Repeat buyers are one of the strongest measures of confidence in any apartment development.

At <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/era-newcastle-west-124-126-bull-street-newcastle-west-nsw-2302">ERA</a> in Newcastle West, some purchasers are returning to <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/gwh">GWH</a> after living at the developer's One Apartments. Their decision to purchase again was driven by the quality of life they found after moving into their first GWH home.

Keith Wilton had spent years living in a house in East Maitland before deciding it was time for a change. Apartment living had always been on his radar, but he was selective about what he wanted.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/FH_1EzB-1vs?si=XScVlP1ERsTDJoME" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

"I had some boxes I wanted to tick," he says.

Keith points to the open-plan design, generous outdoor areas and considered inclusions as key reasons One Apartments worked for him.

“One of those things was a nice indoor open plan area, but also I wanted a nice outdoor open area that I could entertain on in summer or Christmases or birthdays,” he says.

He also found value in the smaller details, from integrated appliances to shared resident spaces including the pool, cinema and rooftop areas.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356818]

After comparing several developments, he chose One Apartments because of GWH's longstanding local reputation and his own experience working with the developer on a commercial project more than a decade earlier.

"I knew that they were local, that the quality of the build was going to be up there. I'd looked at other apartment complexes around and close by, and I just knew that here was a better decision location wise."

Today, Keith says the move has completely changed how he experiences Newcastle.

"I enjoy living in this location because it's more of a lifestyle change. That Newcastle city living where you can walk to restaurants and bars and even beaches and parks and even shopping across the road."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356828]

Beyond the location, he says it's the sense of community that has surprised him most.

"Everyone loves living here because they chose to live here, but everyone looks out for each other. It's a real great community feel here."

For Aimee and Lyle Goodman, the journey started almost by chance.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tsioMLcnjas?si=zq-ys3JuWpfa5hFv" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

The couple happened to be having coffee in Newcastle when they noticed the site where One Apartments was about to begin construction.

"We were aware GWH was planning a development," Aimee says. "We made one phone call and things moved pretty quickly after that."

As busy business owners, they initially thought apartment living would simply reduce the maintenance that came with larger homes. Instead, it fundamentally changed how they spent time together.

"We actually catch up more as a family now," Aimee says.

"We've had homes with big yards and lots of space, but everyone ended up in different rooms. Here we'll have dinner together, the kids can play, and we spend far more quality time together."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356829]

Lyle says their confidence came from GWH's reputation within Newcastle's building industry.

"I know people who've worked across different apartment projects, and whenever GWH came up the feedback was always the same. They're rock solid. They're quality."

That confidence only grew throughout the buying process.

"One of the things that really impressed us with GWH was the whole process, was the communication," Lyle says. "It was consistent, it was regular, there was no problem if we had some weird questions, there was no problems in getting answers."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=351104]

Aimee says one moment stood out.

"The project actually finished on time. We realised we needed to hurry up and sell our house because everything was happening exactly when they said it would."

The positive experience at One Apartments ultimately gave all three buyers the confidence to purchase again with GWH, this time at ERA.

Their confidence reflects what many buyers are seeking in today's apartment market. Location remains important, but so too does certainty around delivery, quality and long-term liveability.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356822]

ERA builds on those foundations with 280 one, two and three-bedroom apartments across two landmark towers in <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/newcastle-west-nsw-2302">Newcastle West</a>.&nbsp;

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/fk-australia">Fender Katsalidis</a>, the project will include more than 2,000 square metres of resident amenities, including a resort-style pool, gym, sauna, private cinema and rooftop entertaining spaces overlooking the harbour and coastline.&nbsp;

The development is also within walking distance of the Newcastle Interchange, Honeysuckle, Darby Street, the harbour foreshore, restaurants, retail and the city’s beaches, continuing the walkable lifestyle that existing GWH buyers say has transformed how they live.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=356826]

For Keith, the appeal remains straightforward.

"You feel at home even before you've moved into your home."

For Aimee, the change is measured in time.

“I just felt like I had more time,” she says.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=135096 project_image_fid=351102]

Construction at ERA is now underway, with more than half of the residences already sold and limited two and three-bedroom apartments remaining in the East Tower release. Priced from $980,000 for two-bedroom residences and $1.46 million for three-bedroom residences, buyers can secure an apartment with a 10 per cent deposit, with premium homes offering ocean views from Level 8 and harbour views from Level 10.

ERA is also backed by Resilience Insurance's 10-year Latent Defects Insurance policy, providing protection against structural or waterproofing defects for 10 years after completion. The project is anticipated to be completed in early 2028.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=135096]

Joel Robinson

From ONE to ERA: Why buyers are choosing GWH again in Newcastle West

Virgate Property Group is preparing to commence construction of Verdé, its new apartment development in Melbourne's Arts Precinct at Southbank, following a strong run of sales that has seen more than half of the project's 173 apartments secured.

Verdé has attracted a broad mix of first home buyers, owner-occupiers upgrading from nearby inner-city suburbs and investors, with younger owner-occupier couples aged between 28 and 45 accounting for the strongest enquiry. Many are already living in Southbank, South Melbourne, Albert Park, Port Melbourne, South Yarra and the CBD.

"Verdé is located in one of the most desirable pockets of southern Melbourne," Blair Property Group Director Darren Blair, who is managing sales at Verdé, said.

"It's within walking distance of the Arts Centre, Royal Botanic Gardens, Albert Park Lake, and Southbank's restaurants and retail. It's a great lifestyle location with strong amenity and liveability, which made it a very attractive choice for the project."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=4661 project_image_fid=372549]

Virgate was already familiar with the precinct, having previously delivered the successful Domain House development in neighbouring South Melbourne. That experience gave the developer confidence to acquire the Coventry Street site and continue expanding its presence in Melbourne's inner south.

"We had been keeping an eye on the site and the broader precinct for a few months before deciding to move forward with the acquisition," Virgate said.

The project was ultimately secured in 2020 following feasibility studies, planning assessments and due diligence, with the brief centred on delivering "a high-quality, considered design that feels both refined and fit for purpose."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=4661 project_image_fid=314259]

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/bruce-henderson-architects">Bruce Henderson Architects</a>, Verdé comprises 173 one, two and three-bedroom apartments priced from $599,000. The architecture is distinguished by a faceted glass façade that responds to both the site's outlook and Melbourne's changing light conditions.

According to Bruce Henderson Architects, the coloured glazing gives the building a distinctive identity while also providing privacy and solar shading, with residences oriented to capture views across the bay, city skyline and surrounding parklands.

Inside, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/interior-designers/designoffice">DesignOffice</a> has created interiors focused on natural light, efficient planning and enduring materials. Apartments feature engineered oak flooring, natural stone benchtops, floor-to-ceiling glazing and SMEG appliances, while a restrained material palette aims to complement the expansive outlooks rather than compete with them.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=4661 project_image_fid=372550]

Resident amenity has also been designed around everyday functionality rather than occasional use. Facilities include a concierge-serviced lobby, residents' lounge with fireplace, library and co-working space, gym, terrace garden with barbecue facilities, ground-floor café, and package delivery management.

The project's location continues to be one of its strongest drawcards. Positioned on Coventry Street, Verdé sits within walking distance of the National Gallery of Victoria, Arts Centre Melbourne, Royal Botanic Gardens and Albert Park Lake, while Southbank's dining precinct, Sturt Street trams and the new ANZAC Station are all nearby. The surrounding education catchment also includes Melbourne Grammar, Melbourne Girls Grammar, Mac.Robertson Girls' High School and several major university campuses.

The sales team says buyers have responded particularly well to the combination of location, design quality and long-term liveability.

"They're responding really positively to the quality of the design, premium resident amenities and the uninterrupted views. Many also appreciate the location and how connected it is to everything they need."

The ability to secure stamp duty savings before completion has also been a key factor for purchasers, alongside the opportunity to personalise finishes ahead of settlement.

With construction set to commence soon and more than half the apartments already sold, Verdé enters its next phase as one of the Arts Precinct's more established apartment developments, offering remaining buyers an opportunity to secure a residence before construction advances further. Expected completion is scheduled for late 2027.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=4661]

Virgate's Verdé Southbank moves toward construction as sales fly past halfway stage

Downsizer-focused apartment development Kooyongkoot in Hawthorn has been recognised at the 2026 Better Future Melbourne Design Awards, taking home Gold and Silver awards in two categories.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/kooyongkoot-hawthorn-1-kooyongkoot-road-hawthorn-vic-3122">Kooyongkoot</a>, currently being delivered by developer PQD and designed by Cera Stribley, received Gold in the Interior Design – Proposed category and Silver in the Architecture – Proposed category.

The dual recognition reflects the design approach behind the boutique development on prestigious Kooyongkoot Road, where the focus has been on creating homes for downsizers seeking the space, quality and functionality of a detached house within a low-rise apartment building.

Rather than maximising apartment numbers, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/pqd">PQD</a> and <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/cera-stribley-architects">Cera Stribley</a> limited the development to just 18 residences, allowing for larger floorplans, greater privacy, generous landscaping and expansive communal spaces.&nbsp;The majority of the apartments also benefit from corner aspects, allowing for dual sources of natural light.

Now around 70 per cent complete and on track for completion in November 2026, Kooyongkoot will comprise a mix of garden residences, ter​race apartments, sub-penthouses, and is crowned by two half-floor penthouses with direct lift access and private rooftop terraces.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102717 project_image_fid=355297]

The Silver Award for Architecture recognised the way the building responds to its prominent corner position at the ent​rance to Hawthorn's Scotch Hill precinct, one of Melbourne's most established residential neighbourhoods.

Rather than competing with the grand homes that line Kooyongkoot Road, the architectural approach focused on restraint and longevity, using curved brickwork, generous landscaping and carefully considered proportions to integrate with the existing streetscape.

"The form feels fluid and timeless, as though shaped by the landscape itself – architecture that belongs, rather than competes," said Chris Stribley, Co-Founder and Managing Principal of Cera Stribley.

The judging submission also highlighted practical innovations throughout the building, including lift cores servicing only nine homes each, a central landscaped lightcourt designed to bring daylight and ventilation into the building, and fully enclosed private storage rooms with lighting, power and shelving to better accommodate residents transitioning from larger family homes.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102717 project_image_fid=355293]

The Gold Award for Interior Design recognised the project's focus on long-term liveability rather than display-home aesthetics.

According to the awards submission, the interiors were designed from the inside out, prioritising how homes would function over decades of daily use through generous proportions, practical storage, durable natural materials and flexible layouts.

The specification includes natural stone throughout, upgraded acoustic glazing, V-ZUG appliances and fully enclosed storage rooms, alongside an amenity offering focused on wellness, entertainment and everyday convenience.&nbsp;

Residents will have access to a gym and yoga studio, a wellness centre featuring traditional and infrared saunas, a cold therapy shower and treatment room, as well as a residents' lounge and golf simulator/cinema room for entertainment.&nbsp;Kooyongkoot has also considered the everyday convenience of its residents by offering a private carwash and pet wash facilities on site as well as dedicated parcel lockers and oversized fully enclosed storage rooms.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102717 project_image_fid=355303]

The project's attention to detail has already resonated with buyers. Earlier this year, Kooyongkoot recorded one of Boroondara's highest apartment sales when an $8 million penthouse was purchased by a Melbourne CEO downsizing from a nearby family home.

"Every detail feels deliberate, from the overall design down to the smallest touches," the purchaser said.

"The level of quality and refinement is exceptional, but what really sold it was how liveable it felt... It felt like a place where everything had been considered, not just a luxury building."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=102717 project_image_fid=355304]

Sustainability also formed a key part of both award submissions. Kooyongkoot is targeting a minimum 7.5-star NatHERS rating across all residences, supported by passive design principles, high-performance glazing, EV charging infrastructure, water reuse systems and a wellness model focused on lower-energy dry facilities rather than pools and large wet areas.

Located within walking distance of Scotch College, Methodist Ladies' College, Koo​yong Lawn Tennis Club, Aubur​n Village and Camberwell Junction, Kooyongkoot continues to target owner-occupiers looking to remain in Melbourne's inner east without compromising on space or quality. A limited selection of two, three and four-bedroom residences remains available, with prices starting from $1.9 million.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=102717]

Kooyongkoot wins Gold and Silver at Better Future Melbourne Design Awards

New apartment supply has become increasingly constrained across <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/parramatta-nsw-2150">Parramatta</a> in recent years, with fewer projects progressing through to completion as development conditions have become more challenging.

It makes <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/novm">NOVM</a>'s 2021-completed <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/buildings/the-lennox-parramatta-12-phillip-street-parramatta-nsw-2150">The Lennox</a> one of the most recently completed residential towers on the Parramatta River, and among the newest apartment developments in Sydney's second CBD.

With the project largely completed before the sharp escalation in construction costs and inflation following the pandemic, The Lennox is now offering pricing that would be difficult to replicate in a comparable new development in Parramatta today, or across much of Western Sydney.

The majority of the 413 apartments at The Lennox sold before and shortly after completion. A limited release of the remaining apartments has recently been brought to market by capital partner <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/project-marketer/equitifund-group">Equitifund</a>, with entry-level pricing from $700,000 and two-bedroom apartments available from under $1 million.

Rising above the Parramatta River at 12 Phillip Street, The Lennox comprises one, two, three and four-bedroom apartments, appealing to first home buyers, young professionals, families, downsizers and interstate investors seeking a completed apartment in one of Australia's fastest-growing economic centres.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5743 project_image_fid=372394]

Rather than positioning Parramatta as an alternative to Sydney's CBD, Equitifund believes the city has reached a point where it stands on its own merits.

"Parramatta is no longer simply an alternative to Sydney CBD, it's becoming a destination in its own right," Equitifund Executive Chairman Greg Huxley said.

"The Lennox captures that evolution with a level of quality and amenity that's difficult to match at its price point."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5743 project_image_fid=953]

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/marchese-partners">Marchese Partners</a>, the tower responds directly to its riverfront setting through expansive glazing and open-plan layouts that maximise views across the Parramatta River and city skyline. Interiors feature engineered timber flooring, stone benchtops, stainless steel appliances and floor-to-ceiling glazing, while generous balconies extend the living spaces outdoors.

Marchese Partners says the project was conceived to balance high-quality apartment living with practical, long-term functionality, pairing larger, efficient floorplans with amenities more commonly associated with five-star hotels.

That emphasis continues through the resident facilities, which include a 20-metre rooftop swimming pool, fully equipped gym and wellness spaces, full-time concierge, a residents' lounge, function room, private lifts, secure basement parking and rooftop communal areas overlooking the Parramatta River. Ground-floor boardwalk retail and dining further activate the riverfront and integrate the building into the surrounding public realm.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5743 project_image_fid=925]

Australian housing and finance group Equitifund has secured the remaining apartments, believing there are few completed apartment opportunities in Parramatta that offer the same combination of location, amenity and pricing.

Equitifund National Sales Director Ben Hamblett says buyers are increasingly recognising that premium apartment living no longer needs to come with Sydney CBD pricing.

"The Lennox is where aspirational living becomes attainable," Hamblett said.

"Wake to river and mountain views, step into Sydney's Second CBD, and arrive home to resort-calibre amenities, all without the harbour price tag."

Hamblett says owner-occupiers are also attracted by the convenience of having Westfield Parramatta, Church Street's dining precinct, Parramatta Park, Riverside Theatres, Western Sydney University and major transport connections all within walking distance.

"At The Lennox, lifestyle is not an afterthought, it is the foundation."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=5743 project_image_fid=5374]

The Lennox places residents within walking distance of Parramatta Square, Westfield Parramatta, Church Street Eat Street, Parramatta Station, the ferry wharf, Light Rail, the future Sydney Metro West, Parramatta Park and CommBank Stadium, reinforcing Parramatta's position as one of Australia's most connected metropolitan centres outside Sydney's CBD.

Equitifund says buyers visiting the display suite consistently comment on the quality of the finishes, generous floorplans, river and skyline views, and the walkability of the location. The project has attracted a broad mix of local professionals, upsizers, downsizers, buyers relocating from Sydney's inner suburbs and interstate investors seeking long-term growth opportunities.

That demand aligns with Parramatta's continued evolution as an economic powerhouse. Equitifund Research and Market Insights specialist John Bekiaris says sustained population growth, infrastructure investment and expanding employment opportunities continue to support long-term housing demand across the city.

"Parramatta has evolved from a satellite city into one of Australia's most important economic centres. Population growth, infrastructure investment and employment are all supporting sustained long-term housing demand."

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=5743]

The apartment price gap drawing Sydney buyers west

A luxury beachfront apartment at Rainbow Bay has more than doubled in value since it sold off the plan six years ago, setting a new local apartment record in the process.

The three-bedroom apartment in the Flow development on Petrie Street, the first of four new projects locally by Paul Gedoun's S&amp;S Projects, has sold for $7.4 million, after originally selling for $3.27 million when the project launched in 2020.

The seventh-floor apartment, comprising 187 sqm of internal living space and a 54 sqm balcony overlooking Froggies Beach and Snapper Rocks, was purchased by a local family.

The transaction was negotiated by Pezet Matheson director Kerry Pezet and equates to more than $30,000 per sqm.

Pezet said the sale reflected the limited opportunities to buy into the boutique beachfront development.

"The sale highlights the rarity of opportunities within the boutique beachfront development, where residences seldom become available," Pezet said.

"Flow is one of the Gold Coast's most tightly held buildings. Buyers from our database move quickly when residences become available, and achieving an off-market sale at $7.4 million demonstrates the depth of demand for property of this calibre."

<img alt="Flow" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c585b206-2130-4eee-a50c-3f27c51a7c70" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-06%20at%208.33.25%E2%80%AFPM.png?VersionId=m3pHRDV62Y3fvN.XQuQHq.52ilTWpRLf" />

Flow was the first of four luxury apartment developments delivered by Paul Gedoun's S&amp;S Projects at Rainbow Bay and was completed in 2023.

Positioned on the beachfront overlooking Snapper Rocks, the residence includes three bedrooms, three bathrooms, a powder room and views stretching north along the coastline towards Surfers Paradise.

Pezet Matheson Residential principal Mitchell Lambert said buyers continued to prioritise quality beachfront apartments in tightly held locations.

"Flow Residences offers a rare combination of elevated beachfront positioning, architectural excellence, comprehensive resident amenity and premium finishes, which is exactly what discerning purchasers are seeking," Lambert said.

"The transaction further reinforces Rainbow Bay's reputation as one of Australia's premier coastal lifestyle destinations, where limited supply and growing demand continue to support strong market performance."

Pezet Matheson originally marketed and sold out Flow off the plan, making the latest transaction a return to one of the project's original buyers.

Paul Gedoun is selling his third project, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/radia-rainbow-bay-271-boundary-street-coolangatta-qld-4225">Radia Rainbow Bay</a>, after recently completing, and selling out, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/buildings/esprit-217-227-boundary-street-coolangatta-qld-4225">Esprit</a>. He has plans for a <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/qld/first-look-s-s-projects-proposes-88-apartment-wellness-tower-at-coolangattas-boundary-street">fourth building</a>, 88 apartments on <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/209-213-boundary-street-coolangatta-qld-4225">Boundary Street</a>.

Rainbow Bay apartment doubles in price since off the plan sale during pandemic

Planning

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Victorian Planning Minister Richard Wynne is being urged to move quickly on a long list of development applications awaiting his decision. 
Since coming to power in November last year, the new minister and his Acting Minister Robin Scott have granted three approvals (as of late March). A fourth application, which drew objections, has been given a “notice of decision” to grant a permit.
These are: a 34,700 square metre office development of $100 million at 2-12 Batmans Hill Drive, Docklands; a notice of decision for a $174 million, 12- and 17-storeys, 275-apartments and 3500 square metres Freemasons headquarters development at 300 Albert Street, East Melbourne; a 15-storeys, 135-apartments, $30 million development at 4 Neilson Place, Footscray and a $240.5 million 52-and 68-storeys, 728-apartments, hotel, office, retail development at 380 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne.
Melbourne Council planning chair councillor Ken Ong said while they expected the three approvals, they were still waiting on others to come through.
These included a Singapore developer’s application for an apartment and hotel complex at Power Street, Southbank and a Grocon application for 85 Spring Street, Melbourne, which was refused in early April. 
Wynne ruled the proposed 46-level Grocon tower at 85 Spring Street was too high and too close to other buildings in the precinct, preferring the advice of city hall over his planning officers, who had recommended in favour of the tower, with conditions.
There is no height limit at 85 Spring Street, occupied now by a 16-storey office tower which Grocon acquired in 2013 for about $45 million.
Wynne confirmed it was his first development refusal since assuming the Planning Minister role.
"I have to balance up advice. In this circumstance there was competing advice," Wynne was reported in the Australian Financial Review.
"If you look at what else is around it, the rest are substantially lower buildings."
Everyone was waiting because there had only been three approvals for four or five months, Ong recently noted.
“Industry’s concern is we need some sort of response and certainty one way or the other.”
“It is important to have some sort of result because we don’t want the industry to come to a grinding halt suddenly because no new projects are approved.”
Melbourne Council planning deputy chair Stephen Mayne said Minster Wynne had been constrained due to ill-health and not having handled the planning portfolio while in Opposition.
Last month Mayne said, it was time for the minister’s “first refusals”.
“There are probably 20 to 30 decisions pending so he needs to let everyone know where he stands,” Mayne said.
“It has really come down to decision time on the large in-tray he has got.” 
Mayne said the previous Planning Minister Matthew Guy (now State Opposition Leader) approved about 100 towers in Melbourne. 
“Matthew Guy only refused five applications. He was far too permissive in hindsight” Mayne said.
“I think we need a period of more consistent decision making in accordance with the planning scheme.”
Wynne said on winning office, his government had 12 outstanding planning permit applications for central city developments. 
“One of these - for the redevelopment of Dallas Brooks Hall by Fitzroy Gardens- had been in the pipeline for over 400 days,” Wynne said.
“We have now issued a permit for this development, and at a height that better responds to the surrounding context and does not overshadow the gardens.” 
Wynne said he had also given approval for a development at 380 Lonsdale Street, Melbourne, where “the developer had worked hard to come up with an amended scheme that achieved better activation at the street level and gave Melbourne a new laneway”. 
“I would like to assure the industry that I am resolving the remaining permits in an orderly and timely fashion,” he said.
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Victorian Planning Minister Richard Wynne refuses Grocon application while list awaiting approval lengthens

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GUEST OBSERVATION
A key objective of Plan Melbourne is to create a city of 20 minute neighbourhoods, suggesting that 20 minute neighbourhoods are healthy communities, where “housing is within walking, cycling or public transport distance of employment, education, social, cultural, recreational and health facilities, and where people have access to open space and places where they can gather.”
The idea is that the provision of these services will encourage a 'walkable neighbourhood', from which in turn flow the health benefits of a more active lifestyle.
We are all about using hard data to support business decisions, so we have decided to test out whether proximity to transport and services does indeed encourage walking.
The Victorian government undertakes the Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity (VISTA). The most recent survey was undertaken in 2009/10 and classifies a household as being located within 1 kilometres of a train station (approx 10 mins walk), within 3 kilometres of a train station (approx 30 mins walk), and greater than 3 kilometres of a train station.
As retail and services, as well as other public transport options, are often based around train stations, we have taken the train station as a proxy for the likely centre of a 20 minute neighbourhood.
Chart 1 (below) shows the average number of walking movements per person per day across total Metropolitan Melbourne and for Outer Melbourne regions only. In this instance we refer to a “movement” as a journey from one destination to another, or a component of a journey with more than one mode of travel.
<img src="https://www.bis.com.au/verve/_resources/Walkable_Melbourne_Chart_1.png" alt="">
For total metropolitan Melbourne, those within 1 kilometres of a train station had a much greater propensity to choose to walk, with an average 1.3 walking movements a day undertaken across the whole population. The average dropped to 0.9 movements per day for those living 1 to 3 kilometres from a train station, or around 10 minutes to half an hour walk, and 0.57 movements per day for those living further than 3 kilometres from a train station.
In contrast, the propensity to be walking for those living in outer Melbourne was stable, and lower, at around 0.4 to 0.5 walking movements per day regardless of distance from a rail station.  
Similarly, the amount of walking is greater for those closer to a train station (and consequently the services surrounding most train stations). Across total Metropolitan Melbourne, walking movements of those within 1 kilometres of a train station averaged 1.2 kilometres per day, with the average distance walked steadily decreasing as the distance from a train station increased—thereby increasing the need for other forms of transport such as motor vehicles.
The average daily distance walked by those within 1 kilometres of a train station across total Melbourne is six times larger than for those within 1 kilometres of a train station (at 0.2 kilometres per day) in outer Melbourne, which in turn was also approximately the average distance walked across the all of outer Melbourne regardless of distance from a train station. This suggests that proximity to a train station played little part in encouraging walking in outer Melbourne. 
 <img src="https://www.bis.com.au/verve/_resources/Walkable_Melbourne_Chart_2.png" alt="">
Given most activity centres around a train station in outer Melbourne contain a similar array of services as much of the rest of Melbourne, other factors must be at play that make a neighbourhood conducive to walking. In this regard, outer suburban train stations are more likely to be surrounded by a large amount of car parking and lower density housing, while many activity centres in outer Melbourne also contain freestanding shopping centres that are inwardly focussed and are surrounded by significant parking.
In contrast, train stations in inner and middle Melbourne suburbs typically have a greater level of housing density close by. Retail and services also face the street and passing walking traffic. This encourages interaction between transport modes, services and housing when travelling between each. The increased density in these locations also provides a catchment of sufficient size to support these services at the local level.
This suggests that a neighbourhood not only needs the services required by the surrounding community, but also good design and density that encourages walkability. The challenge for planners in creating new neighbourhoods is to ensure the design will be conducive to walking and avoid the design mistakes of previous town centre developments that discourage walkability.
But why would you want a walkable neighbourhood?
The National Physical Activity Guidelines recommend 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most days of the week as the minimum requirement for good health. Walkable neighbourhoods go a long way to more of the population achieving this target. With a study commissioned by Medibank Private putting the cost to the economy of the population not meeting this threshold at $13.8 billion per year in 2008, everybody benefits from the improved health outcomes.
<a href="https://www.bis.com.au/key_people/name/angie_zigomanis" target="_blank">Angie Zigomanis</a> is senior manager of <a href="https://www.bis.com.au/" target="_blank" title="BIS Shrapnel" rel="nofollow">BIS Shrapnel.</a>
This article first appeared on BIS Shrapnel's blog.
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Encouraging walkable neighbourhoods is about more than proximity: Angie Zigomanis

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The New South Wales government's recently released 'A Plan for Growing Sydney' and it has been welcomed by Housing Industry Association's (HIA) executive director NSW David Bare.
“HIA has been calling for housing supply targets that actually reflect true underlying and future demand. A Plan for Growing Sydney delivers on this aspect because the entire strategic plan is based on meeting the future needs of Sydney’s growing population,” he said.
The plan includes a goal to deliver more property supply through a number of initiatives, including accelerating supply with priority precincts, increasing urban renewal by placing homes near to jobs and transport hubs, increasing housing choice and delivering greenfield precincts.
“The focus on urban renewal and infill in a planned fashion is long overdue in housing delivery in Sydney” said Bare.
“Increasing the opportunities for housing type diversity and enabling subdivision of existing homes for higher density outcomes is also welcomed.”
To accelerate housing supply, the plan aims to work with councils and the development sector to introduce flexible planning controls.
It notes that for infill and urban renewal., large lots within the existing urban area and close to centres on the rail, light rail and rapid bus systems are most suitable.
It appears the 10 priority precincts will remain on the radar with North Ryde Station, Epping Town Centre, Wentworth Point, Carter Street Lidcombe, Herring Road Macquarie Park, Showground Station, Bella Vista Station, Kellyville Station, Banksia and Arncliffe all mentioned.
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NSW planning focus on infill long overdue: HIA

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GUEST OBSERVATION
During Queensland’s preparations for Severe Tropical Cyclone Ita earlier this year, <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2014/s3983077.htm">Queensland Premier Campbell Newman</a> advised residents who lived in older houses (those built before 1985) to evacuate their homes as they were not likely to stand up to the storm’s destructive winds.
In the event, the damage was <a href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/cyclone-ita-worsthit-areas-could-go-weeks-without-power-20140414-36m7d" target="_blank">largely to the electricity network</a>, while Cooktown, very close to the path of the storm, <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/environment/weather/cooktown-cleans-up-after-cyclone-ita-20140412-36jzz" target="_blank">suffered less destruction than had been feared</a>.
But the episode still begs the question: what was so special about 1985?
That was the year that building regulations changed to require new houses in cyclone-prone areas to be able to withstand higher winds. But how were these regulations determined, what do they mean for modern homes, and why do regulators always seem to wait until after a severe storm before updating the codes?
Updating the regulations
Building codes are drawn up by the <a href="https://www.abcb.gov.au/" target="_blank">Australian Building Codes Board (ABCB)</a>, which cites its mission as addressing “issues of safety and health, amenity and sustainability”.
Its job is to set minimum standards for the design, construction and performance of buildings to “withstand extreme climate related natural hazard events”. It is then up to each state and territory to adopt the recommended standards.
After natural disasters, the ABCB examines the nature of building damage to decide whether the regulations provide enough protection. During <a href="https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/tracy.shtml" target="_blank">Cyclone Tracy</a> in 1974, 70% of Darwin’s houses suffered severe damage (90% in some areas), causing 65 deaths and damage worth hundreds of millions of dollars. It was obvious that existing building standards were not protecting the community.
As a result, the regulations were changed in the 1980s to improve the construction processes that attach the roof to the rest of the house, making homes more resistant to severe wind damage.
Analysis after cyclones <a href="https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/vance.shtml" target="_blank">Vance</a> (1999), <a href="https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/larry.shtml" target="_blank">Larry</a> (2006) and <a href="https://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/history/yasi.shtml" target="_blank">Yasi</a> (2011) showed that the updated regulations have resulted in <a href="https://www.abcb.gov.au/en/education-events-resources/national-conference/~/media/Files/Download%20Documents/Marketing%20Docs/BAF/4%20David%20Henderson%20FINAL.ashx" target="_blank">much less building damage and consequent loss of life</a>. During Cyclone Yasi, for example, 12% of older homes suffered severe roof damage, but only 3% of newer homes.
Of course, this does not mean that newer homes are completely impregnable. <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/cts/publications/content/technical-reports/jcu-078421.pdf/view" target="_blank">Analysis of damage from Cyclone Yasi</a> showed some remaining “weak points”: tiled roofs, sheds, garage doors, and doors/windows. It was found that more attention needs to be paid to the design, testing, installation, use and maintenance of products, components and fixings. Revised standards have since been developed for roof tiles, garage doors and shed design.
The right way to think about risk
Campbell Newman’s comment about older houses was partially correct – houses built to older standards were indeed more likely to suffer damage. But his statement is perhaps also misleading. Current building standards for Far North Queensland are designed to protect structural integrity in winds up to a Category 4 cyclone. If Ita had crossed the coast and maintained its Category 5 intensity, it is possible that all of Cooktown’s houses – old and new – would have been subject to severe damage.
It is crucial that the community understands what hazards and risks are being addressed by building regulations, and which ones are not.
For example, current regulations address wind loading associated with cyclones, but take no consideration of wind-driven rain (a major cause of water damage). There are also three specific hazards that are not addressed: hail, storm surges and heatwaves. The first two present risks to property; the third contributes to heat stress, which is in turn linked to health problems and deaths.
When deciding whether and how to update the regulations, the ABCB considers both costs and benefits. Regulations will only change if the ABCB and its stakeholders determine that the cost of the changes (such as higher building costs) are less than the benefits (the expected savings in reduced damage).
As a result, the regulations establish minimum standards, not best practice standards.
This article continues on the next page. Please click below.
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The community’s role
Home owners and residents therefore need to be aware of these limitations in the building regulations, and be much more proactive in determining what level of risk is appropriate to their circumstances. A simple risk assessment identifies three things:
<ol>
<li>
What hazards and risks might your house/unit/building be exposed to?
</li>
<li>
What is the likelihood and frequency of those hazards?
</li>
<li>
What are the consequences if the event happens?
</li>
</ol>
Property damage is perhaps the first risk that people consider, particularly in relation to natural hazards such as cyclones, floods and bushfires. But buildings and their contents can also be damaged by heavy rain, hail, tidal surges, ground movement, and other phenomena.
There are also financial risks associated with not taking action, such as increased power prices and insurance premiums. These financial risks affect everyone in the community.
Meanwhile, people who are directly affected by property loss can also suffer resettlement costs and loss of income.
What should you do?
Listening to the authorities is important, but you should take responsibility for your own household risks too. One way to do it is to take out <a href="https://understandinsurance.com.au/" target="_blank">home insurance</a>, but you need to be aware of what risks your insurance does and does not cover, and what are your responsibilities.
Another way to manage your risk is to take these things into consideration when you are building, buying or renting a property. Find out how a building has been designed and constructed to manage these risks. Ask the architect, designer, builder, estate agent, landlord, body corporate or local council for documentary evidence.
The insurance sector could also play a more proactive role in promoting better building design, perhaps by offering lower premiums for buildings with stronger construction.
Consideration also needs to be given to changing the way damaged buildings are evaluated and repaired after a disaster. New Zealand has acknowledged that the <a href="https://cera.govt.nz/sites/cera.govt.nz/files/common/recovery-strategy-for-greater-christchurch.pdf" target="_blank">earthquake recovery process</a> provides an opportunity for creating a more resilient city, not just restoring what was lost.
What is needed is a more collaborative approach to withstanding risks to our buildings, our property, and even our health. The ABCB seems to be <a href="https://www.abcb.gov.au/~/media/Files/Download%20Documents/Major%20Initiatives/Draft%20ABCB%20Discussion%20Paper%20on%20Resilience%20to%20Extreme%20Weather%20Events.pdf" target="_blank">moving in this direction</a>, and it should not be expected to go it alone.
We all have a role to play in creating robust and resilient neighbourhoods that stand up to natural hazards.
Wendy Miller is senior research fellow at Queensland University of Technology.
Wendy Miller receives / has received funding from the Australian Research Council and the National Climate Change Adaptation Fund. She is being sponsored by ICPS Australia to present her research findings at the Australian and New Zealand Disaster and Emergency Management Conference on the Gold Coast in May.
This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.
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How building codes save homes from cyclones, and how they don’t

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GUEST OBSERVATION
When you look out of your window in the morning, how many trees do you see? Your answer might depend on <a href="https://202020vision.com.au/media/7145/where_are_all_the_trees.pdf" target="_blank">what suburb you live in</a>.
As you go further from the city centre, the amount of tree cover in a suburb decreases, while the amount of green space, such as lawns and parks, increases.
In Melbourne, for every 10 kilometres you travel from the city centre, the tree cover drops by more than 2%. That means Melbourne’s inner suburbs might have more than 15% cover, but an outer suburb could have less than 10%.
A 5% fall in urban tree cover can lead to a 1-2C rise in air temperature, leaving these communities <a href="https://sfrc.ufl.edu/urbanforestry/Resources/PDF%20downloads/mcpherson_1993.pdf" target="_blank">more exposed to extreme heat</a>. This really matters for community health and well-being, especially for the vulnerable among us – the elderly, young children and those with existing health issues.
There’s also mounting evidence that exposure to greenery and nature <a href="https://theconversation.com/hug-a-tree-the-evidence-shows-it-really-will-make-you-feel-better-21924" target="_blank">improves community mental health and well-being</a>.
So, what is driving this suburb tree cover inequality?
<h3>No single answer</h3>
This is not about a lack of green space, nature strips or roads to plant into. These trees are simply missing from our outer suburbs.
They are missing from backyards — partly because <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-has-happened-to-the-great-aussie-backyard-4506" target="_blank">newer houses in the outer suburbs take up more space</a> — and they are missing from the streets.
The recent property boom has also brought with it a gradual <a href="https://theconversation.com/what-has-happened-to-the-great-aussie-backyard-4506" target="_blank">“thinning out” of tree cover</a> in established suburbs, as residential plots are sub-divided.
But does it matter where these trees are planted in our cities? Well, yes it does if we want the benefits that tree cover provides including cooler temperatures.
It also matters for our weekly household budget, for the lucky among us that have an air-conditioner. This in turn, affects the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313002060" target="_blank">electricity demand of the city</a> as a whole.
Disturbingly, but perhaps not unexpectedly, suburbs with the least tree cover are the most socially disadvantaged and have the lowest levels of tertiary education.
In Melbourne, suburbs with a higher proportion of tertiary educated residents have more trees shading paved roads and walkways. This could be driven by residents with a higher level of education lobbying their local council more for trees to be planted – but not likely.
The relationships between education, household income, property values, council rates and suburb tree cover are complex and don’t necessarily indicate causality. But tree canopy inequity does exist in our cities, and we need to first identify where this inequity intersects with social and economic disadvantage.
Once we know this, our tree planting efforts can be better targeted to increase the resilience of our most vulnerable communities.
<h3>Taking steps to grow tree cover</h3>
Cities that set targets to increase their tree cover might be swimming against the tide, unless the removal of trees from private and public space during development is regulated. This can be done, and has been done overseas in several cities such as in <a href="https://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cityplanning/completeprojectslist/greenfactor/whatwhy/" target="_blank">Seattle</a>, <a href="https://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/landschaftsplanung/bff/index_en.shtml" target="_blank">Berlin</a>, <a href="https://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=f85552cc66061410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD" target="_blank">Toronto</a> and Singapore.
Despite the availability of more and more satellite data on tree cover, there have been no published studies of tree cover change over time in Australian cities.
Still, chasing a percentage increase in overall tree canopy cover within a city may not necessarily address the huge inequality in tree cover distribution. We need to identify which neighbourhoods within a city have the least tree canopy cover and target those as a first priority.
We also need to engage with residents of those neighbourhoods to achieve acceptance and ultimately ownership of any tree planting efforts. Assessments of tree cover and community engagement at a whole of city level won’t achieve this. We need to assess tree cover, and engage with communities, in a more targeted way.
Neighbourhoods with the fewest trees shading roads and pavements should also be targeted, because they will get the greatest cooling benefit from planting more trees.
There is huge variation in tree canopy cover within our cities. Tree cover in the suburbs of one city can range from <a href="https://202020vision.com.au/media/7145/where_are_all_the_trees.pdf" target="_blank">less than 10% cover to more than 50%</a>.
Cities across Australia are now setting ambitious targets to increase their urban tree canopy cover.
The <a href="https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/Sustainability/UrbanForest/Pages/About.aspx" target="_blank">City of Melbourne</a> aims to increase tree cover by 75% before 2040, the <a href="https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/live/trees/urban-forest/tree-policies" target="_blank">City of Sydney</a> by 50% before 2030, and the <a href="https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/environment-waste/natural-environment/plants-trees-gardens/brisbanes-trees/brisbanes-urban-forest" target="_blank">City of Brisbane</a> is targeting tree cover for bike and foot paths.
The federal government is also aiming to <a href="https://www.environment.gov.au/land/20-million-trees" target="_blank">plant 20 Million Trees by 2020</a>. So, it’s clear that there is going to be a lot of tree planting in our cities over the coming years.
Addressing tree cover inequality in Australian cities is not only an issue for local governments. It’s an issue that should involve the local community itself, as well as state and national governments. As one of the world’s most urbanised nations, we need to ensure that everyone is resilient to the mental pressures of urban living and the hazards of heat waves.
Stephen Livesley is senior lecturer in urban biogeochemistry at <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank">University of Melbourne</a>. <img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/33299/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="line-height: 1.3em;">tephen receives funding from The Australian Research Council, Melbourne Water, City of Melbourne, City of Monash, City West Water and the Nursery and Garden Industry Australia.
 Melanie Davern is research fellow and director community indicators Victoria at <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank">University of Melbourne</a>. Melanie receives funding from Victorian Health Promotion Foundation.
Lachie Alexander, Mohamed Nizam and Kate Denver-Stevenson, students of Stephen Livesley at The University of Melbourne, also contributed to this article.
This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.
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Fewer trees leave the outer suburbs out in the heat

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GUEST OBSERVATION
The Australian television satire <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/utopia/" target="_blank">Utopia</a> invited the public along for a laugh that architects and planners have been sharing for decades. We laugh at the idea of utopia to disassociate ourselves from the disasters brought on by utopian visions.
Le Corbusier’s is perhaps the most famous. He dreamt of people living in racks of council flats rather than old building stock on the ground.
The only architects who have not gotten too savvy to dream of utopias are men in their 90s who missed the change in public opinion.
<a href="https://www.thevenusproject.com/" target="_blank">Jacque Fresco</a> hopes one day that machines will build mega-structures while we humans relax. Paolo Soleri’s hyper-dense prototype, <a href="https://arcosanti.org/" target="_blank">Arcosanti</a>, remains permanently stalled with 97% of the work incomplete.
These examples are goofy-faced totems for a demon that we actually fear. Serious architectural writers bring up examples like Albert Speer’s plan for Berlin and concentration camps.
Karl Popper cemented the association between utopianism and totalitarianism. Writing <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Historicism" target="_blank">in 1957</a> after making a name for himself as a critic of Marxist epistemology, he said social engineering (especially of the Marxist variety) was despotic, delusional and — you guessed it – utopian. The word has had Orwellian overtones ever since.
Our urban landscapes have utopian pedigrees
That’s fair enough if we’re talking about religious or ideological utopian visions. Urban planning is different. It depends on utopian visions as touchstones. Urban planners need to be granted a unique dispensation and allowed to talk in utopian strains.
One reason was explained by architectural writers <a href="https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Concepts_of_urban_design?id=JKU2AQAAIAAJ&amp;amp;redir_esc=y" target="_blank">David Gosling and Barry Maitland</a>. While acknowledging Popper’s concerns, they argued that utopian visions in urban design are catalytic – never mind the handful of fools who treat them as prescriptions. Utopian visions bring clarity to real-world debates, they argued, “by postulating alternative hypotheses in a pure and crystalline form".
Another theorist, <a href="https://books.google.com.au/books/about/The_Rule_and_the_Model?id=cUlQAAAAMAAJ&amp;amp;redir_esc=y" target="_blank">Françoise Choay</a>, argues the enterprise we call urbanism would not exist without utopian models. All urban theories, she says, have been indelibly stamped by past utopian models.
Surely that can’t be true of urban theories today, when architects and urban planners laugh at a show called Utopia? It is undeniably true. Current urban theories have utopian pedigrees, some now 100 years old.
<img src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/62809/width237/m24c8x7p-1414374134.jpg" alt="">
We see the mark of Ebenezer Howard’s utopian <a class="source" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement" rel="nofollow">Wikimedia Commons</a>
Take the principle of consolidating development within walking distance of train stations: it has been indelibly stamped by Ebeneza Howard’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard#mediaviewer/File:Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg" target="_blank">circular diagram</a> for transit-based <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement" target="_blank">“garden cities”</a>.
Less flatteringly, our permissiveness of ongoing sprawl betrays the indelible stamp of Frank Lloyd Wright’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadacre_City#mediaviewer/File:Wright_Sketches_for_Broadacre_City.jpg" target="_blank">Broadacre City</a>. Wright thought the natural outworking of personal mobility machines (cars) was that every person should get enough land of their own to pretend they are farmers.
Most embarrassing of all are our inner-city apartments. Built over batteries of multi-storey car parking, and beside roads that look like great venues for Formula One racing, most bear the indelible stamp of the General Motors <a href="https://www.1939nyworldsfair.com/worlds_fair/wf_tour/zone-6/general_motors.htm" target="_blank">“Highways and Horizons”</a> pavilion with its Futurama exhibition at the 1939 World’s Fair in New York.
Rarely these days are utopian visions rolled out all at once. They are more typically in the background, like the rules of a game, informing piecemeal implementation.
Many of us will have had firsthand experience with one, the Broadacre game, if ever we have built a house on a large block of land. We would have asked ourselves how the car could be parked between the kitchen and road, and what travel times (never mind distances) that road could promise to roadside amenities.
Velotopia: a new vision
<a href="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/62921/area14mp/ynyj89x5-1414450200.png"><img src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/62921/width668/ynyj89x5-1414450200.png" alt=""></a>
<a class="source" href="https://cycle-space.com" rel="nofollow">Author/Cycle Space</a>, Author provided
As two authors who choose to rely on our bikes for most of our transport, it bothers us that the rules of our game are not well understood. When we choose where to live, shop, work or send our children to school, we don’t care so much about walking distances, the frequency of public transport or congestion on roads. We want to know where the cycleways are.
Cycleways tend to follow historic rail easements and waterways. This means that as cyclists our cognitive maps of most cities are dominated by the flatlands on the wrong side of the tracks that these cycleways often pass through. Ironically, it is often these very flatlands that, in time, become the new sites for <a href="https://observer.com/2014/06/that-zaha-moment-new-york-finally-gets-the-avant-garde-buildings-it-deserves/" target="_blank">“starchitect” development</a>.
We want to offer a new utopian dream. It is not borne of signature buildings but rather built on a bicycle-oriented lifestyle and informed by a utopian dream we call Velotopia.
In its crystalline form, Velotopia uses pedal power for virtually everything, even <a href="https://www.trisled.com.au/maxi-taxi.asp" target="_blank">taxis</a> and <a href="https://federation.cyclelogistics.eu/" target="_blank">freight</a> — a trend in European town centres already. In this utopia, cyclists cover 10-kilometre trips in 30 minutes of safe and social bliss. There to meet them at both ends are secure and convenient bike-parking facilities inside most buildings; our bikes are as welcome as wheelchairs or prams.
We’re not asking that the rules of our game obliterate those of car lovers, walkers or <a href="https://www.tarasgrescoe.com/straphanger/about" target="_blank">straphangers</a>. We’re simply following the conventions of our disciplines to imagine that our cities could accommodate an extra utopian dream, one that creates a safe cycling space. Put like that, it is a remarkably simple and profoundly utilitarian ask.
Our work is to bring Velotopia into plain view, as a catalytic vision. Some of our ideas for bike-access building types and ground planes designed to prioritise cycling will be on display in the Queensland Museum in Brisbane from November 28, 2014, to June 2015, as part of the National Museum of Australia’s Freewheeling exhibition. In late November we will meet policymakers in Brisbane to explore the principles of Velotopia as a catalyst for bicycle-orientated development.
As Velotopia becomes visible, we envisage a safer and more enjoyable cycling space, which can take its place among other utopias that influence the structure and spaces of our cities.
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/33358/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">Steven Fleming is senior lecturer, School of Architecture &amp; Design at University of Tasmania. Steven is a member of the Reference &amp; Experts Panel of the Australian Cyclists Party.
Angelina Russo is professor of cultural practice at University of Canberra. Angelina has received funding from the Australia Research Council. She is an invited member of the Reference &amp; Expert Panel of the newly formed Australian Cyclist Party.
This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/utopia-seriously-good-urban-planning-should-aspire-to-it-33358">original article</a>.
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Utopia: seriously, good urban planning should aspire to it

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Guest observation
Owning a car can be a hassle, especially if you live somewhere where driving is an occasional, rather than daily, necessity. This might help to explain why car-sharing schemes are going from strength to strength in cities around the world.
Car-sharing has the potential to reduce private car use and ownership, and over the past two decades has been adopted by more than a million users worldwide. Car-sharing schemes now operate in some <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15568318.2012.660103#.VBD9qvmSySo">1,100 cities in 26 countries</a>.
In <a href="https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/live/residents/car-sharing">Sydney</a>, one in ten households is predicted to be a member of a car-sharing organisation by 2016.
What is car-sharing?
In Australia, car-sharing is most frequently a for-profit service that provides members with access to a fleet of vehicles, typically on an hourly basis. Services like <a href="https://www.goget.com.au">Go Get</a> in Sydney and <a href="https://www.flexicar.com.au">Flexicar</a> in Melbourne allow members to book online or by smartphone app. They then unlock their reserved car using an electronic keycard, jump in, and drive off.
Members are billed at the end of the month for time and/or kilometres travelled. Cars are located in central business areas, neighbourhoods and major employment centres, as well as at public transport stations.
This “quick lease” model is the most common, allowing users to do some bulky shopping, run errands requiring a short trip, or go for an out-of-town daytrip, without needing to own their own car. Car-sharing can also be “peer-to-peer”, where an individual car owner makes their car available for others to rent for a short period of time, or one-way, where cars can be picked up and dropped off at different locations, freeing the user from the return journey.
What makes it work?
While we know that more and more people are getting into car-sharing, we don’t know a lot about its ascendance to popularity. To shed some light on its success, we have been investigating the factors that make it work – and we have found three broad reasons:
Technology
Car-sharing could never overturn the <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/viewArticle/176">dominance of private cars</a> without the help of technology. Streamlined booking systems, accurate billing, good car security, reliable location mapping: all are crucial to car-sharing’s rise as a viable business model.
Automation also makes car-sharing easy, flexible and reliable, and makes it feel more like driving a private vehicle and less like a car rental.
Existing transport infrastructure
Car-sharing taps into the powerful system that already supports private car use, such as roads, petrol stations, and parking lots. Once you’re behind the wheel, a share-scheme car feels basically the same as driving a private one.
Yet car-sharing also allows users to rely on other transport options, such as public transport, walking or cycling, for their day-to-day mobility. Shared cars then “fill the gaps” left by fixed routes and timetables, and provide extra load-carrying capacity when needed.
Of course, this only makes sense in places where living without a car is a viable option. As a result, car-sharing is overwhelmingly concentrated in inner cities with high density and good networks for public and active transport.
This article continues on the next page. Please click below.
<hr class="system-pagebreak">
Parking
Ironically enough, car-sharing’s success may come down to the humble parking space. The same inner-urban places where car sharing has flourished are also characterised by parking congestion. On-street parking in these places is at a premium, mainly because of high density but also because road space is more likely to be reserved for bus and bike lanes.
Yet this situation actually makes car-sharing more attractive, because parking spaces are specifically reserved for car-share vehicles.
Essentially, car-sharing is successful because it uses new technologies to tap into and tweak existing transport systems, both private and public. It conveniently borrows roads, petrol stations and parking spaces from private cars, yet at the same time relies on an alternative transport network that is robust enough to support a life lived without a private car.
Thriving despite a lack of support
Car-sharing is thriving in Australia even in the relative absence of support from transport policy. Car-share schemes don’t feature in New South Wales' <a href="https://www.transport.nsw.gov.au/content/nsw-long-term-transport-master-plan">Long Term Transport Masterplan</a>, nor in Victoria’s <a href="https://www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/Plan-Melbourne">Plan Melbourne</a> strategy.
Our review of car-sharing policy revealed that the area where it most regularly comes into contact with transport planning is the mundane arena of parking regulations. Local councils typically set aside a certain number of on-street spaces for shared cars. It is also increasingly popular for the design controls for new apartments to mandate provisions for car-sharing parking spaces.
It might seem odd that the success of car-sharing rests not on the cars themselves, but on where they can park. Yet parking space is already a source of tension for motorists, and this tension could be raised still further by this highly visible newcomer. It is not the only space where shared and private cars compete, yet for the private car driver on the hunt for a park, it is difficult to ignore the shared car sitting in its guaranteed, VIP parking spot.
Local government parking policies therefore provide a valuable source of support for the nascent car-sharing industry. It is inspiring that a local council will bravely defend the shared car’s right to space in the heated arena that is car parking, and in doing so make a more sustainable mode of transport possible.
Private car use will be challenged not through mass uptake of public transport or cycling, but rather through the subtle orchestration of less problematic alternatives. Car-sharing is such an alternative.
While it has quietly emerged to challenge the private car, its ongoing rise will need continuing support from local governments.
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/31179/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
Robyn Dowling is a lecturer in Environmental Planning at Macquarie University. She receives funding from the Australian Research Council.
Jennifer Kent  is a professor of Human Geography and Coordinator Higher Degree Research Development at Macquarie University. She does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations.
This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/1-000-cars-and-no-garage-why-car-sharing-works-31179">original article</a>.
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1,000 cars and no garage – why car-sharing works 

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In an effort to stop urban sprawl in Perth, Fremantle Council have agreed to a set of draft planning provisions at their latest council meetings. These are to encourage diverse housing across their local government area.
The changes will be focused on low-density zoned properties, that is R30 and below, to allow property owners in more established areas to build grouped dwellings. At present, home owners are unable to do so.
New dwellings would have maximum floor sizes of 120 square metres, with a maximum one car bay for each new dwelling.
No visitor parking would be included for developments of less than five properties.
Requirements for a minimum 60% open space and a minimum 15% deep planting zone for large trees were noted.
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Fremantle Council agrees to draft plans allowing smaller grouped dwellings

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Developers need to challenge resistance to their planning proposals and encourage community collaboration with projects to address the housing shortage in Australia, the head of a major land development company has said.
Planning processes had moved from being administrative, objective and evidence-based to a situation where agreements were brokered between stakeholders, Investa Land chief executive Cameron Holt told delegates at the 2014 HIA Building Better Cities Summit in Sydney last week.
“The development industry and housing industry needs to push back to objective and evidence-based research,” Holt said.
He cited ANZ and Australian Bureau of Statistics data that suggested there was a looming shortage of around 350,000 dwellings a year in Australia.
In some regions the community accepted there was a need for more housing but in other areas there was strong opposition to extra development, which led to missed opportunities to ease the supply shortage.
Holt said housing developers had a tendency to give in to stakeholder pressure and make concessions with their projects because of the need to quickly deploy capital.
“The cost of capital is burning a hole in their pockets,” he said.
Rather than a combative or deal-brokering approach, greater collaboration between developers, local councils and the community was needed to deliver better development outcomes, he said.
“We can work together and work collaboratively to address the common goal of addressing the housing shortage in Australia.”
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Development company chief calls for greater community collaboration to meet housing shortfall

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Concerns about building approval lapses in the Mackay region has prompted the Queensland Housing and Public Works Minister Tim Mander to review certification requirements in high wind areas.
A compliance audit by the Queensland Building and Construction Commission inspected 112 properties and identified 11 which failed to meet acceptable framing requirements.
“Those results are unacceptable which is why we need to take a close look at the certification system as a whole,” Tim Mander said.
There are currently approximately 409 licensed building certifiers in Queensland, which represents about one third the number of certifiers registered within the states of New South Wales (1,298 certifiers) and Victoria (1,206 certifiers).
Due to the lower numbers, it has been suggested that Queensland’s certifiers are on average subjected to higher workloads than those practising within New South Wales and Victoria. The lower numbers have raised concerns about the capacity of Queensland certifiers to adequately undertake their legislative responsibilities, such as on-site inspections. 
Mander said the review would examine probity, conflicts of interest, quality and accountability for private certifiers to ensure the certification system was responsive to the needs of consumers and the industry.
“As well as looking at certification the review will examine potential improvements to the Building Act that will further cut costs and reduce delays,” he said.
The review will be led by construction-law barrister and licensed builder Andrew Wallace.
<a href="https://www.hpw.qld.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/ReviewOfTheBuildingAct1975AndBuildingCertificationInQueenslandDiscussionPaper.pdf" target="_blank" style="line-height: 1.3em;">A discussion paper is available</a> with comments being sought until 25 July, 2014.
About 40% of the complaints about private certifiers received by the Commission relate to building development approvals being given without the prerequisite planning approval or in ways that are inconsistent with planning scheme provisions. 
There are approximately 409 building certifiers currently licensed in Queensland. Of these, around 347 are private certifiers. Australian Bureau of Statistics data suggests there were up to 108,877 building approvals issued last year in Queensland. The majority of these approvals are believed to have been issued by private certifiers as most local governments have withdrawn from providing in-house certification services. 
Private certification has reduced the income of local governments. 
The Commission currently receives 56 complaints about private certifiers per year (40% of total complaints received) related to planning matters, mostly from local governments. The matters are usually related to a certifier allegedly misinterpreting a local government planning scheme.
The discussion papers noted a perceived flaw with the system of private certification as the potential for conflicts of interest.
"As private certifiers perform a regulatory role, they must act in the public interest.
"However private certifiers usually have ongoing commercial relationships with individual builders who engage them to provide certification services.
"A potential conflict of interest may arise where a certifier may be tempted to enforce the building standards less strictly in order to preserve that commercial relationship."
Despite the potential for some improvements, there appear to be comparatively few complaints about certifier conduct in Queensland.
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While there were up to 108,877 building approvals issued last year in Queensland, the Queensland Building and Construction Commission receives on average 140 complaints per year about building certifiers. 
Of the total average complaints received, only 35% (or 49 per year) resulted in a negative decision and disciplinary action being taken against the certifier. This broadly equates to one complaint per 2,222 approvals per year.
The building legislation provides that buildings must be inspected throughout construction at the stages generally stated within the building development approval. It is usually the building certifier who decides what inspections will be required for any given project.
However, for detached houses, sheds, carports (class 1a and 10 buildings and structures) the building legislation prescribes minimum inspections to be conducted at certain stages. These mandatory, or “critical” inspections must be conducted at footing, slab, frame, and final stage. There is also a mandatory inspection for temporary fence stage inspections (swimming pools only).
Inspection guidelines assist certifiers to fulfil their legislative obligations regarding the critical inspections.
"Despite the existing inspection regime, the Commission encounters recurring building defects relating to wet area waterproofing, waterproofing of exterior decks and balconies and fire-separating wall construction. With the recurring nature of these defects, consideration may be given to increasing the number of mandatory inspections," the discussion paper noted.
The Building Act 1975 was introduced in Queensland in 1975 and prescribed, for the first time, standard building by-laws for all building work in Queensland. It commenced on 1 April, 1976.
The Building Code of Australia (now known as the National Construction Code) was introduced in the early 1990s and replaced the standard building by-laws. It introduced a nationally consistent set of minimum building standards.
In 1998, the system of private certification commenced in Queensland with the aim of improving efficiency and flexibility within the construction industry, and introducing competition into the choice of service providers. The system also reflected National Competition Policy reforms at the time.
There have been a number of reviews of the Building Act 1975 and the system of private certification since their introduction, including in 2003 and 2006. These reviews implemented a number of improvements including mandatory planning and regulatory training for certifiers, amendments to the certifier’s code of conduct, improved documentation requirements and introducing on-the-spot fines for building certifiers who failed to meet their legislative obligations.
In August 2011, the Queensland government commenced a further review of building certification and released the discussion paper Improving building certification in Queensland for public consultation. The results of the consultation and proposed improvements were being considered by government but the review process was put on hold when the Parliamentary Inquiry into the former Queensland Building Services Authority was announced. The discussion paper was subsequently referred to the inquiry for consideration.
On 2 August 2012, the Legislative Assembly directed the Transport, Housing and Local government Parliamentary Committee to inquire into and report on the operation and performance of the Queensland Building Services Authority in its regulation of the construction industry.
The Parliamentary Committee tabled its report in November 2012. The report contained 41 recommendations based on the information received throughout the public briefing, the public hearing process and written submissions.
The Queensland government provided its response to the report in May 2013 in the form of a Ten Point Action Plan released by the Minister for Housing and Public Works, the Honourable Tim Mander MP.
An implementation committee was established to oversee the implementation of all items in the Ten Point Action Plan and report back to government.
Action Item 9 of the Ten Point Action Plan committed the government to undertake a review of the role of private certifiers practising in Queensland. The item places an emphasis on probity, conflicts of interest, quality and appropriate accountability for private certifiers to ensure they adequately perform their functions. 
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