Repeat buyers are one of the strongest measures of confidence in any apartment development.

At <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/era-newcastle-west-124-126-bull-street-newcastle-west-nsw-2302">ERA</a> in Newcastle West, some purchasers are returning to <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/gwh">GWH</a> after living at the developer's One Apartments. Their decision to purchase again was driven by the quality of life they found after moving into their first GWH home.

Keith Wilton had spent years living in a house in East Maitland before deciding it was time for a change. Apartment living had always been on his radar, but he was selective about what he wanted.

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"I had some boxes I wanted to tick," he says.

Keith points to the open-plan design, generous outdoor areas and considered inclusions as key reasons One Apartments worked for him.

“One of those things was a nice indoor open plan area, but also I wanted a nice outdoor open area that I could entertain on in summer or Christmases or birthdays,” he says.

He also found value in the smaller details, from integrated appliances to shared resident spaces including the pool, cinema and rooftop areas.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356818]

After comparing several developments, he chose One Apartments because of GWH's longstanding local reputation and his own experience working with the developer on a commercial project more than a decade earlier.

"I knew that they were local, that the quality of the build was going to be up there. I'd looked at other apartment complexes around and close by, and I just knew that here was a better decision location wise."

Today, Keith says the move has completely changed how he experiences Newcastle.

"I enjoy living in this location because it's more of a lifestyle change. That Newcastle city living where you can walk to restaurants and bars and even beaches and parks and even shopping across the road."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356828]

Beyond the location, he says it's the sense of community that has surprised him most.

"Everyone loves living here because they chose to live here, but everyone looks out for each other. It's a real great community feel here."

For Aimee and Lyle Goodman, the journey started almost by chance.

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The couple happened to be having coffee in Newcastle when they noticed the site where One Apartments was about to begin construction.

"We were aware GWH was planning a development," Aimee says. "We made one phone call and things moved pretty quickly after that."

As busy business owners, they initially thought apartment living would simply reduce the maintenance that came with larger homes. Instead, it fundamentally changed how they spent time together.

"We actually catch up more as a family now," Aimee says.

"We've had homes with big yards and lots of space, but everyone ended up in different rooms. Here we'll have dinner together, the kids can play, and we spend far more quality time together."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356829]

Lyle says their confidence came from GWH's reputation within Newcastle's building industry.

"I know people who've worked across different apartment projects, and whenever GWH came up the feedback was always the same. They're rock solid. They're quality."

That confidence only grew throughout the buying process.

"One of the things that really impressed us with GWH was the whole process, was the communication," Lyle says. "It was consistent, it was regular, there was no problem if we had some weird questions, there was no problems in getting answers."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=351104]

Aimee says one moment stood out.

"The project actually finished on time. We realised we needed to hurry up and sell our house because everything was happening exactly when they said it would."

The positive experience at One Apartments ultimately gave all three buyers the confidence to purchase again with GWH, this time at ERA.

Their confidence reflects what many buyers are seeking in today's apartment market. Location remains important, but so too does certainty around delivery, quality and long-term liveability.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356822]

ERA builds on those foundations with 280 one, two and three-bedroom apartments across two landmark towers in <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/newcastle-west-nsw-2302">Newcastle West</a>.&nbsp;

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/fk-australia">Fender Katsalidis</a>, the project will include more than 2,000 square metres of resident amenities, including a resort-style pool, gym, sauna, private cinema and rooftop entertaining spaces overlooking the harbour and coastline.&nbsp;

The development is also within walking distance of the Newcastle Interchange, Honeysuckle, Darby Street, the harbour foreshore, restaurants, retail and the city’s beaches, continuing the walkable lifestyle that existing GWH buyers say has transformed how they live.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356826]

For Keith, the appeal remains straightforward.

"You feel at home even before you've moved into your home."

For Aimee, the change is measured in time.

“I just felt like I had more time,” she says.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=351102]

Construction at ERA is now underway, with more than half of the residences already sold and limited two and three-bedroom apartments remaining in the East Tower release. Priced from $980,000 for two-bedroom residences and $1.46 million for three-bedroom residences, buyers can secure an apartment with a 10 per cent deposit, with premium homes offering ocean views from Level 8 and harbour views from Level 10.

ERA is also backed by Resilience Insurance's 10-year Latent Defects Insurance policy, providing protection against structural or waterproofing defects for 10 years after completion. The project is anticipated to be completed in early 2028.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=135096]

Joel Robinson

From ONE to ERA: Why buyers are choosing GWH again in Newcastle West

Virgate Property Group is preparing to commence construction of Verdé, its new apartment development in Melbourne's Arts Precinct at Southbank, following a strong run of sales that has seen more than half of the project's 173 apartments secured.

Verdé has attracted a broad mix of first home buyers, owner-occupiers upgrading from nearby inner-city suburbs and investors, with younger owner-occupier couples aged between 28 and 45 accounting for the strongest enquiry. Many are already living in Southbank, South Melbourne, Albert Park, Port Melbourne, South Yarra and the CBD.

"Verdé is located in one of the most desirable pockets of southern Melbourne," Blair Property Group Director Darren Blair, who is managing sales at Verdé, said.

"It's within walking distance of the Arts Centre, Royal Botanic Gardens, Albert Park Lake, and Southbank's restaurants and retail. It's a great lifestyle location with strong amenity and liveability, which made it a very attractive choice for the project."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=4661 project_image_fid=372549]

Virgate was already familiar with the precinct, having previously delivered the successful Domain House development in neighbouring South Melbourne. That experience gave the developer confidence to acquire the Coventry Street site and continue expanding its presence in Melbourne's inner south.

"We had been keeping an eye on the site and the broader precinct for a few months before deciding to move forward with the acquisition," Virgate said.

The project was ultimately secured in 2020 following feasibility studies, planning assessments and due diligence, with the brief centred on delivering "a high-quality, considered design that feels both refined and fit for purpose."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=4661 project_image_fid=314259]

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/bruce-henderson-architects">Bruce Henderson Architects</a>, Verdé comprises 173 one, two and three-bedroom apartments priced from $599,000. The architecture is distinguished by a faceted glass façade that responds to both the site's outlook and Melbourne's changing light conditions.

According to Bruce Henderson Architects, the coloured glazing gives the building a distinctive identity while also providing privacy and solar shading, with residences oriented to capture views across the bay, city skyline and surrounding parklands.

Inside, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/interior-designers/designoffice">DesignOffice</a> has created interiors focused on natural light, efficient planning and enduring materials. Apartments feature engineered oak flooring, natural stone benchtops, floor-to-ceiling glazing and SMEG appliances, while a restrained material palette aims to complement the expansive outlooks rather than compete with them.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=4661 project_image_fid=372550]

Resident amenity has also been designed around everyday functionality rather than occasional use. Facilities include a concierge-serviced lobby, residents' lounge with fireplace, library and co-working space, gym, terrace garden with barbecue facilities, ground-floor café, and package delivery management.

The project's location continues to be one of its strongest drawcards. Positioned on Coventry Street, Verdé sits within walking distance of the National Gallery of Victoria, Arts Centre Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens and Albert Park Lake, while Southbank's dining precinct, Sturt Street trams and the new ANZAC Station are all nearby. The surrounding education catchment also includes Melbourne Grammar, Melbourne Girls Grammar, Mac.Robertson Girls' High School and several major university campuses.

The sales team says buyers have responded particularly well to the combination of location, design quality and long-term liveability.

"They're responding really positively to the quality of the design, premium resident amenities and the uninterrupted views. Many also appreciate the location and how connected it is to everything they need."

The ability to secure stamp duty savings before completion has also been a key factor for purchasers, alongside the opportunity to personalise finishes ahead of settlement.

With construction set to commence soon and more than half the apartments already sold, Verdé enters its next phase as one of the Arts Precinct's more established apartment developments, offering remaining buyers an opportunity to secure a residence before construction advances further. Expected completion is scheduled for late 2027.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=4661]

Virgate's Verdé Southbank moves toward construction as sales fly past halfway stage

Downsizer-focused apartment development Kooyongkoot in Hawthorn has been recognised at the 2026 Better Future Melbourne Design Awards, taking home Gold and Silver awards in two categories.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/kooyongkoot-hawthorn-1-kooyongkoot-road-hawthorn-vic-3122">Kooyongkoot</a>, currently being delivered by developer PQD and designed by Cera Stribley, received Gold in the Interior Design – Proposed category and Silver in the Architecture – Proposed category.

The dual recognition reflects the design approach behind the boutique development on prestigious Kooyongkoot Road, where the focus has been on creating homes for downsizers seeking the space, quality and functionality of a detached house within a low-rise apartment building.

Rather than maximising apartment numbers, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/pqd">PQD</a> and <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/cera-stribley-architects">Cera Stribley</a> limited the development to just 18 residences, allowing for larger floorplans, greater privacy, generous landscaping and expansive communal spaces.&nbsp;The majority of the apartments also benefit from corner aspects, allowing for dual sources of natural light.

Now around 70 per cent complete and on track for completion in November 2026, Kooyongkoot will comprise a mix of garden residences, ter​race apartments, sub-penthouses, and is crowned by two half-floor penthouses with direct lift access and private rooftop terraces.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102717 project_image_fid=355297]

The Silver Award for Architecture recognised the way the building responds to its prominent corner position at the ent​rance to Hawthorn's Scotch Hill precinct, one of Melbourne's most established residential neighbourhoods.

Rather than competing with the grand homes that line Kooyongkoot Road, the architectural approach focused on restraint and longevity, using curved brickwork, generous landscaping and carefully considered proportions to integrate with the existing streetscape.

"The form feels fluid and timeless, as though shaped by the landscape itself – architecture that belongs, rather than competes," said Chris Stribley, Co-Founder and Managing Principal of Cera Stribley.

The judging submission also highlighted practical innovations throughout the building, including lift cores servicing only nine homes each, a central landscaped lightcourt designed to bring daylight and ventilation into the building, and fully enclosed private storage rooms with lighting, power and shelving to better accommodate residents transitioning from larger family homes.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102717 project_image_fid=355293]

The Gold Award for Interior Design recognised the project's focus on long-term liveability rather than display-home aesthetics.

According to the awards submission, the interiors were designed from the inside out, prioritising how homes would function over decades of daily use through generous proportions, practical storage, durable natural materials and flexible layouts.

The specification includes natural stone throughout, upgraded acoustic glazing, V-ZUG appliances and fully enclosed storage rooms, alongside an amenity offering focused on wellness, entertainment and everyday convenience.&nbsp;

Residents will have access to a gym and yoga studio, a wellness centre featuring traditional and infrared saunas, a cold therapy shower and treatment room, as well as a residents' lounge and golf simulator/cinema room for entertainment.&nbsp;Kooyongkoot has also considered the everyday convenience of its residents by offering a private carwash and pet wash facilities on site as well as dedicated parcel lockers and oversized fully enclosed storage rooms.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102717 project_image_fid=355303]

The project's attention to detail has already resonated with buyers. Earlier this year, Kooyongkoot recorded one of Boroondara's highest apartment sales when an $8 million penthouse was purchased by a Melbourne CEO downsizing from a nearby family home.

"Every detail feels deliberate, from the overall design down to the smallest touches," the purchaser said.

"The level of quality and refinement is exceptional, but what really sold it was how liveable it felt... It felt like a place where everything had been considered, not just a luxury building."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102717 project_image_fid=355304]

Sustainability also formed a key part of both award submissions. Kooyongkoot is targeting a minimum 7.5-star NatHERS rating across all residences, supported by passive design principles, high-performance glazing, EV charging infrastructure, water reuse systems and a wellness model focused on lower-energy dry facilities rather than pools and large wet areas.

Located within walking distance of Scotch College, Methodist Ladies' College, Koo​yong Lawn Tennis Club, Aubur​n Village and Camberwell Junction, Kooyongkoot continues to target owner-occupiers looking to remain in Melbourne's inner east without compromising on space or quality. A limited selection of two, three and four-bedroom residences remains available, with prices starting from $1.9 million.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=102717]

Kooyongkoot wins Gold and Silver at Better Future Melbourne Design Awards

New apartment supply has become increasingly constrained across <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/parramatta-nsw-2150">Parramatta</a> in recent years, with fewer projects progressing through to completion as development conditions have become more challenging.

It makes <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/novm">NOVM</a>'s 2021-completed <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/buildings/the-lennox-parramatta-12-phillip-street-parramatta-nsw-2150">The Lennox</a> one of the most recently completed residential towers on the Parramatta River, and among the newest apartment developments in Sydney's second CBD.

With the project largely completed before the sharp escalation in construction costs and inflation following the pandemic, The Lennox is now offering pricing that would be difficult to replicate in a comparable new development in Parramatta today, or across much of Western Sydney.

The majority of the 413 apartments at The Lennox sold before and shortly after completion. A limited release of the remaining apartments has recently been brought to market by capital partner <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/project-marketer/equitifund-group">Equitifund</a>, with entry-level pricing from $700,000 and two-bedroom apartments available from under $1 million.

Rising above the Parramatta River at 12 Phillip Street, The Lennox comprises one, two, three and four-bedroom apartments, appealing to first home buyers, young professionals, families, downsizers and interstate investors seeking a completed apartment in one of Australia's fastest-growing economic centres.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5743 project_image_fid=372394]

Rather than positioning Parramatta as an alternative to Sydney's CBD, Equitifund believes the city has reached a point where it stands on its own merits.

"Parramatta is no longer simply an alternative to Sydney CBD, it's becoming a destination in its own right," Equitifund Executive Chairman Greg Huxley said.

"The Lennox captures that evolution with a level of quality and amenity that's difficult to match at its price point."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5743 project_image_fid=953]

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/marchese-partners">Marchese Partners</a>, the tower responds directly to its riverfront setting through expansive glazing and open-plan layouts that maximise views across the Parramatta River and city skyline. Interiors feature engineered timber flooring, stone benchtops, stainless steel appliances and floor-to-ceiling glazing, while generous balconies extend the living spaces outdoors.

Marchese Partners says the project was conceived to balance high-quality apartment living with practical, long-term functionality, pairing larger, efficient floorplans with amenities more commonly associated with five-star hotels.

That emphasis continues through the resident facilities, which include a 20-metre rooftop swimming pool, fully equipped gym and wellness spaces, full-time concierge, a residents' lounge, function room, private lifts, secure basement parking and rooftop communal areas overlooking the Parramatta River. Ground-floor boardwalk retail and dining further activate the riverfront and integrate the building into the surrounding public realm.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5743 project_image_fid=925]

Australian housing and finance group Equitifund has secured the remaining apartments, believing there are few completed apartment opportunities in Parramatta that offer the same combination of location, amenity and pricing.

Equitifund National Sales Director Ben Hamblett says buyers are increasingly recognising that premium apartment living no longer needs to come with Sydney CBD pricing.

"The Lennox is where aspirational living becomes attainable," Hamblett said.

"Wake to river and mountain views, step into Sydney's Second CBD, and arrive home to resort-calibre amenities, all without the harbour price tag."

Hamblett says owner-occupiers are also attracted by the convenience of having Westfield Parramatta, Church Street's dining precinct, Parramatta Park, Riverside Theatres, Western Sydney University and major transport connections all within walking distance.

"At The Lennox, lifestyle is not an afterthought, it is the foundation."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5743 project_image_fid=5374]

The Lennox places residents within walking distance of Parramatta Square, Westfield Parramatta, Church Street Eat Street, Parramatta Station, the ferry wharf, Light Rail, the future Sydney Metro West, Parramatta Park and CommBank Stadium, reinforcing Parramatta's position as one of Australia's most connected metropolitan centres outside Sydney's CBD.

Equitifund says buyers visiting the display suite consistently comment on the quality of the finishes, generous floorplans, river and skyline views, and the walkability of the location. The project has attracted a broad mix of local professionals, upsizers, downsizers, buyers relocating from Sydney's inner suburbs and interstate investors seeking long-term growth opportunities.

That demand aligns with Parramatta's continued evolution as an economic powerhouse. Equitifund Research and Market Insights specialist John Bekiaris says sustained population growth, infrastructure investment and expanding employment opportunities continue to support long-term housing demand across the city.

"Parramatta has evolved from a satellite city into one of Australia's most important economic centres. Population growth, infrastructure investment and employment are all supporting sustained long-term housing demand."

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=5743]

The apartment price gap drawing Sydney buyers west

A luxury beachfront apartment at Rainbow Bay has more than doubled in value since it sold off the plan six years ago, setting a new local apartment record in the process.

The three-bedroom apartment in the Flow development on Petrie Street, the first of four new projects locally by Paul Gedoun's S&amp;S Projects, has sold for $7.4 million, after originally selling for $3.27 million when the project launched in 2020.

The seventh-floor apartment, comprising 187 sqm of internal living space and a 54 sqm balcony overlooking Froggies Beach and Snapper Rocks, was purchased by a local family.

The transaction was negotiated by Pezet Matheson director Kerry Pezet and equates to more than $30,000 per sqm.

Pezet said the sale reflected the limited opportunities to buy into the boutique beachfront development.

"The sale highlights the rarity of opportunities within the boutique beachfront development, where residences seldom become available," Pezet said.

"Flow is one of the Gold Coast's most tightly held buildings. Buyers from our database move quickly when residences become available, and achieving an off-market sale at $7.4 million demonstrates the depth of demand for property of this calibre."

<img alt="Flow" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c585b206-2130-4eee-a50c-3f27c51a7c70" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-06%20at%208.33.25%E2%80%AFPM.png?VersionId=m3pHRDV62Y3fvN.XQuQHq.52ilTWpRLf" />

Flow was the first of four luxury apartment developments delivered by Paul Gedoun's S&amp;S Projects at Rainbow Bay and was completed in 2023.

Positioned on the beachfront overlooking Snapper Rocks, the residence includes three bedrooms, three bathrooms, a powder room and views stretching north along the coastline towards Surfers Paradise.

Pezet Matheson Residential principal Mitchell Lambert said buyers continued to prioritise quality beachfront apartments in tightly held locations.

"Flow Residences offers a rare combination of elevated beachfront positioning, architectural excellence, comprehensive resident amenity and premium finishes, which is exactly what discerning purchasers are seeking," Lambert said.

"The transaction further reinforces Rainbow Bay's reputation as one of Australia's premier coastal lifestyle destinations, where limited supply and growing demand continue to support strong market performance."

Pezet Matheson originally marketed and sold out Flow off the plan, making the latest transaction a return to one of the project's original buyers.

Paul Gedoun is selling his third project, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/radia-rainbow-bay-271-boundary-street-coolangatta-qld-4225">Radia Rainbow Bay</a>, after recently completing, and selling out, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/buildings/esprit-217-227-boundary-street-coolangatta-qld-4225">Esprit</a>. He has plans for a <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/qld/first-look-s-s-projects-proposes-88-apartment-wellness-tower-at-coolangattas-boundary-street">fourth building</a>, 88 apartments on <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/209-213-boundary-street-coolangatta-qld-4225">Boundary Street</a>.

Rainbow Bay apartment doubles in price since off the plan sale during pandemic

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GUEST OBSERVER
The current international tax regime was developed in the last century when the internet was not yet invented.
At that time, a foreign company would typically require a substantial physical presence in Australia before it could be in a position to earn significant amount of income from Australian customers. This is what’s known in the tax world as permanent establishment.
The concept of permanent establishment is embedded in most domestic tax laws as well as virtually all the 3,000 plus tax treaties in the world. It dictates that in general, business profits of a foreign company will be subject to tax in Australia only if the company has a permanent establishment in Australia. In other words, the ATO cannot tax a foreign company’s profits if it has no permanent establishment in Australia.
The recent hearings of the Senate inquiry into corporate tax avoidance made it clear the tax structures of Uber, Airbnb, like their older peers Google and Microsoft, are designed to ensure income from Australian customers is earned by a foreign company that does not have a permanent establishment here. The permanent establishment concept is not effective for today’s digital economy.
<h2>Uber’s business and tax structure</h2>
Take Uber, which though established in the US, has a wholly-owned subsidiary in the Netherlands, which in turn has a wholly-owned subsidiary in Australia.
The most important asset of Uber is its digital platform that supports the app linking individual drivers and their customers. It’s unlikely this app was developed in the Netherlands. Despite this, Uber-Netherlands has the right to book income generated from customers in Australia.
For example, if a customer pays $100 for a ride in Sydney booked through the Uber app, the money is in fact paid to Uber-Netherlands. Out of the $100, Uber pays the driver about $75. The gross profit of $25 is booked in the Netherlands. This is so even though the transaction happens largely in Australia, including the driver, the customer and the ride.
Uber-Australia receives a service fee from Uber-Netherlands for its marketing and support services performed in Australia. The fee is determined based on the operating costs of Uber-Australia, plus a mark-up of 8.5%. The mark-up is effectively the taxable profit of Uber in Australia under its tax structure.
<h2>Airbnb’s business and tax structure</h2>
Airbnb, another young business founded in the US, has a structure very similar to that of Uber. Airbnb’s parent company in the US has a wholly-owned subsidiary in Ireland, which in turn has a wholly owned subsidiary in Australia.
Airbnb charges fees to both hosts and guests for accommodation booking through its digital platform. Instead of Airbnb-Australia, Airbnb-Ireland books the fee income generated from accommodation bookings in Australia. This is so even if the host, the guest and the accommodation are all in Australia. For example, if a Sydneysider uses the Airbnb app to book accommodation in Melbourne, the payment is in fact paid to Airbnb-Ireland. The host of the accommodation is then paid by Airbnb-Ireland which charges a fee of 3%.
Airbnb-Australia is responsible for the marketing activities in Australia. It receives a service fee from Airbnb-Ireland for those activities, and the fee is again computed based on its operating costs plus a mark-up.
<h2>Déjà vu – Google and Microsoft</h2>
Comparing the tax structures of Uber and Airbnb with that of Google and Microsoft reveals striking similarities. It suggests that the appetite for tax planning is comparable between established and relatively “young” technology companies.
The common pattern: a parent company in the US establishes wholly owned subsidiaries in market jurisdictions (such as Australia) as well as in low-tax countries.
While the commercial reality is that all companies in a group are effectively one single enterprise, the tax law in general treats each company as a separate taxpayer.
On one hand, the Australian subsidiary typically is responsible for marketing and support services that have to be physically done in Australia, and earns a service fee on a cost plus basis. The amount of profits subject to tax in Australia is usually very small compared to the income generated from Australian customers.
On the other hand, intellectual properties – which are often the most important and valuable assets of technology companies – are located in low-tax jurisdictions such as Ireland, the Netherlands and Singapore. This structure allows those low-tax subsidiaries to book the income generated from customers in Australia, and effectively shields the income from the Australian tax net.
<h2>Policy responses</h2>
Action item 1 of the OECD’s base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”) project is “tax challenges of digital economy”.
The original intention of the OECD was to explore how the 20th century international tax regime should be reformed in response to the digital economy in the 21st century. It quickly realised it was extremely difficult, if not impossible, to achieve international consensus on the intended reform. The often conflicting and vested interests among countries present a formidable obstacle to international consensus on meaningful reform of the international tax regime.
Instead of relying on the BEPS project to resolve the issue, Australia has followed the lead of the UK and is in the process of introducing the Multinational Anti-Avoidance Law – commonly known as the Google tax– to address the issue. As the new law incorporates concepts that are new and untested, it is not clear whether it will be effective.
In any case, it’s important to remember that multinational corporations are very agile. They may replace their “avoided permanent establishment” structures to circumvent any Google tax or to incorporate new tax avoidance tools.
 
Antony Ting is associate professor, University of Sydney and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/antony-ting-117958" target="_blank">here</a>.
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

How Airbnb are reducing their Australian tax bill

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The Federal Treasurer Scott Morrison is canvassing tax reforms that will persuade retirees to downsize into smaller homes in a move to boost the housing supply for younger families.
The bold plan - revealed in The Australian - would need state government support as it would include a one-off exemption from stamp duty on the purchase of the smaller home.
It speculates as an extra incentive, profits from the sale of the family home would be excluded from the Age Pension assets test provided they are channelled into an ­approved retirement product such as life annuities and aged-care bonds.
The Treasurer's tax white paper team are expected to have the reform proposal included in the draft to be released next year.
Mr Morrison will begin discussing stamp duty exemptions at his next meeting with state and territory treasury ministers in December.
The ACT introduced a discounted stamp duty for pensioners downsizing in 2008, and the commonwealth hopes other states follow.
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Downsizing stamp duty tax reform on Federal Treasurer's agenda 

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I was interviewed for a great story in one of the property magazines, the article was called Keep and Reap and it examines the pros and cons of holding onto property after you finish developing it.
One of the biggest things to consider before you start a development is entry and particularly exit costs - if you are developing to sell.
Around the same time I received a call I had from a guy called Dave.  He said ‘Hi Jo, can you help me with a dual occupancy project’.  To that I replied...’sure Dave, we’d love to. Tell me a bit about your strategy and what you are hoping to achieve from a property development’. 
'Well, my wife and I want to turn over a few developments, you know...complete one, sell and then use the profits to go again. Our aim is to use the proceeds to pay down the mortgage on our principal place of residence and keep investing’.
Dave certainly has a very good plan. As property development project managers, we are not qualified to give accounting or financial advice, but what I do like to check with anyone making this kind of enquiry is that they understand what selling or exit costs are involved.
Dave said he understood there’ll be agent’s selling commission and marketing costs to sell the new villas, we might have to pay some Capital Gains Tax and that’s it I think’. He said.   
My reply...’Are you sure Dave?’
If you take a look at the exit costs, then you may think twice about selling on completion, especially if it’s a small development like a dual occupancy.
In the Hunter Region of NSW where we manage developments for our clients, we can typically create around one hundred thousand dollars in equity on a dual occ project within twelve months. This sounds like a lot of equity to create and it is...if you are holding the properties you’ve built.
By holding on completion you'll not only get the benefits of depreciation and higher than average rental returns (everyone loves to rent a brand new property) but some clients choose to refinance and by doing this they can access some of the equity that’s been created through the development process.
But, if you are looking to sell on completion, then there is a whole list of costs you need to consider.
The big one is GST and as I explain this to Dave, I highly recommend he checks this out closely with his accountant.  GST is applicable when you sell new property, so Dave would need to ensure he pays 10% of his selling cost to the government. If he is not registered for GST, he can't claim back the GST he's paid over the life of the development so he's essentially losing 10% on his sales. However, if he holds the properties for five years, they are no longer deemed new and no GST is applicable.
Finance costs are another cost to consider. Dave needs to check with his lender what fees and charges may be applicable when he sells, these may include a prepayment fee, settlement fee, early exit fee or Government mortgage discharge fees.
There will be legal fees for your solicitor to prepare Sales Contracts and manage the conveyancing for you.
In some instances, Land Tax may also be payable on a property that is being sold.
Then of course, the sales agent's commission, marketing costs and perhaps auctioneer costs.
Also consider the holding costs. During the sales process you probably won't rent the villas and they'll be sitting empty on a fully drawn construction loan.
One of the advantages to holding and renting the properties on completion is that the interest you pay during the development process is tax deductible. However, if your intention is to sell on completion then you lose this important deduction during construction but also during the selling period.
I recommended Dave have a meeting with his accountant to make sure he understood the implications of selling.  A few weeks later, he called to tell me he's switched strategy and wanted to hold onto his properties. One of his reasons was to take advantage of the higher depreciation benefits and he wanted to build a property portfolio. His accountant showed him just how much income tax he could save himself as he was in a high tax bracket.
It wasn't long before we had found him a great site in Newcastle with a potential gross yield of 7%. This strong yield will make it easier for Dave to hold and continue on his property investment journey.
By going through the exercise of weighing up the pros and cons of holding, it helped Dave realise that if you are going to the trouble to develop property in the right location, you may as well hold to reap the immediate and future rewards. 
 
Jo Chivers is chief executive officer of property development project managers <a href="https://www.propertybloom.com.au/about" target="_blank">Property Bloom</a>.
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Is it really worth selling on completion? Jo Chivers

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Were Aussie consumers disappointed that rates weren’t cut? No. Were consumers worried about talk of a higher consumption tax? No. Consumers seem resigned to the fact that tax reform has to occur. 
And presumably Aussie consumers are aware that if the consumption tax goes up, then other taxes will be cut or reduced such as income tax rates. The reason why governments are talking about a higher consumption tax is because the population is ageing and thus changes to the tax system will be necessary. It is encouraging that Aussie consumers are taking a pragmatic, forward-looking view of future economic challenges.
Business conditions remain favourable with a smoothed measure of conditions (rolling annual average) near 5- year highs. Importantly, capacity use is near 4-year highs but inflation is still contained. There is the issue of ‘pass-through’ though – purchase costs are increasing at a faster rate than final retail prices. Businesses are likely to pass-through higher costs (higher import costs as a result of a lower Aussie dollar) at some point.
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Heat is quickly coming out of the investment housing market. The 8.5 % slump in investor loans was the biggest drop in seven years. Regulators will be satisfied that their measures are working to slow demand.
Aussie consumers are sensing that rates are near their lows with refinancing up the most in six months.
What do the figures show?
National Australia Bank Business Survey:
The NAB business conditions index was unchanged at +8.9 points in October. The rolling annual average eased from a 5-year high of +7.2 to +7.0. The business confidence index eased from +5.3 points to +2.1 points. The survey was conducted from October 26 to 30.
NAB noted: “The notable dispersion in business conditions across industries continued into October, with 3 of the 8 major industry groups (mining, manufacturing and wholesale) reporting negative conditions. Services industries continue to outperform, while the mining industry trails well behind. A majority of industries improved in the month, but recreation &amp; personal services and construction both saw sizable falls in their conditions index.”
“There was a notable deterioration in both conditions and confidence in Western Australia, consistent with ongoing drag from mining – confidence also fell considerably in South Australia. In contrast, Queensland recorded sizable improvements in the month (especially in business conditions). Looking through the monthly volatility, conditions were still strongest in NSW and Victoria (of the mainland states). Business confidence showed similar trends, although Queensland remains the highest of the mainland states (in trend terms).
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The index of trading conditions rose from +14.7 to +16.4; employment eased from +3.1 points to +2.8 points; profitability eased from +8.6 points to +7.6 points; forward orders fell from +2.8 points to minus 1.8 points.
Inflationary indicators were generally softer in October. The monthly reading of labour costs rose at a 0.3 % quarterly rate in October, down from +0.6 % in September. Purchase costs rose at a 0.9 % quarterly rate in October, after a 0.9 % rise in September. Final product prices were up 0.3 % in October (+0.3 % in September). And retail prices were up by 0.5 % in October after a 1.1 % rise in September.
Capacity utilisation rose from 81.3 to a near 4-year high (highest in 45 months) of 81.4 %. Capacity use is above the long-term average of 81.0 %.
The proportion of firms reporting that they did not require credit improved from a record high of 79 % to 65 % in October.
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Consumer sentiment
The weekly ANZ/Roy Morgan consumer confidence rating rose by 1.4 points (1.2 %) to 116.6 in the week to November 8. Confidence is up 1.6 % over the year and above the average of 111.4 since 2014.
Two of the five components of the index rose in the latest week:
The estimate of family finances compared with a year ago was unchanged at +11;
The estimate of family finances over the next year was down from +27 to +25;
Economic conditions over the next 12 months was up from +2 to +5;
Economic conditions over the next 5 years was up from +6 to +14;
The measure of whether it was a good time to buy a major household item was down from +30 points to +28 points.
Housing finance - number
The number of new owner-occupier housing loans (commitments) rose by 2.0 % in September. Excluding the refinancing of dwellings, the number of loans was up by 0.7 %.
Loans by owner-occupiers for the construction of homes rose by 1.8 % in September; loans to buy newly-erected dwellings rose by 5.4 % and loans for the purchase of established dwellings (excluding refinancing) was unchanged. The number of refinancing transactions rose by 4.7 %.
Housing finance - value
The value of new housing commitments (owner occupier and investment) fell by 1.6 % in September. Owner-occupier loans rose by 3.0 % while investment loans fell by 8.5 %.
The value of loans by owner-occupiers and investors to build new homes fell by 4.1 % in September after falling 6.8 % in August. The value of loans to build stood at $2.43 billion, the lowest level in 14 months.
Housing finance – other statistics
The proportion of first-time buyers in the home loan market eased from 15.8 % to 15.4 % in September. (However the figures take into account refinancing loans and as such the figures may be skewed). Fixed rate loans as a share of all loans were steady at a four-year low of 9.5 %. And the average home loan across Australia stood at $379,400 in September, up 15.4 % on a year ago and equalling the fastest pace of growth in 12 years.
Chinese inflation
Chinese consumer prices fell by 0.3% in October to be up 1.3% over the year – the lowest annual rate in five months. Food prices fell by 1.0% in the month to be up 1.9% over the year. Non-food prices rose by 0.1% to be up 1.0% over the year.
In September pork prices fell by 1.9% (15.8% over the year); eggs fell by 6.9% and vegetables fell by 5.6%. Transport &amp; communications prices were unchanged in the month; Clothing lifted 0.6%; Health Care rose 0.2%; Household equipment and maintenance services was unchanged; Tobacco and liquor rose by 0.1%; Entertainment &amp; Education fell by 0.3% with travel services down by 1.8%.
Chinese producer prices fell by 0.4% in October after falling 0.4% in September. Prices fell 5.9% in the year to October, the same as September and equalling the biggest fall in six years. Prices in petroleum processing, coking and the nuclear fuel processing industry fell by 22.5% over the year.
What is the importance of the economic data?
The monthly National Australia Bank business survey is valuable in providing a timely reading about the health of Corporate Australia. Key indicators of business conditions such as orders, employment, profitability and capacity use are covered together with a gauge on confidence levels.
The ANZ/Roy Morgan weekly survey of consumer confidence closely tracks the monthly Westpac/Melbourne Institute consumer sentiment index but the former measure is a timelier assessment of consumer attitudes and is now closely tracked by the Reserve Bank.
Housing Finance data is produced monthly by the Bureau of Statistics and shows commitments by lenders, such as banks, to provide finance for housing purposes. The lending figures relate to those looking to buy or build homes to live in as well as those seeking to buy or build homes for investment purposes. Generally people get their finance organised first, so the figures are regarded as a leading indicator on the housing market.
China’s National Bureau of Statistics releases its monthly economic statistics around mid-month. Quarterly GDP data is released around the 16th of January, April, July and October. China’s Customs Office releases trade data, and the People’s Bank of China releases financial statistics, around the 10th of each month. China is Australia’s largest trading partner and changes in the Chinese economic have major implications for the Aussie economy.
What are the implications for interest rates and investors?
The latest data supports the Reserve Bank’s upbeat view on the economic state of play. CommSec expects interest rates to remain unchanged over the next year.
Owner-occupiers are still entering the home loan market – presumably some sense bargains now that heat is coming out of the market, supply has lifted and fewer investors are to be found. The Reserve Bank would be happy at the mix of lending in the housing market.
Reuters: “China is confident of achieving economic growth of around 7 % in 2015, Vice Finance Minister Zhu Guangyao told a press conference in Beijing on Tuesday.” 
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Craig James is the chief economist at <a href="https://www.comsec.com.au/default.aspx" target="_blank">CommSec</a>.
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Consumers upbeat; Investment loans slump: CommSec's Craig James

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 Malcolm Turnbull has been sworn in as the 29th Prime Minister of Australia and has said he will lead a “thoroughly Liberal Government”, alluding to the outgoing Prime Minister’s conservative approach.
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 Turnbull, with Julie Bishop as deputy, won an unexpected Liberal party leadership ballot against Tony Abbott yesterday which was instigated by Turnbull’s challenge.
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 While there is speculation that Joe Hockey will be replaced in the Treasury portfolio by Minister for Social Services, Scott Morrison, a cabinet reshuffle is not expected until after the parliamentary sitting week, which ends on Thursday.
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 The firmness of the vote (Turnbull won 54 votes to Abbott’s 44), Turnbull’s standing in opinion polls (Figure 1), and his perceived centrist policies provide him with a good base to meet business approval.
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 Turnbull has the opportunity to positively influence business and consumer confidence in the short term. There has been a general lack of optimism around government for some time (Figure 4). When the Coalition came to government, business confidence surged to a three year high, but has been unable to maintain that level, and is currently below average (Figure 2).
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 But to sustain any elevation in confidence, Turnbull’s leadership will need to triumph over populism and he will need to provide a credible strategy to lift the productive capacity and competiveness of the Australian economy.
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 Turnbull said he intends to improve the government’s communication of its economic agenda to voters. Last night he pointed to New Zealand Prime Minister, John Key as an example of a leader that has been able to implement significant economic reforms by bringing people with him.
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 Turnbull has clear space to reset the party’s policy priorities ahead of the next election, which will likely be sometime next year. Turnbull said he will do this in a collaborative manner in a ”thoroughly traditional cabinet government”.
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 There are two particularly important White Papers currently being drafted that could provide the basis for substantial and needed reform in the Australian economy, including one on tax and one on federation. How far Turnbull is willing to take these will in part determine his government’s ability to expand the economy’s potential. 
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<div class="column">But the current economic upswing remains lacklustre and levels of confidence in the Australian economy are currently well below where they were when the Abbott Government came into power in September 2013. At that point, expectations of success were at their highest (Figure 2).</div>
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 Turnbull is likely to face a hard task at this starting point. The ANZ-Roy Morgan confidence survey shows that consumers are fragile and worried about the outlook. The subindex on ‘economic conditions in the next five years’ fell 6.0% in today’s survey following a 5.2% fall in the previous week (Figure 3). This is the lowest level since the weekly survey began in October 2008. 
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 Turnbull’s past statements and his more liberal approach suggest he will have some policy differences to Abbott, although we do not expect a significant shift of policy in the short term. 
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 Turnbull is a strong advocate of marriage equality and allowing a conscious vote within the party on the issue, but he has stated that he will retain the government’s commitment to a plebiscite on the issue.
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 Turnbull, as the 29th Australian Prime Minister after four changes in just over five years, may suffer from the perception that Australian Prime Ministers do not enjoy longevity in office. A former journalist, lawyer and businessman, Turnbull was elected to the Commonwealth Parliament in 2004 in the inner metropolitan Sydney seat of Wentworth.
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 Turnbull is also a former Australian Republican Movement chairman. 
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Cherelle Murphy is co-head of Australian Economics, ANZ Research and can be contacted <a href="https://bluenotes.anz.com/authors/our-economists/" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Tax reform needed from Malcolm Turnbull's leadership: ANZ's Cherelle Murphy

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Research from Queensland University of Technology has discovered a little-known infrastructure tax that, when the cost is passed on by developers, can potentially add more than $130,00 to the price of a new home.
QUT property economics lecturer Dr Lyndall Bryant said house prices in Brisbane increased an average of $3.95 for every $1 of infrastructure charges levied to property developers.
He said in fast-growing areas governments don't have the funds to build all the infrastructure new housing estates need and existing communities refuse to pay for it by way of higher rates and taxes. The infrastructure charges are levied at the time of developmental approval. 
"Property developers claim it is uneconomical for them to pay these charges and pass them on to homebuyers, making new houses unaffordable for many," he said.
"In Queensland the maximum infrastructure charge for a new three or more bedroom house was set at $28,000 in 2011. My research found that the 'over-passing' ratio for new house prices is 469%, and 356% for existing houses.
"Applying the 2011 maximum infrastructure charge, this suggests the price of a new house increases by as much as $131,320 and the price of an existing house by $99,680. This means that this one government charge could add nearly $1,000 a month to the average 30 year mortgage."
The study covered infrastructure charges on 27,752 house and 13,739 lot prices in Brisbane from 2005 - 2011.
"This study suggests the current policy of infrastructure charges is an inefficient tax that adversely affects housing affordability, with homeowners ultimately paying many times the actual cost of the urban infrastructure, with the banks being the winners, benefitting from the increases to mortgage payments," he said.
"The rate of over-passing of the charges, which were effectively a tax, was far higher in Australia than had been observed in the United States."
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Little-known infrastructure tax sending Brisbane property prices soaring

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The ACT Government has recommitted to its long term plan to abolish conveyance duty paid on homes.
ACT Chief Minister Andrew Barr, in the submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics Inquiry into Home Ownership, highlighted taxes as one of the key issues. 
"We consider that competition in demand for housing from investors is an area for further consideration. We note the benefits of investment in terms of increasing supply, which helps overall affordability. However it can also impact on opportunities for first homebuyers to enter the market.
"The ACT Government's role is outlined in the Affordable Housing Action Plan (AHAP), which commenced in 2007. The Plan, now in Phase III, includes 94 objectives aimed at making housing more affordable for all Canberrans. It has been a key contributor in responding to housing demand and providing a welcome economic boost to the Territory.
"Data from the 2011 Census shows that in the ACT, the rate of the home ownership is 60%, with 87,700 of the 145,500 homes either owned or in the process of being purchased. Of the remaining dwellings, there are around 30,250 private rentals and 9,500 public properties."
As shown in the table, the proportion of investment housing relative to owner-occupied housing is 26%.
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"The Government has a long term plan to abolish conveyance duty paid on homes. This will make homes more affordable to more Canberrans, by significantly reducing the upfront costs for homebuyers. 
"It will also encourage greater turnover of properties, which leads to a better allocation of housing stock."
 
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ACT Government calls for home conveyance duty to be scrapped

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Compass Housing Services, a community-housing group currently managing 3,500 properties housing 5,700 tenants in NSW, as well as another 850 properties in Queensland, stated in its submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics Inquiry into Home Ownership in Australia, that home ownership will soon only be available for those in the top tax bracket. 
"In the case of Sydney, where already stretched prices have increased by 33% in the last three years alone and the median house prices is fast approaching the million dollar mark, it would be fair to say we are already there. 
"The percentage of Australians aged 25-34 who own their homes (either outright or with a mortgage) has dropped by 17% over the last 25 years. The 35-44 year age bracket has also seen a big fall with just 62% now counting themselves as home owners compared with more than 75% in the early 1980s."
Another change has been the amount of debt households are taking on in order to buy a property. 
"Between 1987 and 2013, Australia’s household debt per person has increased from under $20,000 per person to almost $80,000 per person with more than three quarters of that debt tied up in the domestic property market, an increase of 50% since 1990. 
"A lack of affordability for first home buyers can place additional strain on the rental market which in turn can increase demand on social housing or homelessness services. 
"To plug the affordability gap between social housing and the private rental market, most states offer alternative, less intensive forms of housing assistance. In most states, low-income households struggling to pull together the bond for a rental property can access interest free loans from the state government. 
"It is estimated around 20% of all households in Queensland’s rental market rely one of these loans in order to secure their tenancy."
Tax Policy Impact
"The Australian Council of Social Service has reported more than half of geared investors are in the top 10% of the income scale and 30% earn more than half a million dollars a year. 
"Similarly, the Australia Institute has reported that 55% of the benefits from capital gains tax (CGT) discounts and negative gearing flow to the top 10% of income earners while households in the lower half of the income range receive only about 20 per cent of negative gearing benefits and less than 8% of capital gains benefits.
"If this data is correct, it would seem that while advantageous to certain sections of the community, the current tax treatments have played a major role in concentrating home ownership in the hands of fewer Australians."
Compass Housing Services believes that the lack of affordability is partially a consequence of "well- intentioned tax concessions" and the current tax policies favour investors over first home buyers.
"Data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics indicates less than 10 per cent of home loans to investors are used to construct new housing with the overwhelming majority simply used to purchase established dwellings. 
"Compass urges that a due and proper independent assessment of the current tax system that enables access to benefits to more younger Australians, while boosting supply of new dwellings should be conducted and the government respond accordingly. 
"Compass recommends the reintroduction of a revamped National Rental Affordability Scheme with more stringent controls on eligibility to ensure the benefits flow to those for whom they’re intended. 
"Compass recommends the committee consider legislative options to encourage greater superannuation industry investment in new residential property or affordable housing schemes. 
Compass Housing Services named three key benefits of greater outsourcing of social housing provision.
Additional human services and tenant development opportunities 
"Would allow community housing providers like Compass to help the movement of some social housing tenants into the private rental sector and home ownership, thereby releasing old social housing stock for redevelopment or sale with monies raised reinvested in the provision of greater numbers of new and more appropriate dwellings."
Stock transfer 
"Secondly, following UK experience, we know that significant stock transfer creates the opportunity for organisations to become major agents in housing supply. As capacity and confidence develops, a wider range of human and support services emerge to support tenants. 
"Additionally, favourable borrowing conditions for social housing, not-for-profit organisations encourage entry into direct building of social housing as well as the supply of local infrastructure including schools and medical facilities." 
Innovative funding arrangements for community-housing providers 
"Finally, community-housing providers are able to enter innovative funding arrangements with private sector partners, often through the creation of special purpose vehicles (SPVs). 
"SPVs can bring important capital sources to the social housing market and involve major home building agents within a framework in which the community provider manages tenancies and provides human services and tenant support systems."
 
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Home ownership may be limited to the top tax bracket: Compass Housing Services

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GUEST OBSERVER
If you look at the efficiency of the GST – in other words, the amount of economic activity that is destroyed for every dollar you raise – the Government’s latest tax discussion paper says it is just as inefficient a tax as the income tax. It’s much less equitable though. The income tax is paid disproportionately by those further up the distribution and the GST hits those down the bottom. – Andrew Leigh, Shadow Assistant Treasurer, <a href="https://www.andrewleigh.com/the_gst_is_inefficient_and_inequitable_so_why_raise_it_rn_drive" target="_blank">interview</a> with Patricia Karvelas on RN Drive, July 20, 2015.
There are two parts to the Shadow Assistant Treasurer’s statement. In the first part, he simply cites a Treasury report that shows that the GST is as efficient – or inefficient – as the income tax. The second part states that the GST is less equitable as “the income tax is paid disproportionately by those further up the distribution and the GST hits those down the bottom.”
A spokesperson for Dr Leigh said:
In terms of data supporting the statement, I’d refer you to p.25, chart 2.9 of the government’s <a href="https://bettertax.gov.au/files/2015/03/TWP_combined-online.pdf" target="_blank">Re:think tax discussion paper</a>. This shows that the GST and flat rate labour income tax have an equivalent marginal excess burden, according to Treasury modelling.
What do economists mean by an efficient tax?
There are both direct and indirect costs associated with raising taxes. Direct costs include those that are incurred in the collection of the tax. While direct costs are not insignificant (the Australian Taxation Office employs over 20,000 people), economists consider the indirect costs of taxation to be more relevant. These relate to the distortions that a tax creates.
For example, a tax on apples raises the price of apples to consumers and importantly makes apples relatively more expensive than say oranges. This will lead to consumers buying fewer apples and perhaps more oranges. While the government raises revenue in this process, the tax distorts the behaviour of consumers with possible impacts on the production of oranges and apples.
The efficiency loss is the reduction in welfare, usually measured in dollars, from a consumer buying fewer apples than what she would like to because of the tax, and also any distortions in production.
Is the GST as efficient (or inefficient) as the income tax?
To apply this idea in the current context, an income tax will reduce the remuneration of a worker, relative for example to other non-remunerated activities such as leisure.
Thus, in theory, an income tax could impact on one’s decision of how much to work (or whether to work at all). The GST, however, raises all prices except for goods and services not subject to it.
There lies the conceptual reason for the GST to have a similar impact than an income tax; individuals care not about the dollar amount they receive as wages but rather about the goods and services that they can purchase from their wages over their lifetimes, including savings and bequests.
Let me illustrate this with an example. Here I assume that there is no borrowing or saving, a flat income tax of 10% and a broad-based GST of 11.11%. Consider an individual on a $50,000 income. After paying taxes, she has $45,000 left to spend on goods and services. In this case, $50,000 expenditure on goods and services would include GST of $5,000. That is, both taxes would allow the consumption of $45,000 of goods and services and, as a result, should lead to similar behavioural impact and distortions.
This theoretical argument is borne out by <a href="https://www.treasury.gov.au/~/media/Treasury/Publications%20and%20Media/Publications/2015/Working%20Paper%202015%2001/Documents/PDF/TWP2015-01.ashx" target="_blank">Treasury modelling</a>. Chart 33 from the report is reproduced below. It estimates the “marginal excess burden” (MEB) of different taxes.
The MEB is measure of efficiency loss that captures the decrease in the future ability to spend across the economy per dollar of revenue raised from a tax. These estimates are derived using a long-run economic (computable general equilibrium or CGE) model where households are captured by a representative economic unit.
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<a href="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/89446/area14mp/image-20150723-22849-1anubmx.png"><img src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/89446/width668/image-20150723-22849-1anubmx.png" alt=""></a>
The chart reports the marginal excess burden of a number of taxes including a stylised personal income tax (represented by a flat rate), a stylised tax on labour income only and the GST. An out-of-model calculation for a marginal tax rate of 25% is presented as an illustration of an average taxpayer in 2011-12. As it can be seen in the chart above, the MEB estimates for the GST and the stylised income tax are nearly identical.
Is the GST less equitable than the income tax?
To answer this question, I need to define a couple of simple terms.
A tax system is regressive if the tax paid, as a fraction of income, decreases with income. A common view of the GST, reflected in the Shadow Treasurer’s statement, is that poorer households pay proportionally more than do richer households. Conversely, a tax system is progressive if the tax paid, as a fraction of income, increases with income. By design, the income tax rate faced by individuals in Australia increases with their income.
The table below uses a survey of households undertaken by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to shed light on this question. It shows the average amount of GST, taxes and net income per income quantile for the 2009-2010 financial year. Net income includes pensions, family tax payments, and other benefits, and excludes tax paid on income. As expected, the income tax is clearly progressive. The amount of GST as a fraction of gross income varies considerably less across most of the income distribution, although it is overall decreasing, with the exception of the lowest quintile who pays a much higher fraction of their gross income as GST. Taxes and GST paid as a percentage of average weekly household gross income per income quantile (2009-2010).
However, looking at the fraction of GST paid and income may be misleading as incomes are volatile and spending can be smoothed via borrowing and savings. To take this into account, I report below the amount of GST paid as a fraction of total expenditures, which is likely a better measure of the level of spending that households can sustain. Once again, the lowest quintile pays substantially more GST as a fraction of expenditures, but there is a small variation for the other groups.
Verdict
The Assistant Shadow Treasurer is correct that the efficiency of the GST as a tax is similar to that of income tax. He is also correct that the income tax is more progressive than the GST and that the GST hits disproportionally those in the bottom of the income distribution.
However, while technically the data above suggests that the GST is a regressive tax, the difference between the fraction of income or expenditures paid in the form of GST is small amongst the various quantiles of the income distribution, with the exception of the poorest.
Review
I concur with the comparative distribution effects of the GST and personal income tax.
In the case of relative efficiency effects, because the income tax in practice falls on capital income as well as labour income and because it has a progressive rate schedule, it has additional distortion costs to those assessed with a flat rate tax on labour income considered in the FactCheck.
First, income tax applies to <a href="https://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-capital-income.htm">capital income</a> (for example, stock dividends) as well as to labour income. Capital income tax distorts aggregate saving versus current expenditure decisions. The hybrid Australian capital income taxation of different saving options distorts the composition of savings between one’s home, other property, bank deposits, superannuation and so forth.
Second, while the GST has a flat rate of 10%, the income tax rate schedule is a progressive one with marginal rates from zero to 49%. With efficiency costs increasing more than proportionately with the tax rate, a progressive tax rate generates larger distortions on average than a flat rate tax.
Accepting the comparative efficiency and distribution effects of the GST and income taxes, most sensible suggestions for taxation reform which involve a more comprehensive base and/or higher rate GST to reap efficiency gains from a tax mix change also propose that some of the GST revenue gain be recycled as higher social security rates and a lower but more progressive income tax rate schedule to maintain the effective purchasing power of the poor.
John Freebairn is professor, Department of Economics at University of Melbourne and an author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/john-freebairn-90" target="_blank">here</a>.
 
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Is the GST as efficient but less equitable than income tax? Factcheck

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Negative gearing is a very controversial issue. The latest round of debate stems from the Reserve Bank’s submission to the House of Representative Standing Committee on Economics regarding the enquiry into home ownership. The Bank believed that “there is a case for reviewing negative gearing”.
Treasurer Joe Hockey promptly responded to again rule out any change of the tax policy on negative gearing. In particular, it was reported that he claimed that removing negative gearing would create “an exception to a standing rule in taxation law”.
Is negative gearing in accordance with well-established tax rules? A fundamental principle in the tax law is that a taxpayer should be able to deduct expenses only if the expenses have been incurred to generate assessable income.
This is why an employee can only deduct expenses that are sufficiently related to work. For example, a funeral director at tropical Queensland would be able to deduct the cost of his black jacket (but not his black trousers) because the ATO believes that no rational person – except a funeral director – would wear a black jacket in such a hot place.
Should mortgage interest on an investment property be deductible? Investment properties generate two kinds of income: rental income and capital gains (if any). As capital gains on investment property can enjoy a 50% tax discount if the property has been held for at least a year, strictly speaking only 50% of the interest expenses related to the capital gain should be deductible.
In practice, it is impossible to predict whether there will eventually be a capital gain, and also impossible to predict the amount of the gain. This presents the key difficulty in the design of the tax policy on negative gearing.
Allowing full deduction of the interest expenses every year effectively allows deduction of expenses that may be incurred to generate the tax free portion of the capital gain (if any), and therefore may violate the fundamental tax principle for deductions. However, how can the Australian Tax Office (ATO) determine how much of the interest expenses should be disallowed every year before the investment property is actually sold?
Many countries resolve this issue by quarantining losses on investment properties. It means that losses generated from negative gearing cannot be used to offset against other sources of income, for example, salaries or business income. Instead, the losses can be carried forward to future years to offset against income from the investment properties.
This policy is fair in the sense that the same tax principle for deductions applies to both taxpayers with and without negative gearing. Many countries adopt this quarantine policy, including major developed countries such as the US, the UK, France and Japan.
Some countries have even stricter tax rules on investment properties. For example, China allows a fixed 20% deduction of the rental income, and the Netherlands tax property investors on a deemed yield rate of 4% on the value of the properties. In other words, these countries do not allow deduction of any tax losses on investment properties at all.
Australia’s current tax policy on negative gearing seems overly generous when compared to both groups of countries. More importantly, it is not fair to taxpayers who do not have negative gearing. The policy effectively subsidies negative geared property investors through the tax system.
The Reserve Bank concluded its submission to the enquiry into home ownership by rightly stating that “policy should not unduly advantage property investors at the expense of prospective owner-occupier home buyers … tax and regulatory frameworks should avoid encouraging over-leveraging into property”.
Of course, the negative gearing issue is complex and highly political. The ATO’s Tax Statistics for 2012-13 showed that taxpayers claimed a total of $12 billion tax losses from investment properties, and almost 1.3 million taxpayers had negative gearing.
The sheer number of taxpayers currently enjoying the benefit of negative gearing dictates that it will demand strong political will and leadership before a politician is willing to propose changes to the current tax rule on negative gearing.
Even if the government is bold enough to change the rule, careful consideration has to be given to transition rules to cater for the existing taxpayers that have negative gearing. This is a story for another day.
Antony Ting is associate professor at University of Sydney and also an author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/antony-ting-117958" target="_blank">here</a>.
 
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