High-profile apartment defect cases have changed the way many NSW buyers approach purchasing, putting greater scrutiny on building quality, strata records and the parties behind a development before a contract is signed.

The industry buyers are assessing today, however, is also different from the one in which cases such as Opal Tower and Mascot Towers emerged.

NSW has introduced a series of regulatory measures aimed at strengthening oversight of apartment construction, including Building Commission NSW, the Residential Apartment Buildings Act 2020 and the Strata Building Bond and Inspections Scheme. Under the latter, developers are required to lodge a bond, with independent inspections forming part of the process for identifying defects in new strata developments.

Those changes provide another layer of protection, but they haven't removed the importance of buyer due diligence.

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For purchasers considering an apartment, that means looking beyond the residence itself. Building and strata history, strata reports, the track record of the builder and developer, the condition of common property and any known or planned expenditure by the owners corporation can all form part of assessing a building before purchase.

Whether the development is already complete can also materially change what can be assessed.

An off-the-plan purchaser is necessarily buying before the finished product exists. A completed apartment, by comparison, can be walked through before contracts are signed, allowing the purchaser to see the finishes, common areas and broader building as they have actually been delivered rather than relying solely on plans and renders.

It also removes exposure to some of the uncertainties that exist between an off-the-plan purchase and completion, including construction delays, cost pressures and builder insolvency during the delivery period.

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<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/project-marketer/equitifund-group">Projects by Equitifund</a> National Sales Director Ben Hamblett said that greater focus on tangible evidence is increasingly evident among apartment purchasers.

“The biggest shift we're seeing is buyers wanting proof, not promises,” Hamblett said.

“That's exactly why we deal in completed stock - you can inspect the building before you commit - and why we've backed every purchase with a cash bond against special levies.”

At <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/buildings/the-lennox-parramatta-12-phillip-street-parramatta-nsw-2150">The Lennox</a> in Parramatta, that emphasis on a completed, inspectable product is already in place.

The 413-apartment, 46-level tower at 12 Phillip Street is being marketed by Projects by Equitifund, allowing prospective purchasers to inspect the residences, common areas and resident facilities before committing.

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The Lennox also introduces another layer to the due-diligence conversation through Strata Surety.

The vendor-funded arrangement provides purchasers with a cash-backed bond held in their own solicitor's trust account from settlement. According to Equitifund, the bond covers any special levy raised during the applicable cover period and is provided at no cost to the purchaser.

Special levies can create an unexpected cost for apartment owners where an owners corporation needs funding beyond its existing strata contributions. Under NSW strata law, a special levy requires approval by owners at a general meeting.

Equitifund Executive Chairman Greg Huxley said Strata Surety was designed to provide something more concrete than reassurance about that potential exposure.

“Buyers have every right to ask hard questions about strata risk - the industry has given them plenty of reasons to,” Huxley said.

“Our answer isn't a reassurance, it's a bond. Strata Surety puts real money behind that confidence, held by the buyer's own solicitor, not by us.”

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For The Lennox, its completed status also means purchasers can assess not only the apartment itself, but a building that has already been occupied and operating for several years.

Completed in 2021, the $300 million development, designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/marchese-partners">Marchese Partners</a>, comprises one, two, three and four-bedroom apartments, with open-plan living areas extending to private balconies. Interiors incorporate engineered timber flooring, stone benchtops and integrated appliances, while many upper-level residences have views across the river and surrounding district.

Its established amenity can similarly be inspected in operation. Resident facilities include the Watermark precinct with a 20-metre pool, outdoor terrace, barbecue areas, gym, fitness studio and conference room, while ground-floor retail addresses the river walk and surrounding public space.

The Lennox is also home to the Southern Hemisphere's first fully robotic residential car park, which has now operated for several years. Its nine-level basement combines three conventional parking levels with six automated levels, accommodating 327 vehicles using technology from German firm Lödige Industries.

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The riverfront address puts The Lennox close to much of central <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/parramatta-nsw-2150">Parramatta</a>'s existing infrastructure, including Parramatta Station, Westfield Parramatta, Parramatta Park, and the Church Street dining precinct.

The remaining apartments form part of a limited release secured by Equitifund, following the sale of the majority of residences before and shortly after completion.

The regulatory environment around NSW apartment construction has changed considerably since the defect cases that reshaped public discussion around the sector. For purchasers, however, regulation is only one part of the equation. The ability to investigate a building's history, review its strata position and, where possible, inspect what has actually been delivered remains central to making an informed apartment purchase.

At The Lennox, its completed status provides that opportunity before contracts are signed, while Strata Surety adds a financial backstop against special levies beyond the protections already provided under NSW strata law.

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Joel Robinson

Buying with confidence: What NSW apartment buyers should check beyond the defect headlines

Too often, heritage buildings become the podium for a contemporary tower. At <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/623-collins-607-623-collins-street-melbourne-vic-3000">623 Collins</a>, <a>Sterling Global</a> challenged its design team to reverse that process.

The brief to <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/plus-studio">Plus Studio</a> was deliberately simple: "Don't design around the heritage. Design from it." It became the philosophy behind a project that draws inspiration not only from two landmark heritage buildings, but from Collins Street itself, a street layered with architectural history and civic significance.

That philosophy has shaped one of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/melbourne-vic-3000">Melbourne</a> CBD's most considered residential projects, where the 1924 State Savings Bank and neighbouring Batman's Hill Hotel have become the architectural foundation for 623 Collins rather than remnants preserved beneath a new development.

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Rather than approaching the site as a blank canvas, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/sterling-global">Sterling Global</a> saw the existing buildings as the beginning of the story.

"Sites like this rarely become available," the developer said.

"623 Collins wasn't simply an opportunity to develop a prominent CBD site. It was an opportunity to restore and reimagine one of Melbourne's important heritage landmarks while contributing to the continued evolution of Collins Street. For us, the existing buildings weren't constraints. They were the beginning of the story."

Instead of mimicking the ornate heritage architecture, Plus Studio studied the proportions, rhythm and craftsmanship of the original buildings before translating those characteristics into a contemporary 42-storey tower.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145324 project_image_fid=372748]

"The brief challenged us to create a contemporary landmark that respected Melbourne's architectural history without becoming nostalgic," Plus Studio said.

"Rather than mimicking heritage, we sought to understand its proportions, rhythm and material language before translating those qualities into a distinctly contemporary architectural expression."

The practice says the State Savings Bank and Batman's Hill Hotel became the project's primary source of inspiration, allowing the heritage buildings and contemporary architecture to exist "in conversation rather than contrast." Generous planted terraces further soften the transition between old and new, creating elevated green spaces while reinforcing the dialogue between the restored podium and the contemporary tower.

That dialogue continues throughout the interiors, where Melbourne designer Fiona Lynch developed a material palette inspired by the idea of alchemy, balancing contrasting materials that reference both the Neo-Grec detailing of the original bank and contemporary urban living. The result is a series of spaces that feel timeless rather than trend-driven.

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The project will deliver 316 residences across four collections, Heirloom, Signature, Reserve and the Penthouse Collection, with each responding differently to its position within the building, from the restored heritage podium through to the upper levels of the tower. The Heirloom Residences retain defining heritage elements including original heritage windows, generous proportions and high ceilings, while the tower introduces contemporary homes with expansive layouts and elevated views.

Amenities have likewise been designed to support long-term city living rather than short-stay convenience. Residents will have access to concierge services, wellness facilities including a pool, cold plunge, sauna, steam room and gym, alongside private lounges, entertaining spaces and dedicated resident clubs.

Sterling Global says that approach is resonating with buyers seeking permanence rather than novelty.

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According to the sales team, purchasers are looking for enduring architecture, generous floorplans, heritage character and long-term value, with many commenting that 623 Collins "doesn't feel like another apartment development" because of the way the architecture has been curated around the site's history.

Situated on the prominent corner of Collins and Spencer streets, the project occupies one of Melbourne's most recognisable gateway sites, marking the western entrance to the city's best-known street. For Sterling Global, it also reflects a broader shift in city-making.

"Rather than maximising development yield, the project embraces adaptive reuse as a design philosophy, allowing heritage to inform architecture, interiors and the overall resident experience," the developer said.

"The result is a building that feels uniquely connected to Melbourne."

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=145324]

How Sterling Global designed 623 Collins from Melbourne's history

Avant Townhomes is adding to Ivanhoe’s family-sized housing options with <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-townhouses/three-82-ivanhoe-382-upper-heidelberg-road-ivanhoe-vic-3079">Three 82</a>, a collection of just 16 four-bedroom townhomes on Upper Heidelberg Road.

The <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/intrapac-property">Intrapac Property</a> townhome division has taken a contemporary approach to the traditional family home, pairing larger floorplans with the lower-maintenance format of a townhouse.

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Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/arcadia-studio">Arcadia</a>, with landscaping by Landsite, the homes feature generous open-plan living and dining areas that connect directly to outdoor spaces, with layouts also designed to maximise natural light and privacy.

Natural stone is used throughout the interiors, including in kitchens that pair stone surfaces with bespoke cabinetry, considered storage and SMEG appliances.

The four-bedroom layouts include built-in wardrobes and a main bedroom with its own ensuite, while family bathrooms service the additional bedrooms. Each home also includes a lock-up double garage and intercom entry.

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Energy efficiency has been incorporated into the design through solar panels, double glazing and reverse-cycle heating and cooling, with the homes targeting 7-star energy ratings.

Rather than incorporating extensive communal facilities, Three 82 has been conceived around private residential amenity, with the 16-home scale keeping the focus on individual homes and their own indoor and outdoor spaces.

The development is located at 382 Upper Heidelberg Road, around one kilometre from Ivanhoe Village's cafés and retail and a short drive from Eaglemont Station and Ivanhoe Station.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152069 project_image_fid=374393]

Several of Ivanhoe's established schools are also nearby, including Ivanhoe Girls' Grammar and Ivanhoe Grammar School. The address also provides access to the suburb's parklands and the wider Yarra River corridor.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/project-marketer/nelson-alexander">Nelson Alexander</a> has been appointed to handle sales.

Construction is underway and progressing well, with Three 82 currently tracking toward completion in Q2 2027.

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Three 82 brings boutique four-bedroom townhome collection to Ivanhoe

Builder-developer&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/graya">Graya</a> has secured a prime Newstead site from fellow developer Fraser, subsequently lodging plans for The Silo, a major mixed-use residential project in Newstead designed around a new public laneway linking the James Street precinct with the wider Gasworks and Newstead neighbourhood.

Proposed for the corner of Chester and Morse streets, the <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/bureauproberts">Bureau^Proberts</a>-designed project places its strongest emphasis at ground level, where retail, landscaping and a new cobblestone pedestrian connection would open the site to the surrounding neighbourhood. The design team describes The Silo as “more than a residential building”, positioning the development as an extension of Newstead’s public realm rather than a standalone apartment tower.

“A new cobblestone laneway and landscaped connection between James Street and Gasworks unlock a missing pedestrian link, improving walkability and stitching together two of Brisbane’s significant urban destinations,” Bureau Proberts said in its Urban Design Report.

<img alt="First look: Graya plans The Silo as new pedestrian link between James Street and Gasworks" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="0ea1b06a-75f5-40a5-b2c5-33c97bc86052" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/silo%20bldg.png?VersionId=KmjsAtNePu57_B31EM_DJ5T6KPJHtcmo" />

The Silo is planned as a mixed-use development incorporating apartments alongside a bar and centre activities including food and drink outlets, indoor sport and recreation, office and retail uses.

Architecturally, Bureau Proberts has conceived the building as a collection of vertically expressed, stepping forms rather than a single uniform tower. The composition rises from an articulated podium before being broken by a triple-height landscaped recreation level, with the upper section becoming more compact before terminating in a landscaped rooftop garden.

The project's name and architectural language draw directly from Newstead's industrial history. Patterned off-form concrete is proposed as the principal façade material, complemented by slender metal rod balustrades and extensive planting. The cylindrical and vertically ribbed elements give the building its silo-like expression, while curved balconies and planted edges introduce a softer subtropical layer.

“The Silo reinterprets its robust forms, scale and materiality through a contemporary subtropical architectural expression, creating a building that acknowledges its industrial legacy, while responding to the way the precinct is occupied today,” Bureau^Proberts said.

The recreation level is one of the defining breaks in the tower. Plans include a lap pool, mature subtropical planting and shared resident facilities within an elevated communal garden. Landscaping continues through the podium and onto the rooftop, where a further garden forms what the architects describe as a “subtropical crown” to the building.

<img alt="First look: Graya plans The Silo as new pedestrian link between James Street and Gasworks" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="f8451036-35a4-49a9-8d88-2ef4438eba3d" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Silo%20Lane.png?VersionId=h8N31_rYmCEqoNrpt4kbYVQhJGZn60LH" />

At street level, the development has been designed to establish a more permeable block. Retail and hospitality tenancies address the public realm, while landscaped pedestrian spaces lead into the new laneway connection. Renders in the design report show the proposed “Silo Lane” as a substantial opening through the podium, framed by cylindrical concrete forms with cascading planting above.

The Silo continues Graya's move into larger apartment developments after building its reputation across high-end residential projects in Brisbane and the Gold Coast.

Graya buys Frasers Newstead site, plans The Silo between James Street and Gasworks precincts

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/wickton">Wickton</a>’s completed Linacre Rise development in Hampton is giving Bayside downsizers the opportunity to move into a spacious apartment near the beach, with the developer covering stamp duty for a limited time.

The 27-residence development has been designed for buyers who want to simplify their living arrangements without giving up the space, warmth and quality associated with a long-term family home. Most apartments have already been secured by Bayside locals, leaving a select collection of two and three-bedroom residences and penthouses available.

Two-bedroom apartments are priced from $1.275 million, three-bedroom residences from $2.25 million and penthouses from $3.375 million, with the completed homes available to inspect and move into now.

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<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/buildings/linacre-rise-hampton-8-10-linacre-road-hampton-vic-3188">Linacre Rise</a> occupies an elevated position on one of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/hampton-vic-3188">Hampton</a>’s quiet, tree-lined streets, around 250 metres from the bay and 500 metres from Hampton’s village centre. Its setting gives residents access to the beach, local cafés, shops and Hampton Train Station while retaining the feel of an established residential neighbourhood.

Architecture and interiors by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/ewert-leaf">Ewert Leaf</a> draw on the warmth and permanence of traditional brickwork, with the building integrated into terraced landscaping by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/landscape-architect/john-patrick-landscape-architects">John Patrick</a>. Ground-floor apartments are elevated above the street and include private garden courtyards, while several upper-level residences have generous balconies and outlooks toward the bay.

Inside, the residences favour natural materials and generous proportions. Herringbone-pattern European oak flooring, natural stone benchtops, premium joinery and Swiss V-ZUG appliances are among the key inclusions, while integrated storage has been incorporated across kitchens, bathrooms, studies and living areas.

The kitchens have been planned as practical spaces for both everyday use and entertaining, with substantial island benches, detailed cabinetry and adjoining dining and living zones. Full-height wardrobes, plush bedroom carpeting and carefully considered lighting reinforce the residential character Wickton sought to retain for buyers moving from larger homes.

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A Linacre Rise purchaser said the completed apartment had delivered the space, outlook and construction quality they had been seeking.

“The unit is very light, has views to die for over the bay, all construction materials and fittings are premium quality, we have secure parking for three cars, EV charging at very competitive rates, the neighbours are friendly and there is just a lovely ambiance about the place,” the purchaser said.

Environmental features include solar panels, shared electric vehicle charging stations, rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing and landscape irrigation, double-glazed windows and water-efficient fixtures and appliances.

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The development was built by Balmain &amp; Co, with Wickton managing the broader development process through its in-house team.

For downsizers, the project’s completed status removes much of the uncertainty associated with buying off the plan. Purchasers can inspect the finished apartments, understand their outlook and proportions, and move in without waiting for construction to conclude.

The remaining selection includes north-oriented balconies, corner configurations and penthouses with elevated bay views. The developer-paid stamp duty initiative is available for a limited time, with potential savings of up to $200,000 depending on the residence purchased.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=95289]

Limited-time stamp duty offer at completed Linacre Rise apartments in Hampton

Sydney’s property market is known for high prices, competitive bidding, and mounting pressure on first home buyers. But change is on the horizon.

From late 2025, eligible first home buyers in New South Wales will have access to a new federal government initiative aimed at addressing affordability: the Help to Buy Scheme.&nbsp;

<h2>What is the Help to Buy Scheme?</h2>

The program introduces a shared equity model intended to reduce the upfront cost of entering the property market, particularly in high-demand urban areas such as Sydney.

The scheme operates under a shared ownership structure in which the federal government takes an equity stake of up to 40 per cent for new homes, or 30 per cent for existing dwellings. This arrangement allows eligible buyers to significantly reduce their loan size and avoid the added cost of Lenders Mortgage Insurance (LMI).

Under this model, purchasers can enter the property market with as little as a two per cent deposit, well below the traditional 10 to 20 per cent usually required. The government’s contribution is not a loan but a co-ownership stake in the property. As such, there is no interest or rent charged on its portion.

Because the government’s equity combined with the buyer’s deposit typically meets or exceeds the 20 per cent threshold, LMI does not apply. The remaining balance, generally between 60 and 70 per cent of the property’s value, is financed through a standard home loan with a participating lender.

The government's equity in the property remains in place until the buyer chooses to repay it voluntarily or until the property is sold. Buyers can buy back the government’s share over time, in increments of at least five per cent, depending on their financial situation.

There is no fixed repayment timeline, but the amount to be repaid will be based on the property's market value at the time of repayment, not the original purchase price.

<h2>How do you qualify for the&nbsp;Help to Buy Scheme?</h2>

To qualify for the Help to Buy Scheme, applicants must meet the following conditions:

<ul>
	<li>Be an Australian citizen at least 18 years of age.</li>
	<li>Be a first-home buyer who does not currently own property.</li>
	<li>Intend to live in the property as their primary residence.</li>
	<li>Earn less than $100,000 per year for individuals, or $160,000 for couples.</li>
	<li>Purchase a property within the regional price caps, currently $950,000 in Sydney, though this is expected to rise to approximately $1.3 million ahead of the program’s launch.</li>
</ul>

While the Help to Buy Scheme does not solve affordability challenges across the board, it does offer a more accessible pathway for a defined segment of the market, particularly younger buyers with moderate incomes who have been priced out of traditional lending routes.

The scheme is expected to commence in NSW in late 2025, as part of a national rollout.

Under the new model, purchasers can enter the property market with as little as a two per cent deposit, well below the traditional 10 to 20 per cent usually required

Help to Buy Scheme: What first home buyers in NSW need to know

The First Home Owners Grant (FHOG) is a government initiative designed to help eligible first-time home buyers by offering financial assistance towards the purchase or construction of a new home.

While the FHOG is a nationwide program, it is administered separately by each state and territory, meaning the eligibility criteria, grant amounts, and property requirements can vary depending on your location. This means that the amount available and the conditions attached to the grant will differ, so it is important to check the specific guidelines for your state or territory.

It’s important to note that the FHOG is just one of several incentives available to first home buyers. In most states and territories, the grant is not linked to stamp duty exemptions or concessions, with the exception of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The FHOG is typically a one-off payment, reducing the overall cost of purchasing or building a new home before any stamp duty concessions are applied.

Below, we provide a breakdown of the First Home Owner Grants available across Australia, outlining the specific details for each state and territory.

<h2>New South Wales First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes valued up to $600,000. For land purchases and owner-builders, the threshold extends to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Benefits: Provides full stamp duty exemption for homes valued up to $800,000, with concessions available for properties up to $1 million.

<h2>Victoria South Wales First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Provides a $10,000 grant for first-home buyers purchasing or building new homes valued up to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Benefits: Offers full stamp duty exemption for properties up to $600,000, with concessions available up to $750,000.

<h2>Queensland First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers $30,000 for contracts signed between 20 November 2023 and 30 June 2025. The FHOG applies to new homes valued up to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Concessions: Provides additional concessions for properties valued up to $800,000.

<h2>Western Australia First Home Owner Grant</h2>

&nbsp;

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes valued up to $750,000 in the southern regions and up to $1 million in the northern regions.

Stamp Duty Concessions: Available for homes valued up to $600,000 for transactions entered into on or after 9 May 2024.

<h2>Australian Capital Territory First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Replaced by the Home Buyer Concession Scheme, offering full stamp duty concessions for eligible buyers.

<h2>South Australia First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Provides up to $15,000 for new homes, including houses, apartments, and townhouses. As of 6 June 2024, there is no property value cap for eligibility.

Stamp Duty Relief: Available for new homes and vacant land purchases.

<h2>Tasmania First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes and off the plan purchases.

Stamp Duty Exemption: Between 18 February 2024 and 30 June 2026, first home buyers of established homes valued up to $750,000 receive a full exemption on property transfer duty.

<h2>Northern Territory First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: The Northern Territory provides a $10,000 grant for new homes only. Additional government grants and concessions are available for first home buyers.

Stamp Duty Exemption: The only stamp duty exemption available to property buyers is the House and Land Package Exemption (HLPE).

Eligibility criteria and application processes differ across states. Prospective buyers should refer to their respective state revenue offices for full details on grant availability, conditions, and additional concessions.

Every First Home Owner Grant for new property by state

In the ever-evolving landscape of sustainable architecture and environmentally conscious design, systems and ratings in place can help determine the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Australia.

Australia has multiple building rating systems that evaluate energy efficiency and sustainability in existing and new building designs.

Some systems assess individual building components, while others provide an overall rating for the entire structure.

A rating system ensures that homes are comfortable and energy-efficient, whether you are buying, renovating, or building.

NatHERS (Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme) is a common way for new homes to meet energy efficiency requirements.

As new developments continue to shape the urban environment, understanding NatHERS ratings becomes essential for developers and homeowners. This article delves into the concept of NatHERS ratings, their significance, and how they contribute to creating energy-efficient homes.

<h2>What is NatHERS?</h2>

NatHERS is a national initiative implemented by the Australian government to promote energy efficiency in residential buildings. The scheme aims to provide a standardised method for assessing the thermal performance of homes, considering factors such as insulation, orientation, ventilation, and building materials.&nbsp;

NatHERS ratings are the most common way new homes meet the National Construction Code's (NCC's) minimum energy efficiency requirements.&nbsp;

NatHERS assessments provide thermal and whole-home ratings for new homes, townhouses, and apartments.

The rating helps evaluate the energy performance of buildings, guides homeowners and developers to make informed decisions about the energy efficiency of their properties, and encourages the construction of more sustainable, comfortable, and cost-effective homes.

<h2>How NatHERS Ratings Work</h2>

NatHERS ratings are determined through four accredited software tools (AccuRate, BERS Pro, FirstRate5, HERO) using a calculation engine CSIRO developed to predict building temperature based on various factors.

The tools can model complex effects of building mass, insulation, window size, and other elements.

The outcome is a star rating that reflects the building's overall thermal efficiency, indicating how well it can maintain a comfortable indoor temperature without excessive reliance on heating or cooling systems.

The star rating scale ranges from 0 to 10, with a 6-star rating being the minimum requirement for compliance with the National Construction Code (NCC).&nbsp;

Achieving a higher star rating demonstrates a commitment to energy efficiency and sustainability, as the building is better equipped to minimise its environmental impact and reduce long-term energy costs.

Anyone can use NatHERS tools, but accredited assessors can provide certified ratings and professional advice.

<h2>Benefits of Higher NatHERS Ratings</h2>

Energy Efficiency: Buildings with higher NatHERS ratings are more energy-efficient, requiring less heating and cooling energy. This reduces the structure's carbon footprint and lowers occupants' energy bills.

Cost Savings: Homes with higher NatHERS ratings are generally more energy-efficient, resulting in reduced energy consumption for heating and cooling. This translates to lower energy bills for homeowners, making sustainable living environmentally friendly and economically viable in the long run.

Environmental Impact: Lower energy consumption directly translates to a reduced environmental impact. Buildings with higher NatHERS ratings contribute to the overall goal of mitigating climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with heating and cooling systems.

Improved Comfort: Buildings with high NatHERS ratings offer better thermal comfort to occupants. Proper insulation, well-designed ventilation, and optimal orientation maintain a consistent and comfortable indoor temperature, providing occupants with a more enjoyable and healthier space.

Market Value and Desirability: Higher NatHERS ratings can enhance the market value of a property. As energy efficiency becomes a more significant consideration for homebuyers, a well-rated building may attract a premium price and stand out in the real estate market.

Compliance with Building Codes: NatHERS ratings are a vital component of the National Construction Code (NCC), and compliance with these ratings is often a mandatory requirement for new developments. Local councils and planning authorities may set minimum energy efficiency standards that must be met to obtain development approval.

The Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) is a crucial initiative shaping the future of energy-efficient, resilient, and cost-effective homes. With its recent upgrades, NatHERS has evolved into a world-leading tool for the building sector, supporting the global commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

Staff Writer

What is a NatHERS rating in new off the plan apartment developments?

Mixed-use developments have gained significant popularity across Australia in recent years due to their unique blend of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.

Unlike traditional single-purpose developments, mixed-use projects offer a harmonious integration of various functions within a single locale.

Residential units seamlessly coexist with commercial establishments, retail outlets, dining venues, entertainment hubs, and recreational facilities, with the combination not only enhances convenience but also fosters a vibrant lifestyle and a sense of community.

<h3>Convenience and accessibility</h3>

Mixed-use developments are designed with convenience in mind. They often integrate residential units with commercial spaces, retail outlets, restaurants, and recreational facilities, creating a self-contained community.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=114215 project_image_fid=204874]

The proximity allows residents to enjoy the convenience of having essential amenities and services within walking distance. Whether it's grabbing a cup of coffee, going grocery shopping, or accessing healthcare services, everything is conveniently located, saving residents time and effort.

<h3>Vibrant lifestyle and community</h3>

One of the major advantages of mixed-use developments is the vibrant lifestyle they offer. With a diverse range of amenities and communal spaces, residents have ample opportunities to interact, socialise, and build a sense of community.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=107714 project_image_fid=214122]

The presence of parks, community centres, and shared spaces fosters a lively atmosphere, encouraging residents to engage in various activities and events. The vibrant lifestyle within these developments creates a unique sense of belonging and camaraderie among the residents.

<h3>Potential for higher rental yields and property value appreciation</h3>

Mixed-use developments tend to attract a broad range of tenants and buyers due to their versatile nature. This high demand can result in higher rental yields for investors and potentially lead to property value appreciation over time.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=139989 project_image_fid=212887]

The integration of commercial and retail spaces attracts businesses, which can provide a stable rental income stream. Additionally, the popularity of mixed-use developments often drives up property values, making them a potentially lucrative investment in the long term.

<h3>Enhanced security and maintenance</h3>

Mixed-use developments typically have comprehensive security measures in place. With controlled access points, CCTV surveillance, and professional security staff, residents can enjoy enhanced safety and peace of mind.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=108019 project_image_fid=212658]

Additionally, these developments often have dedicated maintenance teams responsible for the upkeep of common areas, landscaping, and infrastructure. This ensures that the overall appearance and functionality of the development are well-maintained, creating a pleasant living environment for residents.

<h3>Live-work-play balance</h3>

One of the key attractions of mixed-use developments is the ability to achieve a desirable live-work-play balance. The integration of residential and commercial spaces allows residents to live closer to their workplaces, reducing commuting time and improving work-life balance.

The proximity to various amenities and recreational facilities encourages an active and healthy lifestyle. Residents can easily access fitness centres, parks, restaurants, and entertainment options, all within the same development, leading to a more fulfilling and convenient way of life.

alisonwarters@gmail.com

The top five reasons to buy in a mixed-use development

When buying a property, everyone needs to be aware of the additional costs that come as part of the buying process.

Often the largest outlay, after the deposit which goes to the bank, is stamp duty.

<h2 style="line-height: 1.38;">What is Stamp Duty?</h2>

Stamp duty is an extra tax to pay the government when you buy land, a property, and other certain assets.

It happens when the legal ownership is transferred. It can also be known as property transfer duty or transfer duty.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="415" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C32BWkB5--c" title="YouTube video player" width="660"></iframe>

<h2>Who pays Stamp Duty?</h2>

In some circumstances, you may get an exemption. For some states, you won’t have to pay for stamp duty if you are a first home buyer or a pensioner for houses under a particular price. There are also stamp duty concessions, where you may be entitled to a discount.

<h2>How much does Stamp Duty cost?</h2>

Each state has different rules which affect how much you need to pay. These rules can affect the rate you pay, and the timeframe you will need to pay in. Before you buy land or a property, make sure you check the up-to-date information for your state’s stamp duty.

You can use a free stamp duty calculator online to see approximately how much you’ll need to pay. Find out if you’re eligible for an exemption by enquiring on a project via Urban!

Overall, the stamp duty you need to pay will depend on:

<ul>
	<li aria-level="1">How much your land/property is worth</li>
	<li aria-level="1">Where your land/property is located</li>
	<li aria-level="1">What type of land/property it is</li>
</ul>

Want to find out more? <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@UrbanAustralia?utm_source=YouTube&amp;utm_medium=Video&amp;utm_campaign=Subscribe&amp;utm_id=Subscribe">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</a> for more property videos.

Ellen Walker

Off-the-plan property explained: What is stamp duty?

For most Australians, buying an apartment is one of the biggest financial decisions they'll ever make

The location, floorplan and price are often the first considerations, but in recent years another question has become increasingly important: who is actually delivering the project?

A series of high-profile builder collapses, construction delays and defect concerns have fundamentally changed how many Victorians approach buying off the plan. The collapse of Porter Davis in 2023, which reportedly left around 1,700 homes unfinished, became one of the most visible examples of the risks that can emerge when a construction company fails. <a href="https://www.equifax.com.au/sites/default/files/lpassets/pdf/Final-Business-Market-Pulse-June-Sector-Deep-Dive-Report-2.pdf">Similar challenges across the broader construction sector</a> have left buyers asking more questions before signing a contract.

As Victoria continues encouraging higher-density housing to address supply shortages, transparency is becoming just as important as location or price.

One tool increasingly entering the conversation is the <a href="https://icirt.com/">Independent Construction Industry Rating Tool (iCIRT)</a>, an independent assessment framework designed to help buyers better understand the developer or builder behind a project. Originally developed by Equifax in consultation with government and industry as part of NSW's Construct NSW reforms, the system has since expanded nationally.

<h2 data-end="1519" data-section-id="7nmx3" data-start="1492">What is an iCIRT rating?</h2>

Most Australians are familiar with independent ratings in everyday life.

We compare ANCAP safety ratings before buying a car. We look at Health Star Ratings in supermarkets. Banks rely on credit assessments when lending money.

Until recently, however, there has been very little independent information available to help apartment buyers assess the business responsible for delivering a residential project.

That gap is what iCIRT was designed to address.

Builders, developers and other construction professionals with an iCIRT rating have demonstrated high-trust characteristics through an independent, evidence-based assessment across six criteria: Character, Capability, Conduct, Capacity, Capital and Counterparties. This involves a rigorous review of financial health, past project track record, and ethical conduct. Crucially, an iCIRT rating could help provide property buyers with confidence that they are working with a professional who has demonstrated the capability, capacity, and willingness to return and rectify issues.

Importantly, iCIRT is not a recommendation to purchase a particular property, nor is it a traditional credit rating. It is an independent assessment framework designed to provide objective information about a construction business using a <a href="https://icirt.com/sites/default/files/2025-08/iCIRT-Methodology-Issue1-May-2021.pdf">published methodology</a>.

The system has been widely adopted in New South Wales, where more than one-third of medium and large residential builders and developers now hold an iCIRT rating, representing over two-thirds of the state's residential building market by value as of 2025/26.

<h2 data-end="3126" data-section-id="h6ohtj" data-start="3084">Why buyers are doing more due diligence</h2>

For many buyers, particularly those purchasing off the plan, the biggest risk isn't whether they'll like the kitchen finishes.

It's whether the project will be delivered on time, to the expected quality, and by a company capable of completing the development.

<a href="https://icirt.com/sites/default/files/2026-07/iCIRT%202025%20Consumer%20Survey%20Report%20v05.pdf">Consumer research commissioned by iCIRT</a> found more than half of respondents believed current protections do not adequately safeguard buyers from builder insolvencies or defective projects. Other research found 88 per cent of prospective buyers would seek independent ratings or due diligence before purchasing, while 90 per cent said trust in construction professionals is essential.

That doesn't mean buyers should rely on a single rating alone.

Independent legal advice, understanding the contract, and seeking financial advice all remain important parts of the due diligence process.

However, an independent assessment can provide another source of information alongside those traditional checks.

<h2 data-end="4138" data-section-id="pquzxc" data-start="4094">Trust is becoming a competitive advantage</h2>

The conversation isn't only changing for buyers.

Developers are also recognising that trust has become an increasingly important part of the sales process.

Five years ago, purchasers typically asked about floorplans, finishes and settlement dates.

Today, sales teams are increasingly being asked about the developer's experience, financial stability, previous projects and construction partners.

For companies with strong governance and established delivery records, an independent iCIRT rating provides another way to demonstrate those credentials before buyers even visit a display suite.

According to Equifax, the assessment can also help businesses drive sales and <a href="https://icirt.com/resources-for-business/icirt-rating-helps-scion-secure-high-value-projects">secure high-value projects</a>, as well as identify operational improvements and <a href="https://icirt.com/resources-for-business/mirvac-reinforces-brand-trust-and-quality-independent-icirt-rating">attract top talent</a>.

<h2 data-end="4962" data-section-id="1j54ng5" data-start="4912">Beyond buyers: lenders are paying attention too</h2>

The influence of independent construction ratings is also extending beyond consumers.

According to Stamford Capital's Real Estate Debt Capital Markets Survey, an increasing number of lenders now incorporate iCIRT ratings into their due diligence processes when assessing residential development finance applications.

The survey found lender adoption has continued to rise, with many respondents saying independent assessments provide additional insight into governance, counterparties and delivery capability beyond traditional financial analysis. Some lenders also reported declining funding applications where businesses had poor or no ratings.

As construction costs remain elevated and access to development finance becomes more selective, demonstrating credibility is becoming increasingly valuable.

<h2 data-end="5801" data-section-id="1qazuxs" data-start="5772">What it means for Victoria</h2>

Victoria's apartment market is entering a new phase.

The state is seeking to accelerate higher-density housing while simultaneously introducing reforms aimed at improving confidence in residential construction.

For buyers, that means there are more tools available than ever before to research the businesses behind a project.

For developers, it signals that transparency is becoming another point of differentiation in an increasingly competitive market.

Buyers are asking more questions than ever before and increasingly expecting independent information, not just marketing material, before making one of the biggest financial commitments of their lives.

Find out how to get iCIRT rated <a href="https://www.icirt.com/sites/default/files/2025-08/iCIRT-Infographic-Assessment-Process-Final.pdf">here</a>.

<hr data-end="6469" data-start="6466" />
The information contained in this article is general in nature and does not constitute personal, financial, legal or tax advice. It does not take into account your personal objectives, financial situation or needs. Therefore, you should consider whether the information is appropriate to your circumstances before acting on it and, where appropriate, seek independent professional advice.

This article contains links to third-party websites. These links are provided for convenience only. Equifax Australia does not control and is not responsible for the content, accuracy or privacy practices of external sites.

Copyright © 2026 Equifax Australia Information Services and Solutions Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.

Buying off-the-plan in Melbourne? How independent iCIRT ratings are set to change Victorian property

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Over <a target="_blank" href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/developments/the-buyer-s-journey-the-gap-between-today-s-reality-and-future-plans-is-what-the-sales-centre-must-fill/2013112566584">the last few weeks</a> I have looked in detail at some of the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/residential/the-fundamentals-of-a-creating-a-great-buyer-s-experience/2013111866420">key project marketing tools</a> we use to create and <a target="_blank" href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/residential/delivering-a-top-buyers-experience-real-estate-has-to-compete-like-any-other-service/2013110466153">enhance the buyers experience</a> which in turn is the key factor that underscores brand values across every project, our marketing brand and personal brand.
Now to finish this topic I want to take a detailed look at personal service. Because I believe this is where success is created and in such a highly charged market one on one service is still the winner, not only in the short-term but also for the long-run, after all market conditions are always changing and a good ‘personal brand’ is a real asset. Not only for the individual, but also across the board impacting every aspect of a project and the entire sales path.
Clearly what happens at a face to face level will influence the buyer’s experience and so I always give high priority to supporting and training the every member of the sales team. And my definition of team is extensive and is not only confined to the direct selling team members. To create a service focused environment I fervently embrace team sales training, structured (but not dogmatic) sales paths and importantly a diverse and structured role for sales mentoring and most importantly recruitment policies that looks at always finding leaders.
Seven seconds to make a first impression
One of the main reasons personal service is so important is the fact that you only get one chance to create a good impression. The moment that a new buyer, or for that matter a potential new client, sees you, both their and your brain gets busy asking a thousand questions: Is this someone to approach or to avoid? Friend or foe? Hard work, likeable, or a genuine prospect? And according to lots of reports this all happens in the first seven seconds of meeting.
We can all appreciate that in a sales environment first impressions count. While none of us can avoid making snap decisions with good training a robust sales path we can aim to make these decisions work in our favour. Likewise getting off to a good start also naturally puts the buyer off to a good start.
All important first impressions are more heavily influenced by non-verbal cues, but the environment can also be important. As <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/developments/the-buyer-s-journey-the-gap-between-today-s-reality-and-future-plans-is-what-the-sales-centre-must-fill/2013112566584">discussed last week</a>, this is where a well-planned and designed sales centre will speak volumes in helping to make a great first impression.
Key ways the team can make a positive first impression
It’s not my intention here to create a how-to manual, but I think it is always important to remind ourselves of the importance of keeping on message when we engage buyers. A big point is to always adjust your attitude, always be interest and fresh. People pick up on our attitude and that includes a late arrival at the sales centre ten minutes before closing time!
Our personal posture and a smile will always say “I’m friendly and approachable” and you’re welcome to be here, I think we always need to keep in mind that for most buyers these first few steps can be a little hesitant and with a degree of emotion involved.
Another golden rule, that none of us are too smart to overlook is to always make eye contact. I read once that if you open your eyes slightly more than normal to simulate eye contact we signal of recognition and acknowledgement, and that’s how we want every buyer to feel, isn’t it?
Then we come to the moment to shake hands and with an attentive body posture establish rapport. But as we all know in varied cultural circumstances we need to be respectful of the other person’s space and culture, and as we deal with more and more offshore buyers there’s a need here for awareness and sensitivity.
And so if you’ve got just seven seconds it’s good to remind ourselves of how when you think about it seeing these simple ideas in action is frequently the secret of great salespeople, they do it by nature, but I am also sure they think about every new encounter so as not to waste an opportunity.
Article continues on next page. Please click below.
 
<hr class="system-pagebreak">
It all starts with recruitment
To finish off this important topic, I hope that I have established that the face to face relationship that is established between the consumer, the potential buyer and the sales person that he or she deals with is a make or break point in every project’s sales cycle.
While no sales person will intentionally risk a potential sale with poor service, the stakes for the project, your brand and reputation are high and so the recruitment of the sales team is a very important step. It is a step that will greatly impact on the success of any project.
The sales team should be matched to the project and team members should be used in different ways and times to try and ensure the best results. It should also be kept in mind that even the best team players will become stale. This is another aspect of recruitment that has to be managed. It’s important to remain fresh and keep ideas with lots of energy.
While a sales team member might have a great deal of project knowledge and history care is needed to make sure they always remain bright, active and committed to the project. It can be possible to start to develop blinker vision and this can slow sales and might not show up until it’s too late, with the damage done.
External agents or in house teams
Sales teams can be recruited and then employed in-house by the developer; or the developer can appoint a real estate agent to market the project; or like some developers, they appoint accredited agents working under the project’s branding. There can also be a mix of internal teams and external agents. My choice is for a clear cut full service agency model as the most accountable and successful way to market projects.
In either case, for a major project the way the sales force is structured and managed is of great importance. It’s the biggest part of the marketing dynamic.
Both options have their own advantages and both have some disadvantages and while consumers may not see any difference in the delivery of the service they receive, there is a need to be sensitive to this appointment within the overall marketing plan.
We all know that buyers are, and I am sure we can all agree on this, the lifeblood of every project. At times markets are full of activity, selling well, running smoothly and this is usually not by accident. While big picture market dynamics are always a force, so too is the service we give and how we manage and deliver our project marketing roles, we should never take buyers for granted no matter how markets are performing, and I am sure that the most successful sales people never do.

<hr>
Peter Chittenden is managing director for residential of <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.colliers.com.au/Colliers%20Corporate/Residential.aspx">Colliers International.</a>
 
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pchittenden-eLqUUC8TWW

Face to face contact can make or break the buyer's experience

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It’s no secret that the Australian government is up the proverbial creek without a paddle given its federal budget is in crisis. Finance Minister Mathias Cormann told the Ten Network: “We inherited a budget in a very bad shape from the Labor Party, a $30 billion deficit at the time of the election and deteriorating, net debt heading for $200 billion, gross debt heading well beyond $300 billion.”
This week, <a title="Australia’s growth to slow: Goldman Sachs " href="https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/australias-growth-to-slow-goldman-sachs-20131127-2y9b1" target="_blank">Australia’s growth to slow according to Goldman Sachs: </a>“Relative to the acceleration forecast in the global economy, in Australia we expect economic growth to decelerate in 2014, anticipate further easing required by the RBA, forecast additional fiscal drag and see a corporate sector set on a path of investment restraint.” So based on this forecast the federal government is going to have to “trim the sales” where possibly they may be left with no other alternative than to introduce significant tax reforms.
On September 20, 1985 the Hawke/Keating government introduced the <a title="Capital Gains Tax" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_gains_tax_in_Australia" target="_blank">capital gains tax</a> in Australia where the tax only applies to assets acquired on or after that date where the most significant exemption was the family home which to this day remains tax free. On July 1, 2000 the Howard/Costello government introduced the goods and services tax (GST) a value added tax of 10% on most goods and services transactions. It replaced the previous federal wholesale sales tax system and was designed to phase out a number of various state and territory government taxes, duties and levies such as banking taxes and stamp duty. Well we know the states and territories have all put stamp duty up since then.
<a title="Record Stamp Duty windfall for NSW government " href="https://www.whocrashedtheeconomy.com.au/blog/2013/11/record-stamp-duty-windfall-for-nsw-government/" target="_blank">Record stamp duty windfall for NSW government </a>where figures published by the NSW Office of State Revenue showed a record $356.8 million was made from stamp duty receipts collected in October 2013. The booming property market has done wonders for the NSW state government’s September quarterly budget. The June budget had forecast a $374 million deficit, but a surplus of $239 million was actually achieved. You can see why the states and territories opted to ignore removing stamp duty from their respective cash registers.
<img alt="26-11-2013 9-46-01 AM" src="https://www.rwm.com.au/files/2013/11/26-11-2013-9-46-01-AM.jpg" width="470" height="321">
In July 1985, the Hawke/Keating government introduced negative gearing, the tax treatment of interest expenses and future gain affects the after tax return. Losses from negatively geared property investments, share investments, and other commercial business ventures are tax – deductible against other taxable personal income in Australia. <a title="Let’s get negative about negative gearing" href="https://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2013/11/26/property/lets-get-negative-about-negative-gearing" target="_blank">Let’s get negative about negative gearing</a> – “The federal budget is in crisis on the revenue side, and one of the unexamined holes in the budget is the $5 billion a year used to fund negative – gearing tax concessions.”
In recent times property investors have been the major players in the market – more particularly <a title="Asian buyers make up a quarter of buyers in Gold Coast." href="/news" target="_blank">Asian buyers make up a quarter of buyers in Gold Coast.</a> To further add to the confusion when Prime Minister Tony Abbott announced his cabinet he removed the housing portfolio so on that basis his government is actually blindfolded on what is actually happening within the Australian property markets – this was a dumb and ill – informed decision.
<img alt="26-11-2013 11-52-58 AM" src="https://www.rwm.com.au/files/2013/11/26-11-2013-11-52-58-AM.jpg" width="470" height="311">
A few weeks ago <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/trends/property-will-be-front-and-centre-of-the-government-s-planned-reforms/2013102865949" target="_blank">I wrote</a>: “I am advised that Mosman has approximately 6,000 properties for rental which in itself is a staggering number – 46.6%. If the government were then to be heavy handed on negative gearing the Mosman property market would be absolutely decimated with investor exit strategies.”
Should it be phased in over say a 10 to 15 year period this could bring down the government at the next election as it would provide the Opposition a great platform – much like the carbon tax campaign Tony Abbott fought so hard on to remove the Labor government. Not to dismiss the hostile campaigning from Hawke/Keating who were the architects of this policy reform.
It doesn’t matter which side of the fence you sit on the negative gearing debate is good for the economy and the government given that investors keep investing back into their investment properties which in turn provides jobs for other businesses.
The biggest problem for the government is when the Howard/Costello government introduced the GST this created the ‘cash economy’ where improvements are done less for cash. The households are all over the less for cash while the investors demand the full invoice to claim a greater tax deduction. Therein, lies the problem for the government – it is hammered on both fronts.
So the capital gains tax is severely impacting the GST – the Abbott government would be better served critiquing the capital gains tax where with the family home it becomes a tax deduction and tax is proportionately paid on the sale. Australia today remains one of the very few countries that doesn’t tax the sale of the family home. Obviously this must be retrospective so with one third of Australians renting, another third owning with a mortgage and the remaining third owning their homes outright this could further stimulate the markets.
It would certainly reduce the cash economy.

<hr>
Robert Simeon is a director of <a style="font-size: 14px;" title="RWM" href="https://www.rwm.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Richardson  Wrench Mosman and Neutral Bay </a>and has been selling residential real estate in Sydney since 1985. 
He has also been writing real estate blog <a title="Virtual Realty News" href="https://www.rwm.com.au/news/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Virtual Realty News</a> since 2000. 
The RWM real estate model has sold in excess of $1 billion in database sales globally.
 
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robertsimeon-hRNTwJyXkQ

The government should look at CGT on the family home

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At any other time, Friday’s decision by treasurer Joe Hockey to reject Archer Daniels Midland’s (ADM) A$3.4 billion takeover bid for GrainCorp might have been just another controversial foreign investment decision.

Indeed, were it not for a <a href="https://www.businessspectator.com.au/news/2013/11/5/politics/graincorp-bid-splits-coalition" target="_blank">widely</a> <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/graincorp-takeover-failure-stirs-fury-among-some-liberals-20131129-2yh7x" target="_blank">reported</a> split in the Coalition over the proposal, the decision may not have made it out of the business section of the national press.
However, inserted within the <a href="https://theconversation.com/hockey-kills-graincorp-takeover-by-adm-experts-react-20941" target="_blank">ADM-GrainCorp decision</a> was a never-before-seen rationale for rejecting a foreign investment: the tenor of community attitudes and level of popular support. This seemingly minor caveat may radically change the way in which foreign investment reviews are conducted by the Coalition government in coming years.
Australia’s foreign investment framework
Debate about Australia’s foreign investment policy was catalysed in 2008, with the highly contentious “<a href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/a51f903e-d09f-11dc-953a-0000779fd2ac" target="_parent">dawn raid</a>” by Chinalco on Rio Tinto.
Since then, an ongoing series of high-profile foreign investment deals has attracted both intense public and regulatory scrutiny: these include the takeover of <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/doubts-over-oz-decision-20090331-9i9t" target="_blank">OzMinerals by China’s Minmetals</a>; the acquisition of Felix Resources by <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-13/australian-regulator-said-to-tell-yanzhou-to-cut-yancoal-stake" target="_blank">Chinese state-owned Yanzhou Coal</a>; the failed <a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/wayne-swan-sinks-84bn-asx-takeover-by-singapore/story-e6frg8zx-1226034348911" target="_blank">Singapore Stock Exchange bid</a> for the Australian Stock Exchange, SAB Miller’s <a href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0dee9878-173a-11e1-b00e-00144feabdc0" target="_blank">acquisition of Fosters</a>, and the current takeover bid of <a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/companies/saputo-matches-murray-goulburn-bid-for-warrnambool-cheese-butter/story-fn91v9q3-1226761417207" target="_blank">Warrnambool Cheese &amp; Butter</a> by Canadian dairy group Saputo.
Australian foreign investment policy presumes in favour of foreign investment, and generally does not enforce local ownership requirements. However, investments in a small minority of cases are screened by the Treasurer to ensure they are consistent with the national interest.
This screening process is conducted by the Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB), and <a href="https://firb.gov.au/content/_downloads/AFIP_2013.pdf">must be undertaken</a> if an investment: a) is from a foreign government investor; b) is a business investment over 15% of the targeted firm and valued at over $248 million; c) is in real estate; or d) is in a defined set of “sensitive” sectors (such as banking, airlines, airports, shipping, media and telecommunications). All other foreign investment applications receive automatic approval.
Reviewed applications are subject to a six-point “national interest test”, administered by the FIRB. This considers:
<ul>
<li>
Impacts on national security
</li>
<li>
Impacts on competition
</li>
<li>
Impacts on Australian government policies
</li>
<li>
Impacts on the Australian economy and community
</li>
<li>
The character of the investor
</li>
<li>
[For state-owned enterprises] The commercial orientation of the investor
</li>
</ul>
Following its enquiries, the FIRB makes a (confidential) report to the treasurer, who may either approve, reject or conditionally approve the investment.
The overwhelming number of screened foreign investments are approved. Over the five years to 2011-12, 38,590 applications were approved (valued at A$860 billion), while only 63 were rejected. The bulk of these were in the real estate sector, and prior to the GrainCorp decision only two major business proposals had been recently rejected: the 2001 <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/pm/stories/s281616.htm" target="_blank">Shell takeover over Woodside Petroleum</a>, and the Singapore Stock Exchange’s 2011 <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/business/singapore-finally-walks-from-asx-bid-20110408-1d6o4" target="_blank">bid for the ASX</a>.
GrainCorp: a new populist precedent?
Friday’s decision is significant because it may set a new precedent for how foreign investment is screened. It would appear the ADM-Graincorp decision is implicitly adding a new, seventh criteria to the FIRB’s national interest test: community attitudes and popular support.
In explaining his decision, Treasurer Joe Hockey <a href="https://jbh.ministers.treasury.gov.au/media-release/026-2013/" target="_blank">outlined two reasons</a> for rejecting the proposal: that there is limited competition in the grains handling industry (presently dominated by GrainCorp), and that there was a “high level of concern from stakeholders and the broader community”. He also argued that “allowing it to proceed could risk undermining public support for the foreign investment regime and ongoing foreign investment more generally”.
<a href="https://www.smh.com.au/business/grain-of-doubt-over-national-interest-case-20131129-2yh6n" target="_blank">Several</a> <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-opinion/graincorp-decision-joe-hockey-caught-between-national-and-nationals-interest-20131129-2yfw2" target="_blank">analysts</a> <a href="https://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2013/11/29/politics/hockey-fails-leadership-test-graincorp" target="_blank">have</a> <a href="https://www.businessspectator.com.au/article/2013/11/29/economy/adms-rejection-goes-against-grain-logic" target="_blank">argued</a> the competition policy rationale is relatively weak. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) had already <a href="https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/accc-to-not-oppose-archer-daniels-midland-acquisition-of-graincorp" target="_blank">approved the deal</a> in June on the grounds it would be unlikely to substantially lessen competition, and ADM had made <a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/latest/adm-ups-graincorp-spending-promises/story-e6frg90f-1226769989671" target="_blank">significant commitments</a> to improve bottlenecks in the grain handling chain.
Thus, it would seem political concerns have loomed large. One consideration appears to be opposition from the Nationals, who had <a href="https://theconversation.com/big-win-for-nats-as-hockey-rejects-graincorp-bid-20948" target="_blank">campaigned</a> <a href="https://www.watoday.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/graincorp-takeover-failure-stirs-fury-among-some-liberals-20131129-2yh7x" target="_blank">hard</a> against the application being approved. But another was widespread community opposition to the deal, with Hockey instructing the FIRB to consider the <a href="https://jbh.ministers.treasury.gov.au/media-release/026-2013/" target="_blank">“wider ramifications”</a> of the deal – including public attitudes – mid-way through the assessment process.
Until now, community attitudes have not been part of the FIRB’s national interest test. While “community concerns” are considered, these are defined in economic terms – a fair return to the community, opportunities for Australian participation, the interests of employees.
The FIRB has not assessed whether an investment is considered “popular”, or how it will influence community attitudes to foreign investment more broadly. Moreover, no recent decision by the treasurer – whether approval, rejection, or conditional approval – has made reference to public sentiments. Until now.
The implications of community attitudes
The ADM-GrainCorp case is of course a single decision, and it is not clear whether this will be a one-off, or will be followed by the Coalition government in future cases. But it raises questions over how community attitudes should be assessed, and whether the FIRB even has the capability to assess them.
Community attitudes are a nebulous and difficult to measure concept. For example: if the majority of the country supports an agricultural investment, but a majority of rural residents oppose it, whose views should dominate? Moreover, the economic policy-focussed FIRB has no experience in assessing community mood, nor the resources or capabilities to do so at present.
Whether this would be a robust test, or simply a “get out of jail free” card that allows the Treasurer to reject controversial cases, remains to be seen.
Secondly, it would significantly reduce legal certainty for foreign investors in Australia. At present, there is a clear set of national interest guidelines, which have been applied in a transparent and consistent manner. A foreign investor will have a good idea as to whether their proposal ticks the boxes before committing, and can be confident the goalposts will not be moved part-way through the process.
Introducing volatile and contested community attitudes into the process may deter investors out of fear their proposals will be decided at the whim of populist politics.
Third, it will “politicise” the foreign investment assessment process. Rather than approving investments based on their economic merits, popular attitudes will also become a key criterion. A number of worrying outcomes may result.
Investment proposals could become an issue for party politics, determined more by the electoral fortunes of the government of the day rather than sound policy criteria. A business’s competitors may try and sabotage a deal by stirring up community opposition, transforming the FIRB process into a politically-contested commercial battleground. Vested interests with something to lose may also use popularity arguments to sink deals, even when they bring net national benefits.
If the example set in the ADM-GrainCorp decision becomes common practice, Australia’s supposedly <a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/coalition-steadies-the-ship-of-state-as-shaky-labor-hogs-the-headlines/story-e6frg75f-1226718001935" target="_blank">“open for business”</a> approach to foreign investment may change radically.

<hr>
Jeffrey Wilson is fellow of the Asia Research Centre at <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.murdoch.edu.au/" target="_blank">Murdoch University</a>.
This article was originally published at <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/foreign-investment-and-the-popularity-test-does-graincorp-set-a-new-precedent-20992" target="_blank">original article</a>.
<img width="1" src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/20992/count.gif" height="1" alt="The Conversation">
 
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jwilson-73uvCTKJtg

Does the government's rejection of GrainCorp set a new foreign investment precedent?

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Since I started writing about housing policy and citing the growing concerns many are having with the rising price of accommodation, it’s been somewhat heartening to see a greater array of individuals acknowledge an undeniable widening gap between existing owners, and a growing pool of ‘wannabe’ renters.  
Most recently, ALP member for McMahon in New South Wales, Chris Bowen, who was reported saying “<a target="_blank" href="#ixzz2lwBjyOPj">''I can see the difficulties for young and first home buyers of getting into the market,''</a> citing an “affordability crisis” to be a “serious national issue.”  
Whilst many parents would recognise the struggle first homebuyers face and wish for an easier path to enable their children, to gain a foothold into what’s too commonly termed the property ladder – as if it’s something to be conquered – emphatic remarks such as those offered above are easy to make when decision-making is out of party hands.  
Yet, it was only a few months ago, when challenged over affordability on Q&amp;A, and lacking any real policy initiative going into the federal election, that Chris Bowen remarked:  
“There (are) two big things that we can do to help with housing affordability. That’s keep unemployment as low as possible. Because you have got a job, that’s the best thing you can do to get into the housing market. And also to keep interest rates low and interest rates are as low as they’ve ever been in Australia.”
 
No one would doubt keeping unemployment numbers low is an important component to a steady housing terrain. However, as for low interest rates, they have done little more than inflate established property prices and speculation on financial markets, which is scant benefit to those facing rising rents, or paying an inflated cost to secure a property at the offset.
 
On the same program, Joe Hockey’s comments took a similar stance – except he did touch on the issue of supply:  
“The fact is you’ve got to increase the supply. I mean it’s a market. There is plenty of demand and increasing demand but what are we going to do for supply? I have some plans on that which we’ll be talking about before the end of the election.”  
When making these comments, it’s unclear whether Joe Hockey had prior awareness of the coalition’s plan to abolish the National Housing Supply Council, which was established specifically to identify gaps between housing supply and demand.  
Apparently, the council’s activities are no longer needed and will be absorbed into other departments which aren’t entirely transparent, as Scott Ludlum found when questioning <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-kgSzyCSsc">as such.</a> Whatever the reason, it’s clear the current government does not hold supply policy high on the priority list.  
As it is, saving hard on an average wage is no longer a guaranteed ticket into the breastfed dream of home ownership – especially if you live anywhere close to Sydney.  
Martin North Principal of Digital Finance Analytics demonstrated this on a recent blog entitled <a target="_blank" href="https://www.digitalfinanceanalytics.com/blog/the-truth-about-house-price-and-income-growth/">“The Truth about House Price and Income Growth”</a> charting house prices compared to average disposable income across the NSW market back to 2002.      
Whilst the higher quartile’s income has kept pace with house price inflation, the other quartiles have only seen their wage grow marginally, his study clearly demonstrates that prices are now outpacing earnings for the larger proportion of residents and therefore effective solutions need to be found.  
Of course, each state faces its own challenges, and some are fairing better than others. But presently first home buyers are clashing budgets with an <a target="_blank" href="https://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2013/11/boomers-foreigners-kill-off-the-housing-dream/">equal to larger proportion of investors and downsizers</a> and therefore targeting similar stock against those who have an existing equity stream to tap into.  
Unfortunately, aside from some tinkering around the edges of housing policy with schemes such as the NRAS (which quickly became over subscribed and jumped upon by SMSF spruikers), it remains a reality that neither political party has yet seen past burdening new buyers with cheap credit by way of grants, low interest rates and incentives, in a vain effort to mask the rising cost of accommodation under the false premise that they’re doing ‘something.’  
And Australia faces challenges ahead – with a falling participation rate due to an aging population, fewer full time positions coupled with a rise in part time work inflating the ‘underemployment’ figures – job creation is not keeping pace with increases in our working age population.  
This was outlined in the freshly released <a target="_blank" href="https://www.pc.gov.au/research/commission/ageing-australia">Productivity Commission paper</a> entitled "An Ageing Australia: Preparing for the Future" which projected:  
“Australia would have four million more people aged 75 years or older by 2060, with 25 centenarians for every 100 newborns, compared with one centenarian for every newborn in 2012.”  
Not only will aging Australian’s have to work to the age of 70, to bridge a shortfall in savings, but the report suggested retirement should be funded in part through a house value ‘equity release scheme,’ claiming:  
“House prices have risen over time in real terms, a trend that is likely to continue.  Against this backdrop, even under conservative assumption allowing households aged over 65 years to easily access their home equity to help fund health and aged care costs could have a significant impact on reducing fiscal gaps”  
However, under such schemes, not only do governments have a vested interest in keeping house prices high and rising, they are pinned to the necessity of such to fund future budgets.  
Article contiues on next page. Please click below.
 
<hr class="system-pagebreak">
Balancing an economy for an aging demographic is not unique to Australia. However, if house prices weren’t as burdensome, requiring an increasing proportion of savings just to enter ownership, not to mention the longer mortgage terms needed to pay down the loan, it would be possible to invest a greater proportion of the household budget into areas of productivity and small business development, as well as channelling savings elsewhere for retirement without the need to use the principle place of residence as a sole equity fund.  
In this respect, Australia differs little from its closest neighbour New Zealand, where the costs of rising accommodation also bites a good way into a household’s budget for new buyers.  
In an article in the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=11165222">New Zealand Herald</a> concentrating on an increasing difficulty accessing ownership following a sensible requirement on lenders by the RBNZ to maintain an 80% loan to value ratio, a young couple were highlighted as a somewhat typical case study.  
Putting aside the additional ‘useful’ tips for saving the $90,000 deposit needed for their $450,000 purchase – such as “take a packed lunch to work,” – it seems the only way this couple were able to purchase adequate accommodation in the Auckland locality, was to tap into the ‘bank’ of their respective parents, who borrowed against the accumulated equity in their own home to shore up their children’s deposit.  
The couple’s take home pay is $6000 per month, therefore a weighty 50% will go toward mortgage repayments – yet the price of their accommodation, is not out of step with what we expect our own dual income first timers to pay for a modest sized home which will provide adequate facility for more than two or three years.  
New Zealand resident and co-author of the Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey - <a target="_blank" href="https://www.performanceurbanplanning.org/">Hugh Pavletich</a> - makes some sensible comments in relation to this:  
“Within normal housing markets with properly functioning local governments that have not lost control of their costs, young Jamie Clark and Jenna Close on their household income of $70,000, should be able to buy a new home for about $210,000 with a sensible mortgage load of $175,000 requiring a deposit of about just $35,000.”
 
Pavletich’s comments are endorsed by Australian Senator–elect Bob Day who in reply to the comment above stated:  
“For more than 100 years the average New Zealand family was able to buy its first home on one wage. As you have frequently reported, the median house price was around three times the median income allowing young home buyers easy entry into the housing market.  
As discussed in your report, the median house price is now, in real terms i.e. relative to income, up to nine times what it was between 1900 and 2000…a family will fork out approximately $500,000 more on mortgage payments than they would have had house prices remained at three times the median income.”  
The Demographica survey rates 337 different housing markets using a “median multiple” (the median house price divided by gross annual median household income) to assess affordability. The methodology is a measure recommended by the United Nations and World Bank Urban Indicators Programs and employed by Harvard University's Joint Centre for Housing - to name but a few.  
An affordable market is therefore deemed to be one with a median multiple of 3.0 or less, and whilst it’s never easy to draw an exact correlation between the complexities of international policies compared to our own, the report does provide a basis for research into precisely how other markets with rising populations and relatively healthy economies, manage to maintain their affordable nature.  
Article contiues on next page. Please click below.
 
<hr class="system-pagebreak">
Supply  
The reports primary focus is on supply – removing barriers such as urban boundaries and tax overlays, and portrays the model employed in Texas, where aside from environmental compliance there are no zoning restrictions outside the city outskirts, and planners see themselves as regulators rather than interested parties in town design.  
Texas is also a market, which has successfully financed infrastructure by electing local residents onto boards and providing them with access to tax free bonds, which are subsequently allocated for the provision of essential amenities.  
Property rights in Texas are clearly strong in nature with limited regulation, covering little more than the land itself – therefore, housing affordability isn’t a burning concern for Texans, and judging by the number of <a target="_blank" href="https://ideas.time.com/2013/10/17/10-reasons-texas-is-our-future/">American’s moving there</a>, the market is an attractive one.  
Tax  
Secondly, as I highlighted <a target="_blank" href="https://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2013/11/land-tax-must-kill-negative-gearing-stamp-duty/">last week</a>, markets such as Pittsburgh in the USA, which has a median multiple below 3.0, is an example where land value tax has been successfully employed.  
When land value tax is implemented – with the burden taken of buildings and their improvements ensuring good quality assessments and sensible zoning laws – it not only assists affordability keeping land values stable, but also benefits local business through infrastructure funding, discourages urban sprawl, incites smart effective development of sites, reduces land banking, and as examples in the USA have demonstrated – assists in weathering the unwanted impacts of real estate booms and busts.  
Speculation and strong tenancy laws  
Another commonality shared amongst ‘affordable’ markets is the lack of speculation that inspires the ‘get in quick’ feeling for aspiring owners.  Germany is one such example where until fairly recent times; real house prices had remained stable since at least the 1970s.  
Home ownership in Germany is not embedded in their culture.  And as <a target="_blank" href="https://www.macrobusiness.com.au/2013/11/what-australia-can-learn-from-germanys-rental-system/">I pointed out a few weeks ago</a>, strong tenancy laws along with liberal supply policies ensures when time does come to purchase, there is plentiful option to do so without breaking the budget.  
Australia?  
Whether we will ever achieve the significant reform needed to turn Australia’s housing market into an affordable one is debatable.  However, with the rise of the internet and the ability of those searching for answers to delve a little deeper than they perhaps would have done before the world became a mirror of reflections. As every action and movement is recorded, posted and photographed in real time, and offered up for an immediate judgement on social media – it can only be hoped, that a majority, not minority, are taking opportunity to look past the frivolity of what I think most would agree (whether by design or purpose), has to date been fairly meaningless and unsatisfactory open government debates on housing policy.  
In the end, it will be up to the growing generation of struggling first timers and priced out renters to vote for the brave advocates who enter politics with what are currently deemed unpalatable plans for true and meaningful reform.
Catherine Cashmore is a market analyst with extensive experience in all aspects relating to property acquisition.
 
 
 
 
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catherinecashmore-6LXia3pPQj

Housing policy reform: What chance do we really have?

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There are many reasons to own investment property: you might want an asset for retirement, you might wish to rent where you live and own a property elsewhere, or property might be your choice of wealth-creation. Regardless of why you invest in property, there are a few things to keep in mind:
<ul>
<li>
Goal: be clear about what you want to achieve, and in what time-frames. Before you buy a property you should decide on your earning goals: will this be a negatively or positively geared investment? Will you invest in renovations to increase your rental return?
</li>
<li>
Budget: write detailed plans about what you have to spend, how much you will have to borrow, and what the borrowings will cost. Include the cost of renovating, repairs and maintenance as well as the predicted costs of management, insurance and rates. And then calculate rental income.
</li>
<li>
Research: Do your research before you buy a property. Go to real estate agencies in the area and pick up their ‘for rent’ sheets. See what rents are being asked for what kind of properties. Ask agents what properties they would like to manage. Go to some open days. Get a sense of which agents are on their game.
</li>
<li>
Inspections: if you’re buying a place to rent to others, basic things must be in working order that you might let slide if you lived there yourself. Always have an inspection done by a qualified expert.
</li>
<li>
Tax advice: don’t rely on barbecue chatter for your tax advice. If you intend to negatively gear your rental property, and claim the loss you make against your taxable income, then you should be advised by a solicitor or accountant, at least before the purchase and for the first tax return you lodge.
</li>
<li>
Fixed or variable: budget a scenario for a fixed rate and a variable rate. Fixed rates are currently very low, and give you interest rate certainty for two, three or five years. But variable rates provide you with flexibility. Many lenders allow you to split your mortgage between fixed and variable.
</li>
<li>
Renovation: do your best to assess the renovation requirements before buying the property, and put these in your budget. Don’t get carried away with renovations – stay within your budget.
</li>
<li>
Insurance: landlord insurance is imperative and you should contact a broker if the inclusions and exclusions confuse you. Renting property is a business and some of the features of landlord insurance might not be familiar. Get this right.
</li>
<li>
Management: there’s a clear choice. You either decide to manage the property yourself, doing basic maintenance and repairs. Or you use a managing agent who will charge a percentage of the rent. DIY managers of property can usually do the handiwork, but inexperienced owners usually stumble on tenant law and collecting rent.
</li>
</ul>
Investing in property is an excellent way to build wealth, but it should be approached like a business. Have a goal, have a plan and work within your budget.
Good luck.
 
<hr>
 Mark Bouris is executive chairman of <a href="https://www.ybr.com.au/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Yellow Brick Road</a>, a financial services company offering home loans, financial planning, accounting and tax, and insurance.
You can contact Mark on <a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/markbouris" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a>.
 
 
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mbouris-tauSvXGAM2

Starting out as a property investor: The nine things to keep in mind

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A true Christmas present for first home buyers would be the reintroduction of government incentives for existing properties, the Real Estate Institute of New South Wales president Christian Payne said.
With rising prices and increased turnover sending stamp duty higher, a potentially shooting he budget into surplus, Payne said that the NSW government should take this time to act, giving first home buyers a much-needed boost into Christmas and the support they need.
“We are approaching a very significant time where families come together to celebrate. It’s also a time of evaluation where life decisions and major changes can be made,” said Payne.
“Our fear is that many will visit friends and family outside the state over the festive season and reconsider their future in NSW due to their inability to purchase property here.”  
He said the best time to reintroduce incentives is before Christmas.  
“The return to surplus announced by the NSW government at the beginning of November means that the funding, which was largely provided by the property market with massive bracket creep on stamp duty rates in the first place, should be available to be distributed to first home buyers,” he said.
<a target="_blank" href="mailto:jduke@propertyobserver.com.au">jduke@propertyobserver.com.au</a>
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jduke-EHk3XBmHkn

Government Christmas gifts required by first home buyers: REINSW

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First home buyers are <a href="https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ProductsbyReleaseDate/05DBCE56402EC566CA25723D000F2999?OpenDocument" target="_blank">slipping</a> in the ranks of Australians purchasing a home, and once again negative gearing and supply issues are back in the spotlight.
Even Aussie Home Loans founder John Symond has <a href="https://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/txt/s3873461.htm" target="_blank">acknowledged</a> negative gearing is skewed towards high income earners and should be addressed as part of a tax system review.
There is also growing concern from the <a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/fsr/2013/sep/pdf/0913.pdf" target="_blank">Reserve Bank</a> that highly geared property investments by self-managed super funds (SMSF) are pushing up prices, with the potential to drive home ownership further from the reach of ordinary households.
In his first major <a href="https://chfa.com.au/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/docs/kevin_andrews_speech_national_housing_conference_adl_1nov13.pdf" target="_blank">speech</a> on housing since the election, Social Services Minister Kevin Andrews referred to a national housing shortfall which the National Housing Supply Council expects will grow to nearly 370,000 dwellings by 2016. Minister Andrews stressed the economic imperative of attracting a variety of investors into housing, and specifically towards private rental.
Willing and able contenders include Australia’s rapidly growing superannuation funds. Yet as SMSFs have shown, they can also drive up the price of existing dwellings. Much more efficient and effective investment pathways are required to boost housing supply and improve affordability.
Obviously, to attract the right kind of super funds, Australian governments need to be conscious of what drives their investment strategies. Risks, returns, liquidity and scale are all variables which cannot be ignored. Driven by tax incentives, highly geared speculative investment is not only costly for governments but also damaging to rental security.
Industry fund managers are actively learning about Australia’s emerging affordable rental housing providers, such as housing associations and rental co-operatives, and trying to define the terms and conditions under which they would be willing to invest. Australian Super, our largest industry super fund, recently hosted an international think tank to design an investment mechanism.
Currently, bank lending terms are stymieing the growth of the affordable housing industry. The cost and conditions of lending can be improved by rerouting the financing pathway, matching super funds risk/return appetite with the secure rent revenue of well-regulated community housing organisations.
Recently published research by RMIT and UNSW for the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI) has explored how governments can attract institutional investment to this new asset class, by supporting the establishment of a specialist financial intermediary to pool borrowing demands and providing a conditional government guarantee.
Housing associations and co-operatives aim to grow the supply of affordable rental housing for a range of low and middle income households where needed across Australia. Yet they remain small as optimum public-private financing arrangements lag behind.
RMIT research has found commercial borrowing by housing associations has expanded considerably in the past five years, but the variation in terms offered and the length of the debt-raising process suggests such borrowing is still immature with a limited number of engaged lenders.
Loan tenures are extremely short, often less than three years, imposing significant refinancing risks. Many loan facilities are interest-only, preventing organisations from amortising debt and building up any equity. Research strongly suggests commercial banks are unlikely to provide the considerable financing required to expand affordable rental housing in the future.
Luring the super sector
According to the RMIT AHURI <a href="https://www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/projects/p53019" target="_blank">report</a>, a new financing option could attract investment from Australia’s rapidly growing superannuation sector. Australian funds invest heavily in more risky equity investments as well as infrastructure such as toll roads, rail and airports. But they also invest and hold lower yield, fixed income securities as a hedge against inflation and to ensure greater diversity alongside more risky equity investments.
To help establish a new market, governments can guarantee investment in well regulated not-for-profit landlords, such as community housing organisations. This would enable long term rental housing providers to attract lower cost, longer term investment.
The RMIT AHURI research has analysed seven schemes in Europe and the US detailing how guarantees and intermediaries channel longer term, lower cost investment to increase the supply of social and affordable housing. One of the most important findings of this review is the minimal impact that guarantees have had on government budgets.
Through appropriate revenue support and regulation, sound business management practices and carefully structured guarantees, there has been a zero default rate among many European housing providers receiving guaranteed loans.
A stable and supportive policy environment could deliver the same result for Australia.

<hr>
Julie Lawson is honorary associate professor with the <a href="https://www.rmit.edu.au/ahuri" target="_blank">AHURI RMIT Research Centre</a>. Together with emeritus professor Mike Berry, she conducted international and national research on the design of targeted guarantee schemes to increase investment in affordable rental housing. This was funded by a competitive grant from the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, an independent not for profit research organisation.
This article was originally published at <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/its-time-we-incentivised-affordable-housing-investment-19969">original article</a>.
 
 
<img alt="The Conversation" height="1" src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/19969/count.gif" width="1">
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jlawson-EsDwT89dxJ

We need to start incentivising investment in affordable housing

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They're back. Investors have returned to the market and with that comes a need to make some key decisions. The biggest is probably; do you or don't you? I'm talking about property management.
I see it as the DIY dilemma of real estate. 
Think about it. You decide to retile the bathroom. You get a quote from a professional tiler. You have a heart attack. You decide it can't be that hard. You will do it yourself for half the price.
Uh oh. Fast forward three months. You've had more trips to the hardware store than you can count, a trip to hospital and the cost of the project is already in line with the quote you laughed at....and it still isn't finished.
It can be the same with property management. You get a quote from an agent and decide 'it can't be that hard. I'll save money and do it myself.'
But just as not everybody can conquer the DIY renovation, the same is true of property management.
It's much more than securing a good tenant and ensuring the rent and bills are paid. There is the slightly tedious reality of always being on call to manage any maintenance and tenant issues. Then there are the countless 'other' issues that come when dealing with people, personalities and property and it's when the inevitable, unexpected, sometimes the truly unbelievable, happens that the DIY owner will be left wishing they had left it to the experts.
 
<hr>
 Ewan Morton is managing director of the Sydney based <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.mortonandmorton.com.au/" target="_blank">Morton &amp; Morton</a>.
 
 
 
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emorton-DecMjPQt5h

Property management: Should you do it yourself or leave it to the experts?

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China has signalled its intention, reiterated in the recent Third Plenum, to open up its financial markets. This would be an important reform which carries significant risks and opportunities both for China, and many opportunities for Australia.
There are two main elements to the reforms. The first is to remove many of the regulated prices in the domestic financial system and to allow markets more scope to set them. The second is to float the Renminbi and allow freer international flows of capital. Both carry substantial risks.
Until recently bank lending and deposit rates, and hence bank net interest margins, were heavily regulated. The effect was to guarantee bank margins and protect the (mainly government owned) banks from much of the low quality lending they had engaged in during the 1990s.
With the deposit rate set artificially low, funds were cheap. Over time however less-regulated financial institutions found ways to offer higher returns to depositors. Many of these wealth management products were effectively deposits in that they could be readily turned back into cash. China has thus seen a rapid growth in its shadow banking system as a result.
The deregulation of lending rates squeezed the banks. Since they were forced to pay a below-market price for deposits but had to compete in lending, their margins have been under pressure.
Deregulating deposit rates is the next big step. But regulators are worried about whether the banks will cope with competition for deposits. The risk of bank failure increases significantly.
China currently limits its banks to only lend out a fixed proportion of their deposits, that is the volume of their deposits always exceeds the value of loans they make – unless they make very poor lending decisions. The deregulation of deposit rates puts this at risk. It is now far more likely that banks will fail, and depositors lose money. Since China does not have a deposit insurance system, this is a significant risk.
Protecting depositors
China is currently working on developing the required deposit insurance scheme. We are unlikely to see the deregulation of deposits until that is in place. Even that though does not end the problems.
The transition of banks from only having to worry about the quality of their assets (loans extended) to also having to worry about their liabilities (deposits and other forms of funding) is problematic.
Australia <a href="https://penguinunearthed.wordpress.com/2006/04/02/book-review-westpac-the-bank-that-broke-the-bank/" target="_parent">almost lost</a> one of our major banks (Westpac) in the process of adjusting to a liberalised financial system, although there is little doubt that the economy functions better now than it did in the 1980s.
The implicit trade-off between the additional growth generated by a better allocation of resources valued against the risk of more frequent crises has generally come down in favour of liberalisation (see for example Ranciere, Tornelland and Westerman’ paper “Systemic Crises and Growth” in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2008).
Those with longer memories will also remember many Australians losing money when they took out loans in foreign currencies just before a big fall in the Australian dollar. Some elements of the Asian crisis were also worsened by foreign currency borrowing as countries (partially) liberalised their capital accounts.
Both the internal reforms and the floating of the currency provide opportunities. While Australian banks, wealth managers and insurers have struggled to get a strong foothold in China in the face of strict regulation, that should change with the next phase of reform.
The biggest opportunities for Australia however will derive from the opening up of the Chinese capital market to the freer flow of money in and out of the country. Recent <a href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2013/wp13189.pdf" target="_blank">work by the IMF</a> suggests while it’s hard to see whether China will finish up importing or exporting capital, the size of the flows both inward and outward will increase significantly. Chinese will seek to diversify their portfolios away from China, and foreigners will try to increase their exposure to China.
The IMF paper actually suggests that Chinese will increase their current foreign asset holdings by a factor of five, and that foreign holdings of Chinese assets will increase by a factor of three. That is, China will be a net foreign investor.
Australia will have to get used to the idea of Chinese companies and individuals continuing to buy local assets. This should bid up the price of assets, which is good for their owners, but is likely to raise community concern. There will obviously be sizeable business opportunities involved in servicing this outflow.
The other flow is also important. Australian wealth managers, and Australian companies, will have very significant business opportunities servicing the outward flow.
 
<hr>
 Rodney Maddock is Vice Chancellor's fellow at Victoria University and adjunct professor of economics at <a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/monash-university" target="_blank">Monash University</a>
 
This article was originally published at <a href="https://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/china-is-liberalising-its-banks-and-thats-good-news-for-australia-20708">original article</a>.
<img width="1" src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/20708/count.gif" height="1" alt="The Conversation">
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Why China's move to liberalise its banks is good news for Australia

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Owner occupiers represent a small but important component of the inner Brisbane apartment market. At the youngest end, they represent occupiers who could potentially be occupying greenfield development in the outer suburbs and thus helping to reduce the requirement for new infrastructure. Similarly, at those at the older end are likely to have freed up an existing established home for the next generation to move into.
As part of the preliminary work for our upcoming Inner Brisbane Apartments 2013 to 2020 report, we have taken a closer look at the actions of owner occupier purchasers by undertaking an analysis of two buildings that were built targeting different markets. Both buildings were marketed and completed in the early to mid 1990s, which allows us to identify long term trends.
<ul>
<li>
Admiralty Towers in Howard Street faces the Brisbane River and contains 152 apartments that were pitched at the investor end of the market.
</li>
<li>
The Moreton in the Dockside development is located in Kangaroo Point and also faces the Brisbane River, with 106 apartments and was pitched at higher price points, and presumably being more attractive to owner occupiers.
</li>
</ul>
Reflecting the market positioning of each building, a higher average pre-sale price was achieved at The Moreton, at $425,000 per apartment versus $377,000 per apartment at Admiralty Towers—although this could also reflect the mix of apartments and location as well as the size/quality of apartments.
An analysis of sales shows that despite the different price points, pre-sales were dominated by investors (which include second home purchasers) in both projects, who accounted for 75% of off the plan sales in The Moreton and as much as 84% of apartments in Admiralty Towers (see chart below).
Click to enlarge
<a title="Click to enlarge" href="/images/stories/2013/11/29/angie-nov-29-one.gif" rel="shadowbox"><img src="/images/stories/2013/11/29/angie-nov-29-two.gif"></a>
Source: PriceFinder
Subsequent sales show that both buildings attracted a higher level of owner occupier purchasers after completion, although they favoured the higher priced The Moreton project at Kangaroo Point. The majority (52%) of apartments in The Moreton are now owner occupiers, and while investors are still the majority in Admiralty Towers, owner occupiers now fill out 40% of apartments.
This reflects two things:
<ul>
<li>
Investors are attracted at pre-sale, most likely due to the negative gearing benefits of depreciation, etc, being at their greatest. There may also be stamp duty benefits in purchasing off-the-plan.
</li>
<li>
Owner occupiers prefer to come in after the building is completed. As the negative gearing benefits are not relevant to an owner occupier, there is less incentive to purchase off-the-plan, while they can also “touch and feel” the dwelling that they will be living in. Moreover, the timing of their requirement for an apartment may not necessarily coincide with the timing of the construction of a new apartment project. For example, a first home buyer could wait up to three years or more between signing the contract and when their apartment is completed, while upgraders and downsizers face a more uncertain market in the future to sell their existing dwelling before moving in.
</li>
</ul>
Interestingly, there was a greater turnover of apartments in The Moreton—88% of apartments have recorded a re-sale compared to 74% in Admiralty Towers—despite the perception of owner occupiers having more stable occupancy. Perhaps for many owner occupiers of apartments, this represents a stepping stone into another dwelling.
Nevertheless, despite the higher turnover, apartments in The Moreton achieved higher price growth on average than Admiralty Towers, with sales on average achieving a rate of growth of 3.9% per annum, compared to 3.6% per annum. The margin may not be substantial, but it builds up in aggregate over an extended holding period.
What does this mean?
While a development can be developed and marketed as attractive to owner occupiers, developers are nevertheless reliant on investor purchasers to achieve the pre-sales for development finance to proceed. This poses a problem for policy makers, who would like a greater level of owner occupiers living in apartments.
The limited owner occupier demand at pre-sale means that developers are likely to build stock at a price point to be more attractive to investor purchasers in order to achieve the required pre-sales in a timely manner. Owner occupiers instead then prefer to purchase the finished product, where the look and quality of the apartment is a known quantity. However, a development developed and priced to maximise investor sales may not necessarily be attractive to owner occupiers in the future.
Even in conducive locations where a developer may develop and seek to target a higher share of owner occupiers for off-the-plan sales, investors are a necessary—and indeed compulsory—part of the marketing equation. Only smaller or unique buildings can get away with being purchased in majority by future owner occupiers, as they could potentially face a more limited opportunity to buy in at re-sale. Nevertheless, the prospect of greater future price growth and potential onsale to either another investor or an owner occupier can play a part in marketing to investors. Such a project would also attract a larger, although probably still a minority, share of owner occupiers provided the project is developed as being attractive to this market upon completion.
 
<hr>
 Angie Zigomanis is senior manager of <a rel="nofollow" title="BIS Shrapnel" href="https://www.bis.com.au/" target="_blank">BIS Shrapnel.</a>
 
 
 
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