High-profile apartment defect cases have changed the way many NSW buyers approach purchasing, putting greater scrutiny on building quality, strata records and the parties behind a development before a contract is signed.

The industry buyers are assessing today, however, is also different from the one in which cases such as Opal Tower and Mascot Towers emerged.

NSW has introduced a series of regulatory measures aimed at strengthening oversight of apartment construction, including Building Commission NSW, the Residential Apartment Buildings Act 2020 and the Strata Building Bond and Inspections Scheme. Under the latter, developers are required to lodge a bond, with independent inspections forming part of the process for identifying defects in new strata developments.

Those changes provide another layer of protection, but they haven't removed the importance of buyer due diligence.

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For purchasers considering an apartment, that means looking beyond the residence itself. Building and strata history, strata reports, the track record of the builder and developer, the condition of common property and any known or planned expenditure by the owners corporation can all form part of assessing a building before purchase.

Whether the development is already complete can also materially change what can be assessed.

An off-the-plan purchaser is necessarily buying before the finished product exists. A completed apartment, by comparison, can be walked through before contracts are signed, allowing the purchaser to see the finishes, common areas and broader building as they have actually been delivered rather than relying solely on plans and renders.

It also removes exposure to some of the uncertainties that exist between an off-the-plan purchase and completion, including construction delays, cost pressures and builder insolvency during the delivery period.

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<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/project-marketer/equitifund-group">Projects by Equitifund</a> National Sales Director Ben Hamblett said that greater focus on tangible evidence is increasingly evident among apartment purchasers.

“The biggest shift we're seeing is buyers wanting proof, not promises,” Hamblett said.

“That's exactly why we deal in completed stock - you can inspect the building before you commit - and why we've backed every purchase with a cash bond against special levies.”

At <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/buildings/the-lennox-parramatta-12-phillip-street-parramatta-nsw-2150">The Lennox</a> in Parramatta, that emphasis on a completed, inspectable product is already in place.

The 413-apartment, 46-level tower at 12 Phillip Street is being marketed by Projects by Equitifund, allowing prospective purchasers to inspect the residences, common areas and resident facilities before committing.

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The Lennox also introduces another layer to the due-diligence conversation through Strata Surety.

The vendor-funded arrangement provides purchasers with a cash-backed bond held in their own solicitor's trust account from settlement. According to Equitifund, the bond covers any special levy raised during the applicable cover period and is provided at no cost to the purchaser.

Special levies can create an unexpected cost for apartment owners where an owners corporation needs funding beyond its existing strata contributions. Under NSW strata law, a special levy requires approval by owners at a general meeting.

Equitifund Executive Chairman Greg Huxley said Strata Surety was designed to provide something more concrete than reassurance about that potential exposure.

“Buyers have every right to ask hard questions about strata risk - the industry has given them plenty of reasons to,” Huxley said.

“Our answer isn't a reassurance, it's a bond. Strata Surety puts real money behind that confidence, held by the buyer's own solicitor, not by us.”

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For The Lennox, its completed status also means purchasers can assess not only the apartment itself, but a building that has already been occupied and operating for several years.

Completed in 2021, the $300 million development, designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/marchese-partners">Marchese Partners</a>, comprises one, two, three and four-bedroom apartments, with open-plan living areas extending to private balconies. Interiors incorporate engineered timber flooring, stone benchtops and integrated appliances, while many upper-level residences have views across the river and surrounding district.

Its established amenity can similarly be inspected in operation. Resident facilities include the Watermark precinct with a 20-metre pool, outdoor terrace, barbecue areas, gym, fitness studio and conference room, while ground-floor retail addresses the river walk and surrounding public space.

The Lennox is also home to the Southern Hemisphere's first fully robotic residential car park, which has now operated for several years. Its nine-level basement combines three conventional parking levels with six automated levels, accommodating 327 vehicles using technology from German firm Lödige Industries.

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The riverfront address puts The Lennox close to much of central <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/parramatta-nsw-2150">Parramatta</a>'s existing infrastructure, including Parramatta Station, Westfield Parramatta, Parramatta Park, and the Church Street dining precinct.

The remaining apartments form part of a limited release secured by Equitifund, following the sale of the majority of residences before and shortly after completion.

The regulatory environment around NSW apartment construction has changed considerably since the defect cases that reshaped public discussion around the sector. For purchasers, however, regulation is only one part of the equation. The ability to investigate a building's history, review its strata position and, where possible, inspect what has actually been delivered remains central to making an informed apartment purchase.

At The Lennox, its completed status provides that opportunity before contracts are signed, while Strata Surety adds a financial backstop against special levies beyond the protections already provided under NSW strata law.

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Joel Robinson

Buying with confidence: What NSW apartment buyers should check beyond the defect headlines

Too often, heritage buildings become the podium for a contemporary tower. At <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/623-collins-607-623-collins-street-melbourne-vic-3000">623 Collins</a>, <a>Sterling Global</a> challenged its design team to reverse that process.

The brief to <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/plus-studio">Plus Studio</a> was deliberately simple: "Don't design around the heritage. Design from it." It became the philosophy behind a project that draws inspiration not only from two landmark heritage buildings, but from Collins Street itself, a street layered with architectural history and civic significance.

That philosophy has shaped one of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/melbourne-vic-3000">Melbourne</a> CBD's most considered residential projects, where the 1924 State Savings Bank and neighbouring Batman's Hill Hotel have become the architectural foundation for 623 Collins rather than remnants preserved beneath a new development.

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Rather than approaching the site as a blank canvas, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/sterling-global">Sterling Global</a> saw the existing buildings as the beginning of the story.

"Sites like this rarely become available," the developer said.

"623 Collins wasn't simply an opportunity to develop a prominent CBD site. It was an opportunity to restore and reimagine one of Melbourne's important heritage landmarks while contributing to the continued evolution of Collins Street. For us, the existing buildings weren't constraints. They were the beginning of the story."

Instead of mimicking the ornate heritage architecture, Plus Studio studied the proportions, rhythm and craftsmanship of the original buildings before translating those characteristics into a contemporary 42-storey tower.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145324 project_image_fid=372748]

"The brief challenged us to create a contemporary landmark that respected Melbourne's architectural history without becoming nostalgic," Plus Studio said.

"Rather than mimicking heritage, we sought to understand its proportions, rhythm and material language before translating those qualities into a distinctly contemporary architectural expression."

The practice says the State Savings Bank and Batman's Hill Hotel became the project's primary source of inspiration, allowing the heritage buildings and contemporary architecture to exist "in conversation rather than contrast." Generous planted terraces further soften the transition between old and new, creating elevated green spaces while reinforcing the dialogue between the restored podium and the contemporary tower.

That dialogue continues throughout the interiors, where Melbourne designer Fiona Lynch developed a material palette inspired by the idea of alchemy, balancing contrasting materials that reference both the Neo-Grec detailing of the original bank and contemporary urban living. The result is a series of spaces that feel timeless rather than trend-driven.

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The project will deliver 316 residences across four collections, Heirloom, Signature, Reserve and the Penthouse Collection, with each responding differently to its position within the building, from the restored heritage podium through to the upper levels of the tower. The Heirloom Residences retain defining heritage elements including original heritage windows, generous proportions and high ceilings, while the tower introduces contemporary homes with expansive layouts and elevated views.

Amenities have likewise been designed to support long-term city living rather than short-stay convenience. Residents will have access to concierge services, wellness facilities including a pool, cold plunge, sauna, steam room and gym, alongside private lounges, entertaining spaces and dedicated resident clubs.

Sterling Global says that approach is resonating with buyers seeking permanence rather than novelty.

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According to the sales team, purchasers are looking for enduring architecture, generous floorplans, heritage character and long-term value, with many commenting that 623 Collins "doesn't feel like another apartment development" because of the way the architecture has been curated around the site's history.

Situated on the prominent corner of Collins and Spencer streets, the project occupies one of Melbourne's most recognisable gateway sites, marking the western entrance to the city's best-known street. For Sterling Global, it also reflects a broader shift in city-making.

"Rather than maximising development yield, the project embraces adaptive reuse as a design philosophy, allowing heritage to inform architecture, interiors and the overall resident experience," the developer said.

"The result is a building that feels uniquely connected to Melbourne."

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=145324]

How Sterling Global designed 623 Collins from Melbourne's history

Avant Townhomes is adding to Ivanhoe’s family-sized housing options with <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-townhouses/three-82-ivanhoe-382-upper-heidelberg-road-ivanhoe-vic-3079">Three 82</a>, a collection of just 16 four-bedroom townhomes on Upper Heidelberg Road.

The <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/intrapac-property">Intrapac Property</a> townhome division has taken a contemporary approach to the traditional family home, pairing larger floorplans with the lower-maintenance format of a townhouse.

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Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/arcadia-studio">Arcadia</a>, with landscaping by Landsite, the homes feature generous open-plan living and dining areas that connect directly to outdoor spaces, with layouts also designed to maximise natural light and privacy.

Natural stone is used throughout the interiors, including in kitchens that pair stone surfaces with bespoke cabinetry, considered storage and SMEG appliances.

The four-bedroom layouts include built-in wardrobes and a main bedroom with its own ensuite, while family bathrooms service the additional bedrooms. Each home also includes a lock-up double garage and intercom entry.

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Energy efficiency has been incorporated into the design through solar panels, double glazing and reverse-cycle heating and cooling, with the homes targeting 7-star energy ratings.

Rather than incorporating extensive communal facilities, Three 82 has been conceived around private residential amenity, with the 16-home scale keeping the focus on individual homes and their own indoor and outdoor spaces.

The development is located at 382 Upper Heidelberg Road, around one kilometre from Ivanhoe Village's cafés and retail and a short drive from Eaglemont Station and Ivanhoe Station.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152069 project_image_fid=374393]

Several of Ivanhoe's established schools are also nearby, including Ivanhoe Girls' Grammar and Ivanhoe Grammar School. The address also provides access to the suburb's parklands and the wider Yarra River corridor.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/project-marketer/nelson-alexander">Nelson Alexander</a> has been appointed to handle sales.

Construction is underway and progressing well, with Three 82 currently tracking toward completion in Q2 2027.

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Three 82 brings boutique four-bedroom townhome collection to Ivanhoe

Builder-developer&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/graya">Graya</a> has secured a prime Newstead site from fellow developer Fraser, subsequently lodging plans for The Silo, a major mixed-use residential project in Newstead designed around a new public laneway linking the James Street precinct with the wider Gasworks and Newstead neighbourhood.

Proposed for the corner of Chester and Morse streets, the <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/bureauproberts">Bureau^Proberts</a>-designed project places its strongest emphasis at ground level, where retail, landscaping and a new cobblestone pedestrian connection would open the site to the surrounding neighbourhood. The design team describes The Silo as “more than a residential building”, positioning the development as an extension of Newstead’s public realm rather than a standalone apartment tower.

“A new cobblestone laneway and landscaped connection between James Street and Gasworks unlock a missing pedestrian link, improving walkability and stitching together two of Brisbane’s significant urban destinations,” Bureau Proberts said in its Urban Design Report.

<img alt="First look: Graya plans The Silo as new pedestrian link between James Street and Gasworks" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="0ea1b06a-75f5-40a5-b2c5-33c97bc86052" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/silo%20bldg.png?VersionId=KmjsAtNePu57_B31EM_DJ5T6KPJHtcmo" />

The Silo is planned as a mixed-use development incorporating apartments alongside a bar and centre activities including food and drink outlets, indoor sport and recreation, office and retail uses.

Architecturally, Bureau Proberts has conceived the building as a collection of vertically expressed, stepping forms rather than a single uniform tower. The composition rises from an articulated podium before being broken by a triple-height landscaped recreation level, with the upper section becoming more compact before terminating in a landscaped rooftop garden.

The project's name and architectural language draw directly from Newstead's industrial history. Patterned off-form concrete is proposed as the principal façade material, complemented by slender metal rod balustrades and extensive planting. The cylindrical and vertically ribbed elements give the building its silo-like expression, while curved balconies and planted edges introduce a softer subtropical layer.

“The Silo reinterprets its robust forms, scale and materiality through a contemporary subtropical architectural expression, creating a building that acknowledges its industrial legacy, while responding to the way the precinct is occupied today,” Bureau^Proberts said.

The recreation level is one of the defining breaks in the tower. Plans include a lap pool, mature subtropical planting and shared resident facilities within an elevated communal garden. Landscaping continues through the podium and onto the rooftop, where a further garden forms what the architects describe as a “subtropical crown” to the building.

<img alt="First look: Graya plans The Silo as new pedestrian link between James Street and Gasworks" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="f8451036-35a4-49a9-8d88-2ef4438eba3d" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Silo%20Lane.png?VersionId=h8N31_rYmCEqoNrpt4kbYVQhJGZn60LH" />

At street level, the development has been designed to establish a more permeable block. Retail and hospitality tenancies address the public realm, while landscaped pedestrian spaces lead into the new laneway connection. Renders in the design report show the proposed “Silo Lane” as a substantial opening through the podium, framed by cylindrical concrete forms with cascading planting above.

The Silo continues Graya's move into larger apartment developments after building its reputation across high-end residential projects in Brisbane and the Gold Coast.

Graya buys Frasers Newstead site, plans The Silo between James Street and Gasworks precincts

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/wickton">Wickton</a>’s completed Linacre Rise development in Hampton is giving Bayside downsizers the opportunity to move into a spacious apartment near the beach, with the developer covering stamp duty for a limited time.

The 27-residence development has been designed for buyers who want to simplify their living arrangements without giving up the space, warmth and quality associated with a long-term family home. Most apartments have already been secured by Bayside locals, leaving a select collection of two and three-bedroom residences and penthouses available.

Two-bedroom apartments are priced from $1.275 million, three-bedroom residences from $2.25 million and penthouses from $3.375 million, with the completed homes available to inspect and move into now.

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<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/buildings/linacre-rise-hampton-8-10-linacre-road-hampton-vic-3188">Linacre Rise</a> occupies an elevated position on one of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/hampton-vic-3188">Hampton</a>’s quiet, tree-lined streets, around 250 metres from the bay and 500 metres from Hampton’s village centre. Its setting gives residents access to the beach, local cafés, shops and Hampton Train Station while retaining the feel of an established residential neighbourhood.

Architecture and interiors by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/ewert-leaf">Ewert Leaf</a> draw on the warmth and permanence of traditional brickwork, with the building integrated into terraced landscaping by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/landscape-architect/john-patrick-landscape-architects">John Patrick</a>. Ground-floor apartments are elevated above the street and include private garden courtyards, while several upper-level residences have generous balconies and outlooks toward the bay.

Inside, the residences favour natural materials and generous proportions. Herringbone-pattern European oak flooring, natural stone benchtops, premium joinery and Swiss V-ZUG appliances are among the key inclusions, while integrated storage has been incorporated across kitchens, bathrooms, studies and living areas.

The kitchens have been planned as practical spaces for both everyday use and entertaining, with substantial island benches, detailed cabinetry and adjoining dining and living zones. Full-height wardrobes, plush bedroom carpeting and carefully considered lighting reinforce the residential character Wickton sought to retain for buyers moving from larger homes.

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A Linacre Rise purchaser said the completed apartment had delivered the space, outlook and construction quality they had been seeking.

“The unit is very light, has views to die for over the bay, all construction materials and fittings are premium quality, we have secure parking for three cars, EV charging at very competitive rates, the neighbours are friendly and there is just a lovely ambiance about the place,” the purchaser said.

Environmental features include solar panels, shared electric vehicle charging stations, rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing and landscape irrigation, double-glazed windows and water-efficient fixtures and appliances.

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The development was built by Balmain &amp; Co, with Wickton managing the broader development process through its in-house team.

For downsizers, the project’s completed status removes much of the uncertainty associated with buying off the plan. Purchasers can inspect the finished apartments, understand their outlook and proportions, and move in without waiting for construction to conclude.

The remaining selection includes north-oriented balconies, corner configurations and penthouses with elevated bay views. The developer-paid stamp duty initiative is available for a limited time, with potential savings of up to $200,000 depending on the residence purchased.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=95289]

Limited-time stamp duty offer at completed Linacre Rise apartments in Hampton

Sydney’s property market is known for high prices, competitive bidding, and mounting pressure on first home buyers. But change is on the horizon.

From late 2025, eligible first home buyers in New South Wales will have access to a new federal government initiative aimed at addressing affordability: the Help to Buy Scheme.&nbsp;

<h2>What is the Help to Buy Scheme?</h2>

The program introduces a shared equity model intended to reduce the upfront cost of entering the property market, particularly in high-demand urban areas such as Sydney.

The scheme operates under a shared ownership structure in which the federal government takes an equity stake of up to 40 per cent for new homes, or 30 per cent for existing dwellings. This arrangement allows eligible buyers to significantly reduce their loan size and avoid the added cost of Lenders Mortgage Insurance (LMI).

Under this model, purchasers can enter the property market with as little as a two per cent deposit, well below the traditional 10 to 20 per cent usually required. The government’s contribution is not a loan but a co-ownership stake in the property. As such, there is no interest or rent charged on its portion.

Because the government’s equity combined with the buyer’s deposit typically meets or exceeds the 20 per cent threshold, LMI does not apply. The remaining balance, generally between 60 and 70 per cent of the property’s value, is financed through a standard home loan with a participating lender.

The government's equity in the property remains in place until the buyer chooses to repay it voluntarily or until the property is sold. Buyers can buy back the government’s share over time, in increments of at least five per cent, depending on their financial situation.

There is no fixed repayment timeline, but the amount to be repaid will be based on the property's market value at the time of repayment, not the original purchase price.

<h2>How do you qualify for the&nbsp;Help to Buy Scheme?</h2>

To qualify for the Help to Buy Scheme, applicants must meet the following conditions:

<ul>
	<li>Be an Australian citizen at least 18 years of age.</li>
	<li>Be a first-home buyer who does not currently own property.</li>
	<li>Intend to live in the property as their primary residence.</li>
	<li>Earn less than $100,000 per year for individuals, or $160,000 for couples.</li>
	<li>Purchase a property within the regional price caps, currently $950,000 in Sydney, though this is expected to rise to approximately $1.3 million ahead of the program’s launch.</li>
</ul>

While the Help to Buy Scheme does not solve affordability challenges across the board, it does offer a more accessible pathway for a defined segment of the market, particularly younger buyers with moderate incomes who have been priced out of traditional lending routes.

The scheme is expected to commence in NSW in late 2025, as part of a national rollout.

Under the new model, purchasers can enter the property market with as little as a two per cent deposit, well below the traditional 10 to 20 per cent usually required

Help to Buy Scheme: What first home buyers in NSW need to know

The First Home Owners Grant (FHOG) is a government initiative designed to help eligible first-time home buyers by offering financial assistance towards the purchase or construction of a new home.

While the FHOG is a nationwide program, it is administered separately by each state and territory, meaning the eligibility criteria, grant amounts, and property requirements can vary depending on your location. This means that the amount available and the conditions attached to the grant will differ, so it is important to check the specific guidelines for your state or territory.

It’s important to note that the FHOG is just one of several incentives available to first home buyers. In most states and territories, the grant is not linked to stamp duty exemptions or concessions, with the exception of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The FHOG is typically a one-off payment, reducing the overall cost of purchasing or building a new home before any stamp duty concessions are applied.

Below, we provide a breakdown of the First Home Owner Grants available across Australia, outlining the specific details for each state and territory.

<h2>New South Wales First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes valued up to $600,000. For land purchases and owner-builders, the threshold extends to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Benefits: Provides full stamp duty exemption for homes valued up to $800,000, with concessions available for properties up to $1 million.

<h2>Victoria South Wales First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Provides a $10,000 grant for first-home buyers purchasing or building new homes valued up to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Benefits: Offers full stamp duty exemption for properties up to $600,000, with concessions available up to $750,000.

<h2>Queensland First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers $30,000 for contracts signed between 20 November 2023 and 30 June 2025. The FHOG applies to new homes valued up to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Concessions: Provides additional concessions for properties valued up to $800,000.

<h2>Western Australia First Home Owner Grant</h2>

&nbsp;

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes valued up to $750,000 in the southern regions and up to $1 million in the northern regions.

Stamp Duty Concessions: Available for homes valued up to $600,000 for transactions entered into on or after 9 May 2024.

<h2>Australian Capital Territory First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Replaced by the Home Buyer Concession Scheme, offering full stamp duty concessions for eligible buyers.

<h2>South Australia First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Provides up to $15,000 for new homes, including houses, apartments, and townhouses. As of 6 June 2024, there is no property value cap for eligibility.

Stamp Duty Relief: Available for new homes and vacant land purchases.

<h2>Tasmania First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes and off the plan purchases.

Stamp Duty Exemption: Between 18 February 2024 and 30 June 2026, first home buyers of established homes valued up to $750,000 receive a full exemption on property transfer duty.

<h2>Northern Territory First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: The Northern Territory provides a $10,000 grant for new homes only. Additional government grants and concessions are available for first home buyers.

Stamp Duty Exemption: The only stamp duty exemption available to property buyers is the House and Land Package Exemption (HLPE).

Eligibility criteria and application processes differ across states. Prospective buyers should refer to their respective state revenue offices for full details on grant availability, conditions, and additional concessions.

Every First Home Owner Grant for new property by state

In the ever-evolving landscape of sustainable architecture and environmentally conscious design, systems and ratings in place can help determine the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Australia.

Australia has multiple building rating systems that evaluate energy efficiency and sustainability in existing and new building designs.

Some systems assess individual building components, while others provide an overall rating for the entire structure.

A rating system ensures that homes are comfortable and energy-efficient, whether you are buying, renovating, or building.

NatHERS (Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme) is a common way for new homes to meet energy efficiency requirements.

As new developments continue to shape the urban environment, understanding NatHERS ratings becomes essential for developers and homeowners. This article delves into the concept of NatHERS ratings, their significance, and how they contribute to creating energy-efficient homes.

<h2>What is NatHERS?</h2>

NatHERS is a national initiative implemented by the Australian government to promote energy efficiency in residential buildings. The scheme aims to provide a standardised method for assessing the thermal performance of homes, considering factors such as insulation, orientation, ventilation, and building materials.&nbsp;

NatHERS ratings are the most common way new homes meet the National Construction Code's (NCC's) minimum energy efficiency requirements.&nbsp;

NatHERS assessments provide thermal and whole-home ratings for new homes, townhouses, and apartments.

The rating helps evaluate the energy performance of buildings, guides homeowners and developers to make informed decisions about the energy efficiency of their properties, and encourages the construction of more sustainable, comfortable, and cost-effective homes.

<h2>How NatHERS Ratings Work</h2>

NatHERS ratings are determined through four accredited software tools (AccuRate, BERS Pro, FirstRate5, HERO) using a calculation engine CSIRO developed to predict building temperature based on various factors.

The tools can model complex effects of building mass, insulation, window size, and other elements.

The outcome is a star rating that reflects the building's overall thermal efficiency, indicating how well it can maintain a comfortable indoor temperature without excessive reliance on heating or cooling systems.

The star rating scale ranges from 0 to 10, with a 6-star rating being the minimum requirement for compliance with the National Construction Code (NCC).&nbsp;

Achieving a higher star rating demonstrates a commitment to energy efficiency and sustainability, as the building is better equipped to minimise its environmental impact and reduce long-term energy costs.

Anyone can use NatHERS tools, but accredited assessors can provide certified ratings and professional advice.

<h2>Benefits of Higher NatHERS Ratings</h2>

Energy Efficiency: Buildings with higher NatHERS ratings are more energy-efficient, requiring less heating and cooling energy. This reduces the structure's carbon footprint and lowers occupants' energy bills.

Cost Savings: Homes with higher NatHERS ratings are generally more energy-efficient, resulting in reduced energy consumption for heating and cooling. This translates to lower energy bills for homeowners, making sustainable living environmentally friendly and economically viable in the long run.

Environmental Impact: Lower energy consumption directly translates to a reduced environmental impact. Buildings with higher NatHERS ratings contribute to the overall goal of mitigating climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with heating and cooling systems.

Improved Comfort: Buildings with high NatHERS ratings offer better thermal comfort to occupants. Proper insulation, well-designed ventilation, and optimal orientation maintain a consistent and comfortable indoor temperature, providing occupants with a more enjoyable and healthier space.

Market Value and Desirability: Higher NatHERS ratings can enhance the market value of a property. As energy efficiency becomes a more significant consideration for homebuyers, a well-rated building may attract a premium price and stand out in the real estate market.

Compliance with Building Codes: NatHERS ratings are a vital component of the National Construction Code (NCC), and compliance with these ratings is often a mandatory requirement for new developments. Local councils and planning authorities may set minimum energy efficiency standards that must be met to obtain development approval.

The Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) is a crucial initiative shaping the future of energy-efficient, resilient, and cost-effective homes. With its recent upgrades, NatHERS has evolved into a world-leading tool for the building sector, supporting the global commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

Staff Writer

What is a NatHERS rating in new off the plan apartment developments?

Mixed-use developments have gained significant popularity across Australia in recent years due to their unique blend of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.

Unlike traditional single-purpose developments, mixed-use projects offer a harmonious integration of various functions within a single locale.

Residential units seamlessly coexist with commercial establishments, retail outlets, dining venues, entertainment hubs, and recreational facilities, with the combination not only enhances convenience but also fosters a vibrant lifestyle and a sense of community.

<h3>Convenience and accessibility</h3>

Mixed-use developments are designed with convenience in mind. They often integrate residential units with commercial spaces, retail outlets, restaurants, and recreational facilities, creating a self-contained community.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=114215 project_image_fid=204874]

The proximity allows residents to enjoy the convenience of having essential amenities and services within walking distance. Whether it's grabbing a cup of coffee, going grocery shopping, or accessing healthcare services, everything is conveniently located, saving residents time and effort.

<h3>Vibrant lifestyle and community</h3>

One of the major advantages of mixed-use developments is the vibrant lifestyle they offer. With a diverse range of amenities and communal spaces, residents have ample opportunities to interact, socialise, and build a sense of community.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=107714 project_image_fid=214122]

The presence of parks, community centres, and shared spaces fosters a lively atmosphere, encouraging residents to engage in various activities and events. The vibrant lifestyle within these developments creates a unique sense of belonging and camaraderie among the residents.

<h3>Potential for higher rental yields and property value appreciation</h3>

Mixed-use developments tend to attract a broad range of tenants and buyers due to their versatile nature. This high demand can result in higher rental yields for investors and potentially lead to property value appreciation over time.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=139989 project_image_fid=212887]

The integration of commercial and retail spaces attracts businesses, which can provide a stable rental income stream. Additionally, the popularity of mixed-use developments often drives up property values, making them a potentially lucrative investment in the long term.

<h3>Enhanced security and maintenance</h3>

Mixed-use developments typically have comprehensive security measures in place. With controlled access points, CCTV surveillance, and professional security staff, residents can enjoy enhanced safety and peace of mind.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=108019 project_image_fid=212658]

Additionally, these developments often have dedicated maintenance teams responsible for the upkeep of common areas, landscaping, and infrastructure. This ensures that the overall appearance and functionality of the development are well-maintained, creating a pleasant living environment for residents.

<h3>Live-work-play balance</h3>

One of the key attractions of mixed-use developments is the ability to achieve a desirable live-work-play balance. The integration of residential and commercial spaces allows residents to live closer to their workplaces, reducing commuting time and improving work-life balance.

The proximity to various amenities and recreational facilities encourages an active and healthy lifestyle. Residents can easily access fitness centres, parks, restaurants, and entertainment options, all within the same development, leading to a more fulfilling and convenient way of life.

alisonwarters@gmail.com

The top five reasons to buy in a mixed-use development

When buying a property, everyone needs to be aware of the additional costs that come as part of the buying process.

Often the largest outlay, after the deposit which goes to the bank, is stamp duty.

<h2 style="line-height: 1.38;">What is Stamp Duty?</h2>

Stamp duty is an extra tax to pay the government when you buy land, a property, and other certain assets.

It happens when the legal ownership is transferred. It can also be known as property transfer duty or transfer duty.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="415" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C32BWkB5--c" title="YouTube video player" width="660"></iframe>

<h2>Who pays Stamp Duty?</h2>

In some circumstances, you may get an exemption. For some states, you won’t have to pay for stamp duty if you are a first home buyer or a pensioner for houses under a particular price. There are also stamp duty concessions, where you may be entitled to a discount.

<h2>How much does Stamp Duty cost?</h2>

Each state has different rules which affect how much you need to pay. These rules can affect the rate you pay, and the timeframe you will need to pay in. Before you buy land or a property, make sure you check the up-to-date information for your state’s stamp duty.

You can use a free stamp duty calculator online to see approximately how much you’ll need to pay. Find out if you’re eligible for an exemption by enquiring on a project via Urban!

Overall, the stamp duty you need to pay will depend on:

<ul>
	<li aria-level="1">How much your land/property is worth</li>
	<li aria-level="1">Where your land/property is located</li>
	<li aria-level="1">What type of land/property it is</li>
</ul>

Want to find out more? <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@UrbanAustralia?utm_source=YouTube&amp;utm_medium=Video&amp;utm_campaign=Subscribe&amp;utm_id=Subscribe">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</a> for more property videos.

Ellen Walker

Off-the-plan property explained: What is stamp duty?

For most Australians, buying an apartment is one of the biggest financial decisions they'll ever make

The location, floorplan and price are often the first considerations, but in recent years another question has become increasingly important: who is actually delivering the project?

A series of high-profile builder collapses, construction delays and defect concerns have fundamentally changed how many Victorians approach buying off the plan. The collapse of Porter Davis in 2023, which reportedly left around 1,700 homes unfinished, became one of the most visible examples of the risks that can emerge when a construction company fails. <a href="https://www.equifax.com.au/sites/default/files/lpassets/pdf/Final-Business-Market-Pulse-June-Sector-Deep-Dive-Report-2.pdf">Similar challenges across the broader construction sector</a> have left buyers asking more questions before signing a contract.

As Victoria continues encouraging higher-density housing to address supply shortages, transparency is becoming just as important as location or price.

One tool increasingly entering the conversation is the <a href="https://icirt.com/">Independent Construction Industry Rating Tool (iCIRT)</a>, an independent assessment framework designed to help buyers better understand the developer or builder behind a project. Originally developed by Equifax in consultation with government and industry as part of NSW's Construct NSW reforms, the system has since expanded nationally.

<h2 data-end="1519" data-section-id="7nmx3" data-start="1492">What is an iCIRT rating?</h2>

Most Australians are familiar with independent ratings in everyday life.

We compare ANCAP safety ratings before buying a car. We look at Health Star Ratings in supermarkets. Banks rely on credit assessments when lending money.

Until recently, however, there has been very little independent information available to help apartment buyers assess the business responsible for delivering a residential project.

That gap is what iCIRT was designed to address.

Builders, developers and other construction professionals with an iCIRT rating have demonstrated high-trust characteristics through an independent, evidence-based assessment across six criteria: Character, Capability, Conduct, Capacity, Capital and Counterparties. This involves a rigorous review of financial health, past project track record, and ethical conduct. Crucially, an iCIRT rating could help provide property buyers with confidence that they are working with a professional who has demonstrated the capability, capacity, and willingness to return and rectify issues.

Importantly, iCIRT is not a recommendation to purchase a particular property, nor is it a traditional credit rating. It is an independent assessment framework designed to provide objective information about a construction business using a <a href="https://icirt.com/sites/default/files/2025-08/iCIRT-Methodology-Issue1-May-2021.pdf">published methodology</a>.

The system has been widely adopted in New South Wales, where more than one-third of medium and large residential builders and developers now hold an iCIRT rating, representing over two-thirds of the state's residential building market by value as of 2025/26.

<h2 data-end="3126" data-section-id="h6ohtj" data-start="3084">Why buyers are doing more due diligence</h2>

For many buyers, particularly those purchasing off the plan, the biggest risk isn't whether they'll like the kitchen finishes.

It's whether the project will be delivered on time, to the expected quality, and by a company capable of completing the development.

<a href="https://icirt.com/sites/default/files/2026-07/iCIRT%202025%20Consumer%20Survey%20Report%20v05.pdf">Consumer research commissioned by iCIRT</a> found more than half of respondents believed current protections do not adequately safeguard buyers from builder insolvencies or defective projects. Other research found 88 per cent of prospective buyers would seek independent ratings or due diligence before purchasing, while 90 per cent said trust in construction professionals is essential.

That doesn't mean buyers should rely on a single rating alone.

Independent legal advice, understanding the contract, and seeking financial advice all remain important parts of the due diligence process.

However, an independent assessment can provide another source of information alongside those traditional checks.

<h2 data-end="4138" data-section-id="pquzxc" data-start="4094">Trust is becoming a competitive advantage</h2>

The conversation isn't only changing for buyers.

Developers are also recognising that trust has become an increasingly important part of the sales process.

Five years ago, purchasers typically asked about floorplans, finishes and settlement dates.

Today, sales teams are increasingly being asked about the developer's experience, financial stability, previous projects and construction partners.

For companies with strong governance and established delivery records, an independent iCIRT rating provides another way to demonstrate those credentials before buyers even visit a display suite.

According to Equifax, the assessment can also help businesses drive sales and <a href="https://icirt.com/resources-for-business/icirt-rating-helps-scion-secure-high-value-projects">secure high-value projects</a>, as well as identify operational improvements and <a href="https://icirt.com/resources-for-business/mirvac-reinforces-brand-trust-and-quality-independent-icirt-rating">attract top talent</a>.

<h2 data-end="4962" data-section-id="1j54ng5" data-start="4912">Beyond buyers: lenders are paying attention too</h2>

The influence of independent construction ratings is also extending beyond consumers.

According to Stamford Capital's Real Estate Debt Capital Markets Survey, an increasing number of lenders now incorporate iCIRT ratings into their due diligence processes when assessing residential development finance applications.

The survey found lender adoption has continued to rise, with many respondents saying independent assessments provide additional insight into governance, counterparties and delivery capability beyond traditional financial analysis. Some lenders also reported declining funding applications where businesses had poor or no ratings.

As construction costs remain elevated and access to development finance becomes more selective, demonstrating credibility is becoming increasingly valuable.

<h2 data-end="5801" data-section-id="1qazuxs" data-start="5772">What it means for Victoria</h2>

Victoria's apartment market is entering a new phase.

The state is seeking to accelerate higher-density housing while simultaneously introducing reforms aimed at improving confidence in residential construction.

For buyers, that means there are more tools available than ever before to research the businesses behind a project.

For developers, it signals that transparency is becoming another point of differentiation in an increasingly competitive market.

Buyers are asking more questions than ever before and increasingly expecting independent information, not just marketing material, before making one of the biggest financial commitments of their lives.

Find out how to get iCIRT rated <a href="https://www.icirt.com/sites/default/files/2025-08/iCIRT-Infographic-Assessment-Process-Final.pdf">here</a>.

<hr data-end="6469" data-start="6466" />
The information contained in this article is general in nature and does not constitute personal, financial, legal or tax advice. It does not take into account your personal objectives, financial situation or needs. Therefore, you should consider whether the information is appropriate to your circumstances before acting on it and, where appropriate, seek independent professional advice.

This article contains links to third-party websites. These links are provided for convenience only. Equifax Australia does not control and is not responsible for the content, accuracy or privacy practices of external sites.

Copyright © 2026 Equifax Australia Information Services and Solutions Pty Ltd. All rights reserved.

Buying off-the-plan in Melbourne? How independent iCIRT ratings are set to change Victorian property

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On land owned by the Cronulla Sutherland Leagues Club, Bluestone is developing Woolooware Bay, their first foray into waterfront apartments.
The past Saturday, they launched the apartments to the public and sold $80 million worth of property, pushing them 12 months ahead of what they had stated to be their original sales program.
More than 100 apartments in <a href="https://wooloowarebay.com.au/" target="_blank">Woolooware Bay</a> development's buildings ‘Landings’ and ‘Cove’ sold, to home buyers, downsizers and investors. However, it left some one, two and three bedroom apartments available.
Buyers in the development included former rugby league footballer, Darryl Brohman, who bought a two-bedroom apartment, and Sharks players, including newly recruited Blake Ayshford.
They noted that they believed in supporting the Sharks and the Shire by purchasing into the developments that are well planned and close to the beach.
Architects Turner have optimised the sun exposure, ventilation and views of the residences.
The properties are priced from $485,000 for a one-bedroom apartment, from $700,000 for a two bedroom and from $1.01 million for a three bedroom.
Prior to this, $100 million of property sold at the VIP launch of 226 apartments in the Esplanade, Pavilion and Sea buildings that Property Observer covered in February.
The Landings building is on eight levels and includes 12 one bedroom apartments at 57 square metres plus, 45 two bedroom apartments from 79 square metres and 12 three-bedroom apartments from 114 square metres.
Meanwhile, Cove, on eight levels, includes 40 one bedroom apartments from 59 square metres, 60 two bedroom apartments from 77 square metres and nine three bedroom properties from 108 square metres. This building is slightly more expensive, seeing prices range from $500,000 for a one bedroom, $705,000 for a two bedroom and $1.41 million for a three bedroom.
The entire foreshore is also set to be rejuvenated as a result, with a residential community of a total 600 apartments, the Remondis Stadium and a revitalised Sharks Club. It will also include Bay Central, a retail precinct with a supermarket, restaurants, cafes, health, medical and other facilities.
Locals are a higher percentage of those buying into the development, noted Colliers International residential managing director Peter Chittenden. However, he said that a broader Sydney has been expressing interest.
“Cronulla is the last of the Sydney beaches that in many ways is yet to be discovered,” said Chittenden.
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One Saturday in Sydney’s south, one development, $80 million of sales

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While there are plenty of stylists available who will dress your home for a sales campaign, not all of us have the cash to drop on an expert. However, putting on a good show come open for inspection day can make all the difference to buyer demand, and your home’s selling price.
Here are Property Observer’s key tips for styling your own home.
It’s not you, it's me
If you think your home is being marketed towards owner-occupiers, remember: it’s not about you. An attractive home will be one that prospective buyers can imagine more successful, more attractive and less stressed versions of themselves living in. Of course, whether buyers acknowledge this or not is entirely beside the point.
So try to remove obvious reminders of yourself and your family from display. That means taking down trophies or pictures of the kids. When a buyer walks through the house at an inspection, it should feel like its already theirs, not yours.
That doesn’t mean you need to clear the bookshelves and strip the sheets. Your home should still look like one that’s liveable and hospitable. But it does also mean removing yourself from view - people don't like to feel like they're obtruding in someone else's home, and they certainly don't like to feel like they're being watched as they inspect a property.
Play into the aspirational spirit of your buyer. If you’ve got a killer cookbook collection, display it proudly. But try to tuck away any eccentric collectables you might have. As <a href="/expert-insights/investing/five-of-the-most-bizarre-property-listings-from-looney-listing">we’ve seen before</a>, taxidermy and life sized science fiction figurines might just turn off the discerning buyer.
Keep it clean
Nobody wants to live in a dirty home. There’s not much else to it, really. Unless you’re courting the true renovation enthusiast who wants to get in cheap and fix up your home (in which case, disregard this piece and prepare yourself to settle for a low price), there's no winning back buyers once a property elicits their disgust.
Vacuum the carpet, remove any stains on furniture (or cover them), empty the washing hamper and bins and don’t have any food out. Don’t forget that all the senses are in play at an open for inspection – rotten smells can turn off a buyer more than six foot high ceilings. So launder the curtains, mop the floors and open up the house to get some fresh air flowing.
A clean home won’t just make a buyer feel more comfortable, but will also de-clutter and open up your home. As we know, when it comes to houses, bigger is better. This is particularly pertinent on open for inspection day, where you’ll have much more foot traffic coming through than usual. What seems like a big enough space for two people can start to feel confined with only a few extra players, so make sure you don’t have more room taken up by superfluous objects or mess.
It’s what’s on the outside that counts (as much as the inside)
Don’t forget the garden – again, engage the buyer’s imagination. If there are plane tree leaves from last autumn carpeting your garden path, they’re going to be reminded of how much work it is to live on a tree lined street. First impressions are everything – when they pull up outside the house, prospective buyers should see a clean, tidy home, not a hovel overwhelmed by the elements. Sweep the front yard, clean out the gutters and give the garden a good weeding the day before. 
Also make sure to give yourself plenty of time to make any obvious repairs. Any cracked windows have to be fixed, falling down gutters must be replaced and oil that squeaky gate - if you're lucky, it'll be getting a workout at your open for inspection.
<a href="/news/get-your-property-open-home-ready-in-just-one-morning-a-last-minute-guide">Click here</a> for tips on how to get your property "open home ready" in one morning.
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Styling your home for an open for inspection

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There’s less than a week until the four apartments of The Block: Fans v Faves go up for auction, and fan team Kyal and Kara are in great shape to take out the big prize. With experience and some serious dollars on their side, the so-called Super Ks have carried out a veritable blitzkrieg on their Block competitors.
This week, the couple added their rooftop terrace to their room win list, which stretches longer than that of any other team this season. Their huge terrace not only boasted the best fittings, including a mirrored splashback and granite benchtops in their outdoor kitchen, but also city views. 
According to carpenter Kyal, the terrace is the highlight of their apartment.
“We’re probably the most proud of our rooftop terrace,” said Kyal. “That’s part of the reason we picked that apartment, just because it had that aspect and that view. We worked really hard on it and have done something really amazing, and hopefully that’s reflected on the auction day.”
With a slightly smaller downstairs living area than the other teams, the Ks have thrown all they have into the upstairs terrace space, and it shows. <a href="/expert-insights/the-block-on-show-at-this-weekends-open-for-inspection">On open for inspection day</a>, it was the only terrace that didn’t feel crowded despite the masses of spectators, with ample cooking, dining and living space.
Kyal says that if the couple had their time again, they wouldn’t change any of their decisions.
“We often ask ourselves what we would do if we had the opportunity to pick another apartment,” he said. “But we keep coming back to that aspect and that view. The downstairs terrace has really amazing arched windows at the front – we’re so glad we picked that apartment.”
Thanks to a killer run throughout the competition, the Ks have managed to collect a tidy sum of prize money which was poured back into their property.
“We’re so proud of what we’ve achieved, and received a lot of good feedback, especially with the finishes. We’ve obviously pumped an extra $50,000 into our apartment, so we’ve been able to get high quality furnishings, high quality appliances,” said Kyal.
But it wasn’t just the extra money that put Kyal and Kara ahead of the pack. As a carpenter, Kyal brought his construction experience to the competition which, along with Kara’s formidable design chops, gave the team an edge.
“Being a carpenter helped us out a lot, especially with time. The other teams would have to stop when their builders went home, but we could keep going round the clock if we needed to,” said Kyal.
Nevertheless, it wasn’t all easy for the team, who struggled along with all the other contestants with The Block’s punishing schedule.
“The toughest week was the week we did the loungeroom/dining room hallway and virtually completed the entire downstairs, and then did the upstairs. That was back to back. So finishing off the interiors was the toughest thing. Especially with the stairwell - we had all the timber work going up the stairwell, going 10 metres high.”
As for life after Tuesday’s auction, the couple are planning to launch a boutique renovations company called Diverse Design and Construct. Kyal says that the couple are considering a move from their home by Tuggerah Lakes on New South Wale’s central coast.
“We haven’t thought about it too seriously, but our long term goal is to get ourselves as close to the coast as possible. So we’re thinking about selling, maybe in the next 12 months.
“Obviously we’ve put so much work into renovating our own home though, so it might be tough to see that go.”
Kyal and Kara’s apartment at <a href="https://www.realestate.com.au/property-apartment-vic-albert+park-116390163" target="_blank">2/47 O’Grady Street, Albert Park </a>will be selling at auction on Tuesday April 8.
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Kyal Demmrich on the trials and triumphs of The Block

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First National Real Estate has called on governments to cut restrictions on housing supply.
According to the real estate agency, poor planning and policy co-ordination has contributed to affordability issue leading to Australia’s lowest level of home ownership in 40 years. First National cites a 2.3% average national price rage in March and a cumulative price increase of 16% since June 2012 at the commencement of the current growth cycle.
First National chief executive Ray Ellis attributes price increases to infrastructure costs.
“Although these gains have mostly been in Sydney and Melbourne, the price of land for new homes nationally has climbed hugely, largely as a result of exorbitant headworks costs. Developers can only contain costs and maintain affordability by subdividing land into ever-decreasing block sizes,” said Ellis.   “Local council headworks charges used to cover things like water and sewerage but they now include a host of other charges, including infrastructure costs for roads and, in some cases, recreational and community facilities, electricity charges, footpath networks and more. As a result, the land cost of a new home has surged by 150% square meter in the past decade.”
While First National has acknowledged changing population demographics, living costs, interest rates and stamp duty and taxes as factors in affordability, the company believes that under supply is the major driver for increased prices. According to First National, the market is absorbing all new supply, a sentiment aired earlier this week by RP Data’s Cameron Kusher.
Ellis says that supply side issues may contribute to further affordability issues.
“Although the number of new residential listings coming to market is higher now than it was at this time last year, the total amount of real estate for sale in Australia is actually close to 4%lower. While this means homes are selling very quickly, if supply is not addressed, the gap between supply and demand will significantly widen by 2015, potentially reducing affordability,” he said.
Further policy factors that are hindering the efficiency of the market include state based stamp duties, First National has claimed, which discourage housing turnover and inhibit labour mobility. According to the agency, stamp duties were “supposed to have been removed” when the GST was first introduced.
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Poor planning threatening home ownership: First National

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New development Vivre, a one- and two bedroom apartment complex in Essendon, has seen significant investor attention and expects owner occupiers to follow suit.
<a href="https://www.vivreessendon.com/" target="_blank">Essendon’s Vivre</a>, at 64-66 Keilor Road, from Monson Property Group, has the unusual twist of seeing 90% of the 67 apartments with something called ‘flexible’ floor plans.
Essentially, this means that buyers can re-position a moveable wall to change the size or shape of their living areas – to make a second bedroom, a study or a larger living area, for example.
Architect ClarkeHopkinsClarke has become the mastermind by the flexi-apartment concept that has seen 40% of apartments securing registrations of interest, with 25 apartments reserved, after an expressions of interest campaign was launched on Thursday.
One-bedroom properties range from $375,000 upwards, for 50 square metres. Flexi-one bedroom apartments from 50 to 55 square metres command prices from $399,000 upwards. Meanwhile, two-bedroom apartments from 57 to 72 square metres start from $480,000. Two-bedroom apartments with a study are sized from 74 square metres, at $550,000 plus. The most expensive apartment is a two-bedroom apartment with a study for $575,000.
Each includes access to a lift, and a basement car park.
Currently, <a href="/news">Essendon</a> is commanding a median unit price of $435,000, with median weekly advertised rent at $310 per week, according to RP Data.
Riveren’s Sophon En, the marketing agent for the development, said that this is a leg-up for first home buyers as the flexible floorplans allow investors to buy a one-bedroom and turn it into a two-bedroom for a greater return.
“Essendon as a suburb has strong growth potential, with recent figures showing an average median price growth of 24% for houses and apartments over the last five years.  It is a desirable place to live and ticks the boxes for infrastructure and great access to local facilities, restaurants and other amenities,” said En.
En expects that Essendon will take off with the government’s focus on the area as a growth zone.
Meanwhile, Monson Property Group’s director, Simon Mehegan, said that the name Vivre, French for ‘live’, was in reference to the flexible floor plan concept of the apartments; being somewhere to live, have living space and the capability of adapting the property to suit your lifestyle.
“It’s become common for people to buy two apartments and merge them into one for more space but this is expensive. We’re turning this concept on its head and making added space affordable,” he said.
Apartments include stone bench tops, chrome fittings, timber floorboards, stainless steel appliances and mirrored splashbacks, with similar chrome features in the tiled bathrooms.
The display suite is set to open in early May 2014, with construction to start in September 2014. March 2016 is the current date set for completion.
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Investor interest surges for new Essendon apartment development, Vivre

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GUEST OBSERVATION
If you’ve been following the news this week, you would have seen all the commotion about the latest housing price data to hit the market. Speculation of a housing bubble reached new heights with RP Data’s March figures revealing the <a href="/expert-insights/investing/melbourne-tops-the-list-of-best-performing-capital-cities-in-march-quarter-rp-data-rismark">biggest monthly gain in 18 years</a>.
Melbourne led the surge, recording the strongest growth out of all the capital cities (5.4% for the first quarter of this year). As a buyer, it can be easy to get swept up in the media headlines. Naturally, concerns about housing affordability and whether buying now is a good idea come to the forefront. But before we hit the panic button, let’s take a closer look at what this really means for buyers.
Let’s put things in perspective
Just like any situation, it’s all about putting things into perspective.
Yes, March saw some significant gains – but let’s not forget the gains are off the back of a lull in 2011 and 2012 when we saw the first major correction to the market since the ’90s. 2013 was a year of consolidation, so the latest data actually represents a recovery or upswing from lower than normal levels of activity.
We need to tune out the white noise and fears of a property bubble and keep in mind that the long-term fundamentals of the market are still strong. Our population is booming (expected to reach 40 million by 2060), interest rates are at a record low and with the mining boom over, the construction industry is tipped to be the next economic driver – spurred by an undersupply of new housing nationwide.
Adjust your expectations
If you’re a first home buyer, this piece of advice will be most relevant for you as affordability is likely to be your biggest barrier. Remember that property is a cyclical asset and should be always viewed as a long term investment.
The first home you buy is not going to be the house you live in for the rest of your life. Buy in an area where you can afford to get your foot in the door. Once you’ve done this, you can put plans in place to reap a return on your investment and use it as a stepping stone for your next purchase. 
Buying where you can afford will allow you to pay down your debt and when you’re ready, sell that first home and use the tax free profit to buy your next home. If necessary, repeat this process until you are in a position to purchase the home that you want to live in for the next 20 years. 
The other option to consider is buying an investment property that’s likely to reap strong capital growth and renting in an area you want to live in, and using the rental income from your investment property to help pay down the mortgage.
The housing market is made up of several sub-markets
This is probably one of the most important things to remember about the housing market. To an extent, we need to take the March data for what it really is; a short-term growth spurt. Don’t get caught up in the media hype.
While the data is good for providing a pulse on the market as a whole, it doesn’t provide a more holistic perspective on the various sub-markets that exist within the entire real estate market.
Each suburb is unique and has its own laws of supply and demand at play. For example, there’s still a lot of opportunity to purchase affordable housing in suburbs within 8 kilometres from the capital cities, or areas that have not yet seen huge price spikes.
In Melbourne, there are suburbs such as <a href="/news">Footscray</a> where the median unit price is $385,000 (nearly $100,000 less than the statewide median of $481,000) and <a href="/news">Essendon</a> where a number of new housing developments are driving the area’s growth potential and offering first home buyers affordable homes. 
As a buyer, you need to ensure you do your research on the area you’re looking to buy in before taking the plunge – there’s a wealth of resources online such as RP Data and propertyDATA.com.au.
Speak to the experts
Finally, if you really are serious about getting into the property market and want to do it right from the get-go, then getting advice from the people who do it on a daily basis is a great start.
Property advisory firms are a great source of advice for the housing market - similar to a financial planner for the share market. Property advisors can talk through the nuances of the sub-markets and help you understand the micro and macro trends influencing house prices and their direction. They can also take the emotion out of buying and save the time you would have had to otherwise invest into researching your purchase.
Most of all, they can save you money by presenting the best valued properties - whether you’re an investor looking to enhance returns on your property portfolio or a first home buyer trying to get a foot on the property ladder.
Sophorn En is managing director of <a href="https://www.riveren.com.au/" target="_blank">Riveren Property</a>, a specialist investment group offering a broad range of property investment and advisory services to assist clients build their long-term wealth through astute property investment.
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House prices surge, but buyers don’t panic: There’s a light at the end of the tunnel

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2014 is still motoring along very strongly. The lull we reported of the last few weeks seems to have been nothing more than another stair landing in the continuously rising price-staircase which began in October 2012.
This weekend was another Super Saturday, with over 150 auctions in Melbourne’s inner east and Bayside. It was a very solid test, in that bidders were spread out over a large number of auctions – i.e. there was significant choice. The bidder depth held up, in fact it increased marginally with over two bidders per auction on average – this is strong.
If you look at the roughly 200 $1 million plus auctions that took place across all of Melbourne, an average of two bidders means that not only were there 200 buyers, there were also 200 bidders who missed out. Most of those “wounded” bidders are not discretionary buyers – they have to buy and next time they will be more aggressive on price, even if only a tad.
<blockquote>
For a number of our Chinese clients, one of the reasons we are engaged is that they are concerned what other Chinese buyers may do and they don’t want to miss out.
</blockquote>
However, after next week it gets very tight for new stock going into the school holidays and Easter. So the pool of choice will diminish. That means many of those 200 “wounded underbidders” may well be competing against you over Easter but on lower stock levels. That means we’re likely to see 200 underbidders competing not on 200 homes, but on, say, 100 good homes which would double the bidders. If that number is spread out over 50 good homes, that will be four times the bidder strength we saw this weekend.
So what to do as a buyer? Maybe it’s time to wait until the steam goes out of the market?
For those buyers still waiting on the edge for a downturn – good luck. I’m not sure that is a proven good strategy.
But surely it can’t last forever!
Why has our market been so good for so long and will it last?
The Chinese community – simple demand and supply
The reason our market has been so good for so long is very simple – the overseas Chinese community.
Here are the top 10 reported sales on Saturday.
The Top 10 reported on Saturday
<ul>
<li>14 Selwyn Av, ELWOOD – Above $3,600,000</li>
<li>
21 Monash Av, BALWYN – $3,520,000</li>
<li>17 Rolls Ct, GLEN WAVERLEY – $3,416,000</li>
<li>
65 Metung St, BALWYN Above $3,200,000</li>
<li>30 Wills St, KEW Above $3,000,000</li>
<li>4 Mt Ida Av, HAWTHORN EAST  $3,235,500</li>
<li>69 Alfred Cr, FITZROY NORTH  $3,140,000</li>
<li>
2 Barnsbury Rd, BALWYN Above $3,000,000</li>
<li>9 Fairfield Av, CAMBERWELL  $2,888,000</li>
<li>
65 Yarrbat Av, BALWYN $2,850,000</li>
</ul>
40% of those sales were in <a href="/news">Balwyn</a> for new homes or land blocks to build new homes. Where is <a href="/news">Brighton</a>, where is <a href="/news">Toorak</a>? <a href="/news">North Balwyn</a> and Balwyn reported 13 bought from a reported 15 auctions. Brighton had 9 bought from 16 and Toorak and <a href="/news">South Yarra</a> just 7 from 12.
So how long will it last?
This is my potted history of Chinese involvement in Melbourne’s property market.
1973: I went to Camberwell Grammar in the early 1970s (I’m not sure they want me to advertise that fact – it could be bad for new enrolments). Camberwell Grammar is in Balwyn and a number of my classmates at that time were Chinese.
1983: Chinese start buying into Doncaster and Box Hill, which were then more affordable suburbs. I grew up in Doncaster.
1993: After economic reforms start having an impact in China, wealthy overseas Chinese start buying into premium Melbourne suburbs such as Balwyn and <a href="/news">Canterbury</a>. Why? Private schools. Chinese people want to give their children the best education (see 1973) and now a few could also afford to buy a home near the schools of their choice such as Carey, MLC, Scotch and Camberwell Grammar. But it was still difficult under Australian buying laws for overseas people.
2000: With restrictions on what Chinese people could buy and Chinese wealth increasing, off the plan properties became popular for many Chinese buyers. There were very few restrictions on Chinese people buying new properties and Chinese people were used to buying new apartments. High rises went up left, right and centre in Melbourne, many on the back of Chinese money.
2005: Chinese wealth had increased dramatically over the last two decades and as Chinese buyers became wealthier they also became more sophisticated in their knowledge about Melbourne properties and Toorak became a place where land banking became popular. It still is today.
2009: Australian government changes the laws making buying “second-hand” family homes in Australia a lot easier for Chinese people. This one decision really brought the inner Melbourne property market out of the GFC a lot quicker than other countries.
2013: By this time, every one of the bigger buying or selling real estate agencies, ourselves included, has at least one Mandarin-speaking staff member.
2014 : At this weekend’s Super Saturday, 40% of our Top 10 $3m+ sales were in Balwyn, rather than Toorak or Brighton.
So in my 55 year history I have seen this equation of simple demand (increasing Chinese buyers) versus supply (no new land in inner Melbourne) push prices up and up and up. I cannot see anything changing anytime soon. So waiting for the market to turn in 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 hasn’t in my mind proven to be a winning strategy. If you see the right home for you (emotionally, physically and financially) then you should buy it now.
You may be interested to know that for a number of our Chinese clients, one of the reasons we are engaged is that they are concerned what other Chinese buyers may do and they don’t want to miss out.
Auctions in Bayside see around half  the number of people attending as in Boroondara. A good auction in Brighton has 40 people while in Kew it would be 80. The Chinese community is nowhere near as well established in Bayside as it is in Boroondara.
Why not? There are some great private schools in Bayside! St Leonards, Haileybury, Caulfield Grammar.
Its a historical thing. But you can see more and more Chinese people considering say other areas such as Brighton when:
<ul>
<li>Chinese people become more comfortable with Bayside as a place to live, and</li>
<li>Demand in Boroondara and then Stonnington forces some Chinese people to consider other options.</li>
</ul>
Over time the Chinese community demand and supply equation will have the same effect in Bayside as it has had in Boroondara, unless China’s wealth begins to diminish.
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maljames-vHwm28JUAa

Chinese buyers in Melbourne: A simple case of supply and demand

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Everywhere it’s Brisbane, Brisbane and more Brisbane! - the hottest place on the real estate planet if you believe the evening news, real estate junkies and local pollies. 
But how ‘hot’ is Brisbane really? This week, let’s peel back some layers and have a peak.
A quick peak
The Brisbane residential market is in recovery.  It crossed the threshold from trough to recovery in the second half of last year.
But recent lifts in new dwelling and rental supply, plus relatively high levels of second-hand property for sale, have placed a brake on potential price and rental growth. These are cyclical issues, not structural ones.
Brisbane is set to enjoy a much awaited upturn - an upturn in sales mostly; not much in the way of price or rental growth.
Enough new supply
Don’t get me wrong, the demand for new property is high in Brisbane.
There is a current need to build around 7,900 new dwellings in Brisbane City Council each year.  Yet over 9,000 new dwellings were approved during 2014.  There are plenty more in the pipeline, with some estimates exceeding 20,000 each year for the next three to five years.  Ouch!
At present, most of Brisbane’s new housing starts are in medium to highrise developments.  Such development is warranted (demographics; changing lifestyles; downtown gentrification; cost of living/travelling and even rent/housing prices), but the limitations on providing other attached housing supply (see <a href="https://matusikmissive.com.au/2014/02/12/opinion-highrise-oversupply/" target="_blank">here</a>) are exacerbating the inner city apartment cycle.
Since 2006, there has been a need to supply 63,000 new homes.  The amount of new dwellings actually approved was 66,000.
In short, the Brisbane housing market is at equilibrium.  Whilst previously undersupplied – during 2009, 2011 to 2013 – the recent lift in new housing starts has more than filled this void.
<img src="/images/2014/04/02/matusik%20april%202%20one.png" alt="">
Falling rents
There are about 4,400 residential properties for rent across Brisbane City (20 kilometre radius from the Brisbane GPO) and this is more than doubled just two years ago.
The city’s overall residential vacancy rate is rising and is now sits at 2.6%.  The rapid rise in properties for rent is largely an inner city apartment issue; as already mentioned, supply has increased sharply in this area.
Two-thirds of the properties for rent across Brisbane are in inner city suburbs, with 1,800 vacancies as at late February 2014.  The inner city vacancy rate is 4%; it was 3.6% late last year and just 1.4% during much of 2012.
The Brisbane rental market is approaching equilibrium with a vacancy rate nudging 3%.  Until this excess rental stock is absorbed – which, given the ramp up of new supply could take some years - rental growth, especially for second-hand apartments, will remain subdued.
Rents are already starting to fall for Brisbane apartments.
 <img src="/images/2014/04/02/matusik%20april%202%20two.png" alt="">
High resale numbers too
True, the amount of resale stock on the market is falling; but the decline (so far) has been quite slow.  About 9,500 properties remain for sale, which presents about 3% of the total housing stock across the city.
We should see resale stock levels fall across the city this year, which in turn should see some price growth for detached houses and infill compact housing.  Apartment price growth, this cycle, is likely to lag.
Article continues on next page. Please click below.
<hr class="system-pagebreak">
In summary, Brisbane’s housing supply line now exceeds demand.  Price and rental growth – especially for inner city apartments – is likely to remain very subdued.
The new apartment market – particularly when it comes to those ugly monolithic towers downtown – is now a very crowded space.  Investors need to buy into projects – and within them, an apartment – with a clear point of difference.
The rising tide, this cycle, isn’t strong enough – like it was during 2001 to 2007 - to float all ships.  Overseas and interstate investors, in particular, you have been forewarned.
Sales up
Brisbane is, at best, going to have a sales-led recovery.
29,500 residential sales are forecast for fiscal 2014.  We are anticipating 34,000 residential transactions during financial 2015 being: 1,400 land sales; 20,000 detached house sales and 12,600 attached dwelling transactions.  Rising sales volumes have been steadily increasing since 2011.
This is good news – and more sales need to happen – in order to absorb the high-ish amount of resale stock on the market.
<img src="/images/2014/04/02/matusik%20april%202%20three.png" alt="">
Rents down
Rents are rising for houses; flat for attached dwellings and already falling for some apartments.
Annual rent changes in Brisbane last year were: a drop of $10 per week for one bedroom apartments (-3%); -$10 per week for three bedroom apartments (-2%); No change for two bedroom attached and two bedroom houses; an increase of $5 per week for three bedroom attached (1%); +$10 per week for three bedroom houses (3%) and +$15 per week for four bedroom houses (3%).
Already high volumes of new apartment supply are forcing rents down. Tenants can afford more rent, but currently they have ample choice.
<img src="/images/2014/04/02/matusik%20april%202%20four.png" alt="">
Price growth?
Most price growth takes place during a property recovery and upturn – more on this topic next week – but during the recovery phase of the Brisbane cycle (calendar 2014), Brisbane’s residential prices aren’t likely to rise anywhere near as much as some are advocating.
Current median residential prices for Brisbane (again, the Brisbane City Council area) are - $310,000 suburban vacant land; $546,000 detached house and $406,000 attached dwelling.
We anticipate that these middle values could increase during 2014/15 to: $325,000 vacant land (up 5%); $580,000 detached house (up 7%) and just $412,000 attached dwelling (up 2%).
<img src="/images/2014/04/02/matusik%20april%202%20five.png" alt="">
Cycle and Structure
When you boil it down to its core, property investment is ruled by two things – the cycle and structural changes.
When it comes to things cyclical, Brisbane is in a recovery, but recovery in terms of price and rent growth is likely to be much milder than in the recent past.
The supply-demand imbalance, plus some limits of local housing affordability - exacerbated by local low wage growth - is placing a limit on how far prices and rents can grow.
We anticipate values to rise between 8% and 15% for detached houses and infill compact dwellings during the recovery and upswing (calendar 2016) phases of the Brisbane cycle.  We think this market will peak in early to mid-2016.  Price growth beyond these limits could see a harder downturn (late 2016 to 2018) than might otherwise be the case.
Some readers may deduce from this that detached houses are a better investment.  For a range of structural reasons, this may not be the case.  Demographics and value (affordability) are the two major structural influences.
True, there is more short-term upside for detached houses in Brisbane, but for mine, the longer-term safer bet is for an investor to buy something attached and somewhat unique, which has the capacity to be shared by tenants and sold – in time – to an owner-resident.
Visit Michael's <a href="https://www.matusik.com.au/" target="_blank">website</a>, read <a href="https://www.matusikmissive.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">his blog</a>, follow him on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ThinkMatusik?fref=ts" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a> and <a href="https://www.twitter.com/michaelmatusik" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a>, or connect via <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/michaelmatusik" rel="nofollow">LinkedIn</a>.
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michaelmatusik-49YzLvdmNv

How hot is the Brisbane market?

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There’s a parallel universe in which Australian real estate has gone mad.
In this universe, the market changes almost every month. One month it’s white hot, the next it’s paused, the one after it’s rampant, the one following it’s off the boil and a month later it’s a bubble.
Not surprisingly, the citizens of the alternative universe Australia live in a state of constant flux and confusion. No one has a clue what’s really going on, least of all the people who write for the parallel media. In this world, you get to create your own reality by making things up.
Another significant difference in this parallel universe is that there are only two population centres in Australia, one called Sydney and the other Melbourne.
Actually, it’s not clear whether there are no other inhabits in alternative Australia outside the big two - or just that it’s been decided they don’t count, so anything that happens there is ignored.
Anyway, in parallel Australia the property market peaked back in October. That’s according to a company that mangles numbers called ridiculously premature data. But then the market surged again until, in February, it went off the boil, and ridiculously premature data declared another peak.
<blockquote>
It’s a relief to live in the real world where the information is real and not have to suffer the insanity of parallel Australia, where misinformation is as rampant as the property prices.
</blockquote>
Lo and behold, in this wondrous place of roller coaster real estate, the market re-surged and was rampant again in March – well, it was in the only two population centres that mattered.
Thank god we live in real Australia, where normality rules. Here it’s recognised that monthly data is misleading and therefore irrelevant, and that the long-term trends are the ones that matter.
In real Australia, it’s understood that two-thirds of the people live outside Sydney and Melbourne and that’s it’s wrong to extrapolate the Sydney experience to the whole nation.
It’s recognised that, in the past 12 months, six of the eight capital cities have had price growth of 4.8% or less – and therefore it’s wrong to suggest that price growth is rampant across the nation.
Things that happen in the parallel universe – such as journalists declaring that interest rates must rise because there’s “record-breaking” price growth everywhere and stating that “the surge in investors, including foreign buyers, has priced first home buyers out of the property market” – would never happen in real Australia.
In the Australia of the real universe, accuracy and balanced are cherished and only experts are allowed to write about important things like real estate.
Therefore, it’s acknowledged that the weight of evidence is that affordability is the best it’s been in 10 years and that foreign investors do not buy in the same markets as first home buyers and therefore have no influence on the prices paid by first-timers.
In this Australia, writers don’t give emphasis to month-to-month data, which is confusing and misleading, and they don’t give credence to publicity hungry organisations that spit dodgy data out of computers without proper scrutiny in their haste to be the first to publish, and accuracy be damned.
I must say, it’s a relief to live in the real world where the information is real and not have to suffer the insanity of parallel Australia, where misinformation is as rampant as the property prices.
You can contact Terry via <a href="https://mailto:ryder@hotspotting.com.au" target="_blank">email</a> or on <a href="https://www.twitter.com/hotspotting" target="_blank">Twitter</a>.
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terryryder-YECXbqmri2

White hot? Off the boil? Bubble? The mad parallel world of Australian real estate

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Modern governments believe that during budget framing, it is politically savvy to parade the pain. We saw it with Labor and the Coalition is doing the same.
There are scary scenarios of what would happen without remediation, with warnings about problem areas. Some surprises will be held for the night, but other measures will be strategically “leaked” beforehand.
Tony Abbott, in Perth campaigning for the West Australian Senate election, let it be known he was chairing Wednesday’s meeting of cabinet’s expenditure review committee.
Shadow treasurer Chris Bowen declared it was the first time in Australian history a PM had chaired the ERC, claiming it showed dysfunction at the highest level.
This was nonsense. The government could quickly counter that Bob Hawke, John Howard and Kevin Rudd had also done so.
But it was surprising Abbott gave such a high profile to this “razor gang” meeting.
The ERC is all about nasties and, after all, Labor is making the prospect of deep budget cuts a centrepiece of its WA Senate campaigning. Abbott seemed to be providing ammunition. On the other hand, he could take the view Labor had the bullets anyway so he might as well play the longer game.
Treasury secretary Martin Parkinson publicly chimed into the pre- budget debate with a speech reinforcing the government’s lines about spending growth in the big areas.
But Parkinson also sent a public message to the government for later about what it should do on taxation.
With Hockey shining attention on health and pension costs, Parkinson documented the escalation.
Total Commonwealth spending on health is set to rise from $64.7 billion in nominal terms in 2013-14 to $74.6 billion in 2016-17, and to $116 billion in 2023-24.
The Commonwealth’s three main pension payments - for the aged, those on disability support and carers – will grow at an annual 6% in nominal terms over the forward estimates, adding $13 billion to annual payments by 2016-17, and another $39 billion by 2023-24. “Of this nearly $52 billion in additional payments in 2023-24, compared to 2013-14, over half is a result of indexation with the remainder due to increases in the number of recipients.”
That seems a fair hint that both drivers are being looked at. It should be remembered that successive governments have been trying to curtail the numbers on the disability pension but it has seemed a losing battle. It’s never as easy as it looks in theory.
Parkinson then turned to the tax side. His argument, aimed well beyond this budget and directed squarely at the political masters he will leave in December, is crystal clear. Australia needs a tax system it relies more on indirect tax, less on direct tax. The king of indirect taxes is, of course, the GST.
Parkinson pointed to one rather surprising fact, given the tax debates we’ve been through over many years. “Despite reforms that broaden the tax base (such as the GST), and decisions that have lowered corporate and personal tax rates across the decades, the share of direct and indirect taxes (as well as Australia’s reliance on income taxes) has changed little since the 1950s.”
Australia had relatively high reliance on direct taxes as a proportion of revenue raised compared with other OECD countries, he noted, before observing that: “Research consistently says that reduced reliance on income taxes and increased reliance on other, more efficient sources of revenue, including indirect taxes, can support higher growth and higher living standards by increasing workforce participation and lifting productivity.”
The problem is that “without conscious change, Australia’s tax mix will move in the opposite direction as personal income tax increases through fiscal drag”.
“We will move even further in this direction if, as we anticipate, the relative share of total indirect taxes (including GST) continues its long-term decline. Contributing to this decline is the non-indexation of fuel excise (unlike other excise rates) and a rising proportion of consumption outside the GST net, for example, in increased health expenditure.”
Parkinson warned that “continued increases in the personal income tax burden will hit lower and middle income earners with higher marginal and average tax rates. This will have adverse labour force participation impacts, while sharpening incentives for tax minimisation by higher income earners”.
The globalised economy meant Australia would be under pressure to cut the company tax rate.
“Given the pressure to return fiscal drag and to reduce the burden of corporate income tax, it will be a challenge to maintain the current levels of revenue over the medium term, let alone the increases required to achieve the budget projections.”
In the past, Parkinson said, tax reform had largely been pursued through broadening tax bases as an offset for lowering tax rates.
“However, a key challenge for the upcoming White Paper on Taxation will be to consider the mix of taxes, including whether there is a role for a greater contribution from indirect taxes.”
The opportunity were there to plot a path to a better tax system and the dangers clear if it was not done.
“If we do not start making these changes and simply keep drifting along we will be increasingly vulnerable to the next global crisis and will also lose out on the opportunities presented by the rising Asian middle class. The exceptionalism of this ‘lucky country’ will become just a distant, ironic memory and our children may really end up ‘doing it tough’”.
So there you have it. Parkinson, axed by the government (though extended until year’s end) won’t be around for the battles after the white paper, which has a long time table.
But he has signposted another lot of unpalatable truths. In terms of painful decisions ahead, this budget is only the start of it for the Abbott government, which hates the idea of tax increases, fears the politics of a robust debate about needing a higher, broader GST and has promised to take any major tax changes to the election.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/25161/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="line-height: 1.3em;">
Michelle Grattan is professorial fellow at the <a href="https://www.canberra.edu.au/" target="_blank" style="line-height: 1.3em;">University of Canberra</a>.
This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.
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