action. 
So what’s the best way to meet these targets? You won’t be surprised to find that scientists are working on the answer. But innovative projects fusing art and science are also appearing in north Queensland. 
<h2>The problem of collective action</h2>
Like many environmental issues, runoff on the Great Barrier Reef is a classic example of a collective action problem. Collective action is at the heart of this issue in two ways. 
First, the alongshore transport of sediment and runoff pollutants by currents means that the effects of managing runoff along one section of coastline may be felt elsewhere. The condition of the reef adjacent to a particular river mouth may not, therefore, necessarily reflect the land management within that river’s catchment. 
Second, the health of the reef is dependent on other factors, such as bleaching driven by increased sea surface temperatures related to climate change. These are caused by many geographically remote activities (for instance, someone burning coal in London). 
Collective action problems can be understood through US academic Garret Hardin’s famous “tragedy of the commons” theory. This theory states that self-interested individuals acting rationally may not behave in the best interests of the whole group.
Hardin used the example of a group of herdsmen allowing their cattle to graze a pasture that is running out of fodder. For an individual herdsman, the cost of removing cattle exceeds the benefit of leaving some pasture for the future, unless other herdsmen also agree to remove cattle.
Similarly, it takes an exceptional individual to reduce their runoff impacts, in light of the agricultural benefits to be gained from activities that increase runoff volume and decrease its quality (such as land clearing and use of fertilizers). This is particularly the case when others are not acting to abate their own activities. 
Many farmers say that the Reef 2050 target to reduce runoff by 80% by 2025 is not economically viable. But without acting now, our metaphorical common (the inshore Great Barrier Reef) will continue to degrade.
<h2>Best environmental practice</h2>
Agriculture is a social and cultural activity, just as much as it is a process of environmental engineering, and the push to transform farming practices needs to recognise this. Top down incentive schemes do have some impact, but could there be a better way?
For instance, for sugar cane growers, the Smartcane Best Management Practice (BMP) Guidelines are an attempt by the industry to shift farming practices towards compliance with government directives to reduce run-off impacts on the reef. 
The Smartcane BMP guidelines aim to improve farming practices through seven principles:
<ol>
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Soil health and plant nutrition management 
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<li>
Pest, disease and weed management 
</li>
<li>
Drainage and irrigation management 
</li>
<li>
Crop production and harvest management
</li>
<li>
Natural systems management
</li>
<li>
Farm business management
</li>
<li>
Workplace health and safety management
</li>
</ol>
As with many corporate social responsibility initiatives, growers who volunteer for Smartcane BMP are required to assess their current practices and set benchmarks for improvement in order to receive accreditation that indicates good environmental practice. There are clear marketing and, in many cases, cost-cutting benefits that motivate farmers to participate. 
This has driven some examples of good practice within the farming community. However, as the 2015 report card shows, “only 23% of sugarcane land was managed using best management practice systems”, which is inadequate for achieving the Reef 2050 goal of an 80% reduction in dissolved nitrogen loads from agricultural runoff by 2025. 
<h2>Motivating farmers</h2>
One project which engages with this problem is Sugar vs the Reef? by artists Lucas Ihlein, Kim Williams and Ian Milliss. This project is based on the idea that there is a greater chance of influencing farming practices if the desire to improve environmental performance comes from within the farming community. Innovation is celebrated from below by staging public collaborative events to generate dialogue about agriculture’s complex social and environmental interactions. 
For example, over the next two years, the project will coordinate a collaboration between Mackay Botanical Gardens, sugar cane farmers and community members to plant a dual crop of sunflowers and sugar caneas a highly visible work of “land art”.
This crop - whose cycle of planting, growth and harvesting will exceed the minimum standards of BMP - will stretch over four hectares near the centre of Mackay. Over two years, the project will engage sugarcane farmers, artists, high school students, members of the Australian South Sea Islander community, the Greater Whitsunday Food Network, soil and reef scientists, as well as the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority.
While it is easy to point the finger at agricultural practices as a major cause of poor water quality in the inner waters of the Great Barrier Reef, change will be slow until the complex social factors that shape modern farming are recognised. This requires deeper engagement with the varied cultures of farming.
Sarah Hamylton is senior lecturer, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/sarah-hamylton-134715" target="_blank">here</a>.
Lucas Ihlein is ARC DECRA research fellow, University of Wollongong and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/lucas-ihlein-112028" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Cleaning up runoff onto the Great Barrier Reef: how art and science are inspiring farmers to help

Developer <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/bottega-property-group">Bottega House</a> has secured council approval for its first Brisbane project - a $270 million luxury residential development on an absolute riverfront site in leafy St Lucia.&nbsp;

The 15-storey project, known as <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/st-lucia-by-bottega-house-180-macquarie-street-st-lucia-qld-4067">St Lucia by Bottega House</a> , will occupy a prime north-facing site at 178-180 Macquarie Street, directly fronting the Brisbane River in the established inner-west suburb known for its rowing clubs, golf courses and sprawling University of Queensland campus.&nbsp;

St Lucia by Bottega House will feature a suite of amenities including dedicated wellness spaces, a mineral pool and cold plunge. The project has been positioned to attract affluent owner-occupiers seeking high-quality, house-sized apartments.&nbsp;

Bottega House has been set up by co-directors Nick Malloch, Louis Mennes and Craig Marsh.

Malloch said the project drew inspiration from its Brisbane River setting and leafy inner-west surrounds, while responding to the demands of discerning locals looking to transition from freestanding homes into apartment living.&nbsp;

"With an expansive river frontage and lush green surrounds, we knew we had to create something special that reflects the natural beauty of the location while offering residents masterfully crafted homes," said Malloch.&nbsp;

"Our intent was to complement the project's quiet, private setting by introducing residences that offer a calm retreat and sanctuary from the everyday. The result is a harmonious blend of architecture, interiors and amenity that emphasises wellbeing, comfort and beauty without excess."&nbsp;

Malloch added that project consultants had been carefully selected in alignment with Bottega House's commitment to care, quality and attention to detail. The design team includes architects <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/plus-studio">Plus Studio</a>, interiors practice <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/interior-designers/mim-design">Mim Design</a> and landscaping by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/urbis">Urbis</a>.&nbsp;

Three-bedroom apartments are expected to start around $5 millio. Selling agents Keenan &amp; Byrne said the pricing strategy for the project was anticipated to achieve upwards of $25,500 per square metre.&nbsp;

The project's development approval this week follows the success of Bottega House's inaugural Queensland project - a 22-storey collection of full-floor sky homes at Broadbeach on the Gold Coast which included the sale of a two-storey penthouse at a record price for a beachside residence.&nbsp;

St Lucia by Bottega House is expected to launch to market in November, with construction anticipated to be completed mid 2029.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=151826]

Joel Robinson

Bottega House to make Brisbane debut with St Lucia riverfront apartment development

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/sherpa-property-group">Sherpa Property Group</a> is advancing its affordable apartment model into Brisbane with the acquisition of another site at Cordelia Street in South Brisbane for $27 million.

Sherpa, which has a $1.7 billion pipeline across Southeast Queensland, intends to bring a cohort of apartments exclusively for first homebuyers into its proposed 186-apartment project to be built at 2 Cordelia Street.

The Sherpa model has already been incredibly well received from their Gold Coast projects, where Sherpa Group set aside a number of apartments exclusively for first homebuyers.

The new $320 million project marks Sherpa Group's second development in Brisbane, following its $255 million Symphony project, also on Cordelia Street, which is currently under construction.

Symphony will deliver 146 apartments across 28 levels, offering a mix of one, two and three-bedroom apartments. With 114 already sold, construction by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/builders/lps-group">LPS Group</a> is scheduled for completion in 2028.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7574 project_image_fid=351654]

Sherpa Founder, Christie Leet, said the company was excited to be venturing into Brisbane for its second residential project.

“We’re big believers in the future of Brisbane as we lead into the 2032 Olympics and beyond,” Leet said.

“The success of Symphony has guided us into what will be our second project and we look forward to submitting our plans with council soon so we can deliver yet another quality project to the inner city residential market.

“Our Flourish model has been very well received both in Brisbane and the Gold Coast, and we’re excited to be able to offer some of these apartments again exclusively to first homebuyers to help get them into the property market.

“The model has been extraordinarily well received in our previous projects and it is something we are committed to moving forward.”

2 Cordelia Street will be designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/hal-architects">HAL Architects</a> &amp; Finegrain and will include Sherpa’s signature residential amenities including pool, gym, recreation, wellness and work from home spaces.

The project will feature ground-floor commercial space, creating a vibrant amenity for residents and the surrounding community.

A development application will be lodged with Brisbane City Council in August on the code compliant site and will be launched to the market early 2027.

Sherpa acquires new site for second Brisbane apartment tower

One of North Sydney's best-known commercial buildings could become hundreds of new homes, with insurance giant Zurich Australia lodging a State Significant Development Application (SSDA) to transform 5 Blue Street into a mixed-use residential development above North Sydney Station.

Rather than demolishing the existing building and starting again, Zurich is proposing an adaptive reuse project that would convert the landmark office building into a 15-level residential development delivering 62 apartments, 86 affordable co-living dwellings, activated retail and significant upgrades to the Blue Street Plaza.

The proposal reflects a growing trend of commercial property owners repositioning ageing office assets into residential housing as Sydney grapples with housing supply shortages and changing workplace demand.

<img alt="Zurich" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="0bba7d12-06dc-4375-aad7-238c94b21ac5" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-22%20at%2010.42.05%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=NJl5oLAEBDGuPmY3RnyliKODjMc8lvRh" />

Located directly above North Sydney Metro and train station, the 3,051 sqm site occupies one of the most strategically positioned parcels of land on Sydney's Lower North Shore.

Designed by fjcstudio, the proposal seeks to retain and adapt much of the existing structure while creating a contemporary residential address that better connects with the public domain surrounding North Sydney Station.

The application proposes two basement levels, ground floor retail, affordable co-living accommodation across the podium levels, and apartments above, while preserving and enhancing the publicly accessible Blue Street Plaza.

Rather than pursuing maximum apartment numbers, Zurich has opted for a housing mix heavily weighted towards larger owner-occupier residences.

The proposal includes 62 build-to-sell apartments comprising 12 one-bedroom, 19 two-bedroom, 29 three-bedroom apartments and two premium penthouses. It also incorporates 86 affordable co-living dwellings, which would be managed in perpetuity by a Community Housing Provider.

That balance between traditional apartments and affordable housing reflects the NSW Government's push to increase housing diversity around major transport infrastructure.

The proposal has been lodged concurrently with a rezoning application, with Zurich arguing the site is ideally positioned to support additional housing given its immediate proximity to public transport, employment and services.

"The proposal aims to respond to the housing challenges facing Sydney through the delivery of diverse housing types in a highly accessible location," the design report by fjcstudio states. It also seeks to improve pedestrian amenity through upgrades to Blue Street Plaza while creating a high-performing residential building that responds to the surrounding context.

<img alt="Zurich" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="36082e15-c636-4481-bb68-5a5f6443fe39" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-22%20at%2010.41.36%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=5P6VD.fvmqjQfIG3TWWMRXxQWiQBjeFB" />

Rather than replacing the commercial building, fjcstudio has developed a design that works with the existing structural framework above the rail corridor, an approach that significantly reduces demolition while allowing the site to be repositioned as a mixed-use residential precinct.

The existing structural constraints have informed much of the building's design, including its relationship with Blue Street and surrounding public spaces.

The building has been designed as a slender tower rising above a clearly defined podium, with vertically expressed façades intended to reduce the perceived bulk while reinforcing North Sydney's emerging skyline.

According to fjcstudio, the architectural language responds directly to the surrounding commercial towers while maintaining a finer grain expression more closely aligned with the neighbouring Lavender Bay streetscape.

The tower incorporates articulated façade elements, landscaped podium edges and recessed upper levels to soften its appearance and improve pedestrian amenity below.

A significant component of the proposal is the revitalisation of Blue Street Plaza.

The existing public space has long served as one of the primary pedestrian connections between North Sydney Station, Greenwood Plaza and Blue Street, yet its role is expected to become even more important following the opening of Sydney Metro.

Zurich's proposal seeks to strengthen that role by improving landscaping, introducing new retail frontages, enhancing pedestrian permeability and creating more active edges throughout the day and evening.

Ground floor retail would wrap the plaza, while separate residential and co-living entries have been designed to improve wayfinding without reducing street activation.

Landscape design has been integrated throughout the podium and public realm, softening what is currently one of the most heavily urbanised parts of North Sydney.

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fjcstudio has carefully oriented apartments towards Sydney Harbour and the CBD while using privacy blades and articulated façades to minimise overlooking between neighbouring buildings.

Large framed openings along the western elevation maximise harbour outlooks, while the eastern apartments have been angled towards the south-east to improve privacy from neighbouring development.

The project forms part of the continuing transformation of North Sydney from a predominantly commercial CBD into a genuine mixed-use city centre.

Since the completion of Victoria Cross Metro Station, developers have increasingly shifted their attention towards residential projects capable of leveraging the area's unparalleled transport connectivity.

&nbsp;

FiveX recently lodged plans for a 61-storey, 490-apartment tower that would become one of the tallest residential buildings in North Sydney if approved.

Aqualand continues to expand its Lower North Shore presence following the completion of AURA on Walker Street and its recent St Leonards and Roseville proposals.

Developers are also progressing projects throughout Walker Street, Miller Street and the Victoria Cross precinct as demand for well-located owner-occupier apartments continues to strengthen.

First look: Zurich targets North Sydney office conversion with 148-unit proposal above Metro station

Busy developer Aqualand Prestige has formally taken the next step in its expansion across Sydney's Lower North Shore, lodging a State Significant Development Application (SSDA) for its long-held Archer Street site in Chatswood.

The application covers <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/51-55-archer-street-chatswood-nsw-2067">51-55 Archer Street</a>, a 1,767 sqm amalgamated site on the eastern edge of the Chatswood CBD, where the developer is seeking approval for a 45-level mixed-use tower delivering 114 apartments, including a significant affordable housing component, alongside retail, commercial space and six basement levels of parking.

The SSDA marks the latest milestone for a project Aqualand has been quietly progressing over the past two years. The developer first secured the site for its Aqualand Prestige platform before undertaking an alternative design excellence process with PTW Architects, ultimately avoiding a formal design competition through the Housing Delivery Authority pathway.

The proposal has evolved considerably from Aqualand's original concept. The revised scheme has been designed around larger owner-occupier product, with an unusually high proportion of three and four-bedroom apartments, targeting the more affluent buyer profile, and downsizer, emerging across the North Shore.

<img alt="Archer St" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="0171204c-5811-41b5-9b09-2335d1b7c3d0" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-22%20at%208.52.48%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=6YTuxfq.puZo7k2wbfgemcO5K3QfXYGQ" />

The 114-apartment mix comprises six studios, 27 one-bedroom apartments, 18 two-bedroom apartments, 50 three-bedroom residences and 13 four-bedroom homes. A quarter of the building will be dedicated to affordable housing, well above the mandated 15 per cent&nbsp;

PTW has structured the building vertically, with affordable housing across levels one to six, premium apartments through levels seven to 31, duplex skyhomes on klevels 32 to 43, a penthouse on level 44, and a rooftop plant level above. Six basement levels will provide resident parking and servicing.

The tower is proposed to reach approximately 154 metres, placing it among a growing collection of residential high-rises transforming Chatswood's skyline.

Rather than competing purely on height, PTW says the design has been driven by creating a slimmer tower capable of delivering significantly larger apartments.

"The primary objective of this project was to create a distinctive building that stands out from the recently approved or built structures in the Chatswood area," the design report states, noting the structural efficiency allows greater investment into apartment quality and resident amenity.

Residents would have access to more than 450 sqm of communal open space including landscaped gardens, swimming pool, rooftop entertaining areas, fitness spaces, community gardens, children's play areas and barbecue facilities.

A major focus of the design has been the public domain.

The ground plane has been opened up through landscaped terraces inspired by Willoughby's sandstone ridges, with native planting, public seating, artwork, retail activation and a series of gathering spaces intended to soften what has traditionally been a hard commercial streetscape.

The landscape strategy references Blue Gum forests once common throughout the area, while incorporating Indigenous storytelling, public art and lighting installations to strengthen the connection to Country.

Chatswood has been one of Sydney's busiest apartment markets over the past 12 months, with a steady pipeline of both new project launches and fresh development applications.

Hyecorp recently launched Celine, a 122-apartment development just along Archer Street, while Changfa and Huirong Group are progressing The Anderson, an 84-apartment project on Anderson Street.

Develotek recently secured approval for a 101-apartment tower on Pacific Highway, while Tian An LFD received the green light for Hammond Greens, its apartment development on the edge of the Chatswood Bowling Club.

Commercial property developer FiveX is also making its move into the residential market. Last month it lodged plans for a 61-storey tower with 490 apartments, which, if approved, would become one of the tallest residential buildings in Chatswood.

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-fivex-targets-chatswood-skyline-with-61-storey-tower-after-north-sydney-plans">First look: FiveX targets Chatswood skyline with 61-storey tower after North Sydney plans</a>

Aqualand is also expanding its development pipeline following the launch of its luxury residential brand, Aqualand Prestige. The developer has delivered a string of high-end apartment projects across Sydney's affluent suburbs over the past decade, most recently AURA by Aqualand on Walker Street in North Sydney.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=30959 project_image_fid=292863]

It has since quietly assembled its next wave of projects.

Earlier this year Aqualand launched Boronia in Roseville, a boutique 111-apartment development on Larkin Street. The project is one of the first significant apartment developments to launch in the suburb ahead of what is expected to become one of Sydney's most active new housing precincts under the NSW Government's Low and Mid-Rise Housing reforms, which allow greater density around train stations.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152095 project_image_fid=373685]

The developer has also lodged plans for a two-tower, 413-apartment development on Herbert Street in nearby St Leonards, further strengthening its presence across the Lower North Shore.

Beyond that, Aqualand remains behind the final stage of Barangaroo, where plans will deliver a five-hectare mixed-use precinct comprising new homes, retail, hospitality and community facilities, alongside a new Metro entrance and more than two hectares of public open space, completing the Barangaroo precinct.

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/central-barangaroo-development-takes-big-step-with-concept-proposal-approval">Central Barangaroo development takes big step with concept proposal approval</a>

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-aqualand-joins-st-leonards-apartment-party">First look: Aqualand joins St Leonards apartment party</a> 
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First look: Aqualand pushes ahead with Chatswood apartment tower as SSDA lodged for Archer Street

Mass timber is becoming an increasingly popular construction material in apartment developments, but Adelaide developer <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/otello">Otello</a> is taking the approach a step further.

At its new <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/flowe-bowden-18-gibson-street-bowden-sa-5007">Flowe Bowden</a> development, the exposed cross-laminated timber (CLT) structure isn't just about reducing the building's environmental footprint. It also forms the foundation of a broader wellness strategy, influencing everything from indoor air quality and natural materials to the way residents move through and experience the building.

The 115-apartment mixed-use development, designed by Melbourne-based architecture practice Fieldwork, will occupy a prominent island site opposite Bowden Village Reserve, combining one, two and three-bedroom apartments with retail and a dedicated wellness destination.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152022 project_image_fid=375528]

Wellness isn't confined to a gym or shared resident facility at Flowe. Instead, Fieldwork embedded the concept into the building itself.

The development has been split into two residential wings connected by a naturally ventilated central breezeway, replacing traditional enclosed corridors with open-air walkways that improve natural light, encourage cross ventilation and create more opportunities for neighbourly interaction.

"Rather than treating wellness as something that only happens on the ground floor, our response integrates it throughout the building, which led us to ask what it really means to design a healthy building," Fieldwork Director Quino Holland said.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152022 project_image_fid=375531]

The building's architecture also reflects Bowden's industrial heritage. The lower podium references the area's historic brick and sandstone buildings, while the upper levels transition to exposed CLT, allowing the timber structure to become a defining feature throughout the apartments and shared spaces.

The use of mass timber sits alongside a range of sustainability initiatives, including a fully electric, gas-free design, rooftop solar and a targeted 5 Star Green Star rating.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152022 project_image_fid=375524]

Inside the residences, the focus remains on natural, durable materials. Blackbutt engineered timber flooring, exposed CLT ceilings, porcelain surfaces and warm timber joinery create a calming interior palette, while low-VOC finishes and responsibly sourced materials have been selected to improve indoor air quality.

Kitchens have been designed as the centrepiece of each apartment, featuring porcelain island benchtops, timber-look cabinetry and brushed steel tapware, with layouts that maximise natural light and ventilation.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152022 project_image_fid=375530]

The more traditional interpretation of wellness comes in the form of Level Eleven, a two-storey wellness club spanning the ground floor, mezzanine and first floor.

The facility will include a gym, yoga and reformer Pilates studios, Finnish and infrared saunas, magnesium hot and cold plunge pools, and dedicated recovery spaces. Unlike many residential wellness facilities, Level Eleven will also operate commercially, allowing the broader Bowden community to access the venue while giving residents exclusive membership benefits.

The ground floor has also been designed around everyday living. A café overlooking Bowden Village Reserve will activate the street frontage, while a bike workshop with tool storage, co-working space and dog wash has been incorporated to support daily routines and encourage interaction between residents.

"Flowe brings together my two biggest passions, creating places and creating healthier lives," Otello founder Daniel Harris said.

"We wanted to create something Adelaide hasn't seen before, a genuinely healthy building, where the way you live is lifted without even trying."

Flowe is positioned directly opposite Bowden Village Reserve and within walking distance of Bowden Railway Station and the Adelaide Entertainment Centre, placing future residents just minutes from the Adelaide CBD while remaining connected to one of the city's most established urban renewal precincts.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=152022]

Jonathan Chancellor

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