Buyers considering a residence at boutique Gordon townhouse development <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-townhouses/lume-gordon-43-47-dumaresq-street-gordon-nsw-2072">Lume</a>&nbsp;now have another reason to bring forward their decision.

For a limited time, purchasers of a residence at Lume will receive a BMW iX3 50 electric SUV, valued at more than $120,000, as part of their purchase. The offer is designed to add value for buyers while complementing the lifestyle envisioned for the architecturally designed Upper North Shore development.

Scott Timmins, Development Manager at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/winim">WINIM</a>, said the partnership was created to provide buyers with a compelling reason to act.

"In today's market, buyers need a compelling reason to act now, and the BMW partnership was designed to create that catalyst. We wanted to add genuine value for our future purchasers. Choosing the all-electric BMW iX3 50 also reflects the values behind LUME, forward-thinking design, innovation and a more sustainable way of living. It's a premium incentive that complements the lifestyle our buyers aspire to and rewards those who commit early."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7354 project_image_fid=374893]

Delivered by WINIM in partnership with Burtonwood Investment Partners, Lume comprises 14 architecturally designed two, three and four-bedroom townhomes created for families seeking the space of a freestanding house with the ease of modern, low-maintenance living.

The three-storey residences, designed by award-winning architecture practice <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/rothelowman">Rothelowman</a>, have been tailored for families and multi-generational living, featuring private internal lifts, flexible lower-level spaces, generous open-plan living and entertaining areas, media rooms, and landscaped outdoor spaces with custom outdoor kitchens.&nbsp;

Inside, engineered oak flooring, bespoke dining joinery with integrated wine fridges and backlit bars, sculptural porcelain bathrooms, Parisi freestanding baths and Astra Walker tapware create interiors that balance functionality with refined finishes.

Each townhome has been designed to combine generous internal spaces with sustainability initiatives such as EV charging infrastructure, while <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/landscape-architect/arcadia-landscape-architecture">Arcadia</a>'s landscaped communal areas, centred around a restored creek line and native planting, encourage residents to connect with nature and spend more time outdoors.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7354 project_image_fid=269527]

Rothelowman's Gary Tsui said the architecture was conceived to respond carefully to its Upper North Shore setting.

"Our vision was to create elegant, uplifting homes that draw on and positively contribute to the local character through meticulously considered design and an interaction with the surroundings."

The communal landscape has been designed as more than an open space between homes. Arcadia's Ben Newell and Kate Phillips said the adjoining reserve provided an opportunity to create a distinctive natural retreat for residents.

"Just as waterways carve their way through Ku-ring-gai's landscape, a raised boardwalk weaves through the reserve, connecting the homes to this tranquil oasis."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7354 project_image_fid=374892]

Located just 300 metres from <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/gordon-nsw-2072">Gordon</a> Village and Gordon railway station, Lume offers convenient access to Sydney's CBD while placing residents close to some of the North Shore's leading schools, including Ravenswood, Pymble Ladies' College and Knox Grammar. Lane Cove National Park, Gordon Golf Club and a range of cafés and restaurants further reinforce the family-focused lifestyle on offer, with the BMW iX3 50 complementing everything from local trips around Gordon to weekend drives and city commutes.

Construction is underway with completion expected in mid-2027.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=7354]

Joel Robinson

Boutique Gordon townhomes now come with a BMW iX3 50

Two apartments have sold for more than $10 million at EADE Byron Bay, setting some of the highest apartment prices ever achieved in the coastal town and underlining the growing appetite for luxury beachfront apartments in Australia's most popular coastal locations.

The $210 million project by Vitale Property Group has now secured more than $70 million in sales, led by residences that changed hands for $12.75 million and $11.75 million.

The record-breaking transactions reinforce the shift occurring in Byron Bay's premium property market, where affluent downsizers and lifestyle buyers are increasingly opting for high-end apartments over large beachfront homes.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/eade-byron-bay-29-shirley-street-byron-bay-nsw-2481">EADE Byron Bay</a> occupies a rare 6,000 sqm absolute beachfront site on the corner of Shirley and Milton Streets overlooking Main Beach and The Wreck surf break, just 350 metres from Byron Bay's town centre.

The 25-residence development is the first beachfront apartment project approved in Byron Bay in more than a decade and is currently under construction, with completion expected in May 2027.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145590 project_image_fid=359521]

The project has attracted a mix of local Byron Shire residents downsizing from larger homes, alongside interstate buyers from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane seeking a permanent coastal lifestyle without compromising on space.

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/hayball">Hayball</a> and with interiors by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/interior-designers/alexander-co">Alexander &amp; Co</a>, EADE comprises&nbsp;10 garden apartments ranging from 284 sqm to 622 sqm, nine with private pools, five full-floor apartments and 10 rooftop residences with private plunge pools, expansive outdoor entertaining areas and uninterrupted ocean views.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145590 project_image_fid=359527]

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/vitale-property-group">Vitale Property Group</a> Managing Partner Chris Vitale said the project's combination of scale, location and limited future supply was driving buyer demand.

"There isn't another beachfront holding in Byron Bay of this size and position that could be developed again," Vitale said.

"Buyers are responding to the scarcity and the irreplaceability of a site of this calibre and to floorplans they can't find elsewhere in the market.

"We are seeing buyers place significant value on quality, space, design, resort-style amenities and the rarity of the location. The sales achieved to date demonstrate that discerning purchasers recognise the long-term significance of what is being created at EADE Byron Bay.

"Many are coming from larger homes in the Byron region, or from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, and are after the space, security and convenience, without the upkeep of a house."

&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145590 project_image_fid=359523]

The Byron Bay project follows Vitale Property Group's delivery of the Mondrian Hotel and Private Residences at Burleigh Heads, with EADE continuing the developer's focus on luxury coastal developments.

Residents will have access to a resort-style swimming pool, gymnasium, sauna, cold plunge pool, concierge services and dedicated workspaces, while the project is targeting an 8-Star Green Star rating.

EADE Byron Bay is being exclusively marketed by Projx Australia in conjunction with WHITEFOX Projects.

WHITEFOX National Projects Director Phillip Rand said demand had been driven predominantly by owner-occupiers.

"We are seeing buyers at EADE place significant value on quality, space, design, resort-style amenities and the rarity of this location," Rand says.

"The sales achieved to date demonstrate that purchasers at this level recognise the long-term significance of what is being created at EADE Byron Bay."

Residences at EADE Byron Bay are currently priced between $4.75 million and $15.95 million.

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[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=145590]

Vitale breaks Byron Bay records with EADE sales flurry 

When buying an apartment, most people compare the big-ticket items first. Floorplans. Kitchens. Balcony size. Natural light. The view.

But there's one everyday consideration that often doesn't come up until after moving in: how parcels are delivered.

As online shopping has become part of everyday life, parcel deliveries have shifted from an occasional event to a regular occurrence. Australians spent a record $82.6 billion shopping online in 2025, with almost one in every four retail dollars now spent digitally.

For apartment residents, that can present a challenge.

If nobody is home to accept a delivery, parcels may be redirected to a nearby Post Office, left in a building lobby or common area, or require building management to step in. In higher-density buildings, where dozens or even hundreds of residents may receive deliveries each day, parcel management has become an increasingly important part of everyday living.

That can create a range of frustrations. A missed delivery often means making time to collect a parcel elsewhere, while packages left unattended in foyers or mail areas can create clutter and increase the risk of theft. What seems like a minor inconvenience can quickly become a recurring issue for residents who shop online regularly.

It's one of those details that rarely features in a display suite but can have a noticeable impact once residents move in.

As a result, buyers are beginning to look beyond traditional apartment features and consider how a building supports day-to-day convenience, including whether there are secure options for receiving deliveries.

Australia Post's Parcel Lockers provide one solution.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CkF2oKmlACg?si=C50sDaoUUn2nuLmq" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

Rather than having a parcel delivered directly to an apartment, eligible deliveries can be sent to a nominated Parcel Locker. Once the parcel arrives, residents receive a notification through the AusPost app or SMS and can collect it using a QR code or one-time PIN at a time that suits them.

The Parcel Locker network now includes more than 1,500 locations nationwide, with installations at Post Offices, shopping centres, transport hubs and an increasing number of residential developments. By providing a secure collection point, Parcel Lockers help reduce missed deliveries and avoid parcels being left unattended in common areas.

For developers, parcel infrastructure is becoming another way to improve the resident experience. Rather than relying on concierge staff or leaving parcels in communal spaces, secure collection points help streamline deliveries while preserving the presentation and functionality of shared areas.

For buyers, it's a reminder that the best apartment features aren't always the most obvious.

A generous floorplan or quality finishes might help narrow the shortlist, but the conveniences that simplify everyday life, whether that's EV charging, secure bike storage or reliable parcel delivery, often become the features residents appreciate most once they're living there.

The apartment feature many buyers don't think about, until their first missed delivery

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/hg-developments">HG Developments</a> is doubling down on Maud Street in Newstead, filing plans for a new apartment tower just a few doors down from its under-construction Aire Newstead development.

Recently submitted to Brisbane City Council, the proposal is for an 18-storey building designed by bureau^proberts, which has drawn heavily on Brisbane's subtropical design principles while referencing the suburb's industrial heritage.

A total of 64 apartments are planned for the amalgamated 1,518 sqm site at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/17-21-maud-street-newstead-qld-4006">17–21 Maud Street</a>, a short walk from the Brisbane River and Newstead Riverwalk.

<img alt="First look: HG Developments plans 18-storey subtropical apartment tower for Newstead" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="a400c7fd-bd15-48f8-a63b-10ede92efe00" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Maud%20st%20bldg.png?VersionId=.0vPmjpbC7CNP7kqGWa6L7rGIwsNExaw" />

"The building is defined by a series of vaulted motifs that reinterpret the arches, colonnades and layered facades evident throughout Newstead's historic built fabric," the Urban Design Report states.

"Combined with recessed glazing and generous balconies, these elements create a layered building envelope that provides shade, weather protection and opportunities for natural ventilation whilst establishing a distinctive architectural identity."

The proposal comprises 64 two, three and four-bedroom apartments across 18 residential levels, positioning it alongside a growing number of taller residential projects transforming Newstead's northern precinct. The tower incorporates extensive subtropical landscaping, with cascading planter boxes, deep planting at street level and a landscaped rooftop recreation area.

<img alt="First look: HG Developments plans 18-storey subtropical apartment tower for Newstead" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="1d8140f4-8b98-45cd-b1b8-1efe8c8e266b" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Maud%20st%20podium.png?VersionId=VAZtbCoD44YCJ57N99fQCAKeSJx7ldZs" />

Bureau Proberts has prioritised passive environmental design throughout the project, with generous balconies, recessed glazing and operable façades helping reduce solar heat gain while maximising natural ventilation. River views become available from the upper levels, while the building has been orientated to capture prevailing breezes from both the Brisbane River and the west.

The architects say landscape is intended to be integral to the building rather than an applied element.

"Vertical greenery, cascading planter boxes and elevated gardens are woven throughout the architecture, softening the built form and strengthening the connection between residents and the subtropical environment."

"Through the integration of landscape, high-quality materials and passive design principles, the development delivers a refined residential address that celebrates Newstead's heritage character while contributing positively to Brisbane's evolving subtropical identity."

Newstead has remained one of Brisbane's most active apartment markets in recent years, with a number of developers continuing to back the inner-city suburb.

HG Developments is currently delivering the 40-apartment Aire Newstead at 25 Maud Street. Fortis recently launched the 65-apartment <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/crest-walker-newstead-12-kyabra-street-newstead-qld-4006">Crest &amp; Walker</a> on Kyabra Street, while builder-developer BPG and Don O'Rorke's Consolidated Properties are both expected to launch their respective Newstead projects before the end of the year.

HG Developments doubles down in Newstead with second Maud Street apartment development

Walk past a new apartment development promoting its sustainability credentials and it's easy to picture rooftop gardens, mature trees, landscaped courtyards and residents surrounded by nature.

But in many cases, that's not actually what those sustainability ratings guarantee.

Australia's leading environmental rating tools have played a significant role in improving the energy efficiency and environmental performance of buildings. Yet despite their focus on reducing emissions, many don't require developers to include trees, biodiversity or meaningful green space.

In other words, a building can achieve one of the country's highest sustainability ratings while containing little more than concrete, glass and hard landscaping.

That disconnect has led to the emergence of a new movement across Australia's property industry: nature-based cities.

The concept goes beyond designing buildings that consume less energy. Instead, it encourages developers to treat nature as essential infrastructure, integrating biodiversity, tree canopy, living landscapes and green spaces into projects from the earliest stages of planning.

Research has consistently linked access to nature with better physical and mental health, cooler neighbourhoods, improved biodiversity, stronger climate resilience and more connected communities. As Australia's cities continue to become denser, advocates say those outcomes should be considered just as important as energy efficiency.

Nature Based Cities (NBC) was established in 2022 to help accelerate that shift.

Founded by Hamton Executive Chairman Paul Hameister OAM, the not-for-profit was created after research highlighted a significant gap in Australia's sustainability framework. While existing environmental rating tools rewarded energy performance and emissions reductions, they placed little emphasis on the inclusion of living landscapes.

"We've always wanted to do more, and we know other developers who want to do more, but the ESD rating tools just aren't there," Hameister says.

"In Australia, you can have a five-green-star rated building that's concrete and glass with not a blade of grass.

"The focus is on reducing emissions, which is laudable, but there hasn't been enough attention paid to protecting and re-establishing nature. We need both for the health of the environment and for communities."

Since its launch, NBC has developed independent design guidelines and accreditation frameworks that encourage developers to prioritise ecology, biodiversity, tree canopy, walkability and living landscapes alongside traditional sustainability measures. The organisation first focused on medium and high-density residential developments before recently expanding into precinct-scale communities and masterplanned neighbourhoods.

Jan Talacko, founder of sustainability consultancy Ark Resources and a member of the Nature Based Cities Advisory Council, says the initiative addresses an area that has largely been overlooked by the property industry.

"Throughout my 25 years of working collaboratively with all stakeholders in the property sector, I've always favoured a pragmatic approach to sustainable design which encourages initiatives that not only meet environmental expectations but also improve amenity," Talacko says.

"Whilst we are making steady progress in relation to energy and carbon emissions from buildings, there has been much less emphasis on encouraging biodiversity and tackling the urban heat island effect.

"The Nature Based Cities initiative responds to a gap in the suite of tools currently used by the property development sector, which don't provide sufficient incentive, or recognition, for the integration of landscaping and greenery."

For apartment buyers, the shift is also changing the questions worth asking.

Rather than assuming a sustainable building will naturally include abundant green space, buyers are increasingly being encouraged to look beyond environmental ratings and ask what nature is actually being delivered. How much tree canopy will the development create? Has biodiversity been considered? Are landscaped spaces designed for people as well as appearance?

As Australia's cities continue to grow upwards and outwards, the next generation of sustainability may not simply be measured by lower emissions, but by how successfully developments bring nature back into everyday urban life.

What does it really mean for a building to be 'green'?

Sydney’s property market is known for high prices, competitive bidding, and mounting pressure on first home buyers. But change is on the horizon.

From late 2025, eligible first home buyers in New South Wales will have access to a new federal government initiative aimed at addressing affordability: the Help to Buy Scheme.&nbsp;

<h2>What is the Help to Buy Scheme?</h2>

The program introduces a shared equity model intended to reduce the upfront cost of entering the property market, particularly in high-demand urban areas such as Sydney.

The scheme operates under a shared ownership structure in which the federal government takes an equity stake of up to 40 per cent for new homes, or 30 per cent for existing dwellings. This arrangement allows eligible buyers to significantly reduce their loan size and avoid the added cost of Lenders Mortgage Insurance (LMI).

Under this model, purchasers can enter the property market with as little as a two per cent deposit, well below the traditional 10 to 20 per cent usually required. The government’s contribution is not a loan but a co-ownership stake in the property. As such, there is no interest or rent charged on its portion.

Because the government’s equity combined with the buyer’s deposit typically meets or exceeds the 20 per cent threshold, LMI does not apply. The remaining balance, generally between 60 and 70 per cent of the property’s value, is financed through a standard home loan with a participating lender.

The government's equity in the property remains in place until the buyer chooses to repay it voluntarily or until the property is sold. Buyers can buy back the government’s share over time, in increments of at least five per cent, depending on their financial situation.

There is no fixed repayment timeline, but the amount to be repaid will be based on the property's market value at the time of repayment, not the original purchase price.

<h2>How do you qualify for the&nbsp;Help to Buy Scheme?</h2>

To qualify for the Help to Buy Scheme, applicants must meet the following conditions:

<ul>
	<li>Be an Australian citizen at least 18 years of age.</li>
	<li>Be a first-home buyer who does not currently own property.</li>
	<li>Intend to live in the property as their primary residence.</li>
	<li>Earn less than $100,000 per year for individuals, or $160,000 for couples.</li>
	<li>Purchase a property within the regional price caps, currently $950,000 in Sydney, though this is expected to rise to approximately $1.3 million ahead of the program’s launch.</li>
</ul>

While the Help to Buy Scheme does not solve affordability challenges across the board, it does offer a more accessible pathway for a defined segment of the market, particularly younger buyers with moderate incomes who have been priced out of traditional lending routes.

The scheme is expected to commence in NSW in late 2025, as part of a national rollout.

Under the new model, purchasers can enter the property market with as little as a two per cent deposit, well below the traditional 10 to 20 per cent usually required

Help to Buy Scheme: What first home buyers in NSW need to know

The First Home Owners Grant (FHOG) is a government initiative designed to help eligible first-time home buyers by offering financial assistance towards the purchase or construction of a new home.

While the FHOG is a nationwide program, it is administered separately by each state and territory, meaning the eligibility criteria, grant amounts, and property requirements can vary depending on your location. This means that the amount available and the conditions attached to the grant will differ, so it is important to check the specific guidelines for your state or territory.

It’s important to note that the FHOG is just one of several incentives available to first home buyers. In most states and territories, the grant is not linked to stamp duty exemptions or concessions, with the exception of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The FHOG is typically a one-off payment, reducing the overall cost of purchasing or building a new home before any stamp duty concessions are applied.

Below, we provide a breakdown of the First Home Owner Grants available across Australia, outlining the specific details for each state and territory.

<h2>New South Wales First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes valued up to $600,000. For land purchases and owner-builders, the threshold extends to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Benefits: Provides full stamp duty exemption for homes valued up to $800,000, with concessions available for properties up to $1 million.

<h2>Victoria South Wales First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Provides a $10,000 grant for first-home buyers purchasing or building new homes valued up to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Benefits: Offers full stamp duty exemption for properties up to $600,000, with concessions available up to $750,000.

<h2>Queensland First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers $30,000 for contracts signed between 20 November 2023 and 30 June 2025. The FHOG applies to new homes valued up to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Concessions: Provides additional concessions for properties valued up to $800,000.

<h2>Western Australia First Home Owner Grant</h2>

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First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes valued up to $750,000 in the southern regions and up to $1 million in the northern regions.

Stamp Duty Concessions: Available for homes valued up to $600,000 for transactions entered into on or after 9 May 2024.

<h2>Australian Capital Territory First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Replaced by the Home Buyer Concession Scheme, offering full stamp duty concessions for eligible buyers.

<h2>South Australia First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Provides up to $15,000 for new homes, including houses, apartments, and townhouses. As of 6 June 2024, there is no property value cap for eligibility.

Stamp Duty Relief: Available for new homes and vacant land purchases.

<h2>Tasmania First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes and off the plan purchases.

Stamp Duty Exemption: Between 18 February 2024 and 30 June 2026, first home buyers of established homes valued up to $750,000 receive a full exemption on property transfer duty.

<h2>Northern Territory First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: The Northern Territory provides a $10,000 grant for new homes only. Additional government grants and concessions are available for first home buyers.

Stamp Duty Exemption: The only stamp duty exemption available to property buyers is the House and Land Package Exemption (HLPE).

Eligibility criteria and application processes differ across states. Prospective buyers should refer to their respective state revenue offices for full details on grant availability, conditions, and additional concessions.

Every First Home Owner Grant for new property by state

In the ever-evolving landscape of sustainable architecture and environmentally conscious design, systems and ratings in place can help determine the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Australia.

Australia has multiple building rating systems that evaluate energy efficiency and sustainability in existing and new building designs.

Some systems assess individual building components, while others provide an overall rating for the entire structure.

A rating system ensures that homes are comfortable and energy-efficient, whether you are buying, renovating, or building.

NatHERS (Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme) is a common way for new homes to meet energy efficiency requirements.

As new developments continue to shape the urban environment, understanding NatHERS ratings becomes essential for developers and homeowners. This article delves into the concept of NatHERS ratings, their significance, and how they contribute to creating energy-efficient homes.

<h2>What is NatHERS?</h2>

NatHERS is a national initiative implemented by the Australian government to promote energy efficiency in residential buildings. The scheme aims to provide a standardised method for assessing the thermal performance of homes, considering factors such as insulation, orientation, ventilation, and building materials.&nbsp;

NatHERS ratings are the most common way new homes meet the National Construction Code's (NCC's) minimum energy efficiency requirements.&nbsp;

NatHERS assessments provide thermal and whole-home ratings for new homes, townhouses, and apartments.

The rating helps evaluate the energy performance of buildings, guides homeowners and developers to make informed decisions about the energy efficiency of their properties, and encourages the construction of more sustainable, comfortable, and cost-effective homes.

<h2>How NatHERS Ratings Work</h2>

NatHERS ratings are determined through four accredited software tools (AccuRate, BERS Pro, FirstRate5, HERO) using a calculation engine CSIRO developed to predict building temperature based on various factors.

The tools can model complex effects of building mass, insulation, window size, and other elements.

The outcome is a star rating that reflects the building's overall thermal efficiency, indicating how well it can maintain a comfortable indoor temperature without excessive reliance on heating or cooling systems.

The star rating scale ranges from 0 to 10, with a 6-star rating being the minimum requirement for compliance with the National Construction Code (NCC).&nbsp;

Achieving a higher star rating demonstrates a commitment to energy efficiency and sustainability, as the building is better equipped to minimise its environmental impact and reduce long-term energy costs.

Anyone can use NatHERS tools, but accredited assessors can provide certified ratings and professional advice.

<h2>Benefits of Higher NatHERS Ratings</h2>

Energy Efficiency: Buildings with higher NatHERS ratings are more energy-efficient, requiring less heating and cooling energy. This reduces the structure's carbon footprint and lowers occupants' energy bills.

Cost Savings: Homes with higher NatHERS ratings are generally more energy-efficient, resulting in reduced energy consumption for heating and cooling. This translates to lower energy bills for homeowners, making sustainable living environmentally friendly and economically viable in the long run.

Environmental Impact: Lower energy consumption directly translates to a reduced environmental impact. Buildings with higher NatHERS ratings contribute to the overall goal of mitigating climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with heating and cooling systems.

Improved Comfort: Buildings with high NatHERS ratings offer better thermal comfort to occupants. Proper insulation, well-designed ventilation, and optimal orientation maintain a consistent and comfortable indoor temperature, providing occupants with a more enjoyable and healthier space.

Market Value and Desirability: Higher NatHERS ratings can enhance the market value of a property. As energy efficiency becomes a more significant consideration for homebuyers, a well-rated building may attract a premium price and stand out in the real estate market.

Compliance with Building Codes: NatHERS ratings are a vital component of the National Construction Code (NCC), and compliance with these ratings is often a mandatory requirement for new developments. Local councils and planning authorities may set minimum energy efficiency standards that must be met to obtain development approval.

The Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) is a crucial initiative shaping the future of energy-efficient, resilient, and cost-effective homes. With its recent upgrades, NatHERS has evolved into a world-leading tool for the building sector, supporting the global commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

Staff Writer

What is a NatHERS rating in new off the plan apartment developments?

Mixed-use developments have gained significant popularity across Australia in recent years due to their unique blend of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.

Unlike traditional single-purpose developments, mixed-use projects offer a harmonious integration of various functions within a single locale.

Residential units seamlessly coexist with commercial establishments, retail outlets, dining venues, entertainment hubs, and recreational facilities, with the combination not only enhances convenience but also fosters a vibrant lifestyle and a sense of community.

<h3>Convenience and accessibility</h3>

Mixed-use developments are designed with convenience in mind. They often integrate residential units with commercial spaces, retail outlets, restaurants, and recreational facilities, creating a self-contained community.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=114215 project_image_fid=204874]

The proximity allows residents to enjoy the convenience of having essential amenities and services within walking distance. Whether it's grabbing a cup of coffee, going grocery shopping, or accessing healthcare services, everything is conveniently located, saving residents time and effort.

<h3>Vibrant lifestyle and community</h3>

One of the major advantages of mixed-use developments is the vibrant lifestyle they offer. With a diverse range of amenities and communal spaces, residents have ample opportunities to interact, socialise, and build a sense of community.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=107714 project_image_fid=214122]

The presence of parks, community centres, and shared spaces fosters a lively atmosphere, encouraging residents to engage in various activities and events. The vibrant lifestyle within these developments creates a unique sense of belonging and camaraderie among the residents.

<h3>Potential for higher rental yields and property value appreciation</h3>

Mixed-use developments tend to attract a broad range of tenants and buyers due to their versatile nature. This high demand can result in higher rental yields for investors and potentially lead to property value appreciation over time.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=139989 project_image_fid=212887]

The integration of commercial and retail spaces attracts businesses, which can provide a stable rental income stream. Additionally, the popularity of mixed-use developments often drives up property values, making them a potentially lucrative investment in the long term.

<h3>Enhanced security and maintenance</h3>

Mixed-use developments typically have comprehensive security measures in place. With controlled access points, CCTV surveillance, and professional security staff, residents can enjoy enhanced safety and peace of mind.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=108019 project_image_fid=212658]

Additionally, these developments often have dedicated maintenance teams responsible for the upkeep of common areas, landscaping, and infrastructure. This ensures that the overall appearance and functionality of the development are well-maintained, creating a pleasant living environment for residents.

<h3>Live-work-play balance</h3>

One of the key attractions of mixed-use developments is the ability to achieve a desirable live-work-play balance. The integration of residential and commercial spaces allows residents to live closer to their workplaces, reducing commuting time and improving work-life balance.

The proximity to various amenities and recreational facilities encourages an active and healthy lifestyle. Residents can easily access fitness centres, parks, restaurants, and entertainment options, all within the same development, leading to a more fulfilling and convenient way of life.

alisonwarters@gmail.com

The top five reasons to buy in a mixed-use development

When buying a property, everyone needs to be aware of the additional costs that come as part of the buying process.

Often the largest outlay, after the deposit which goes to the bank, is stamp duty.

<h2 style="line-height: 1.38;">What is Stamp Duty?</h2>

Stamp duty is an extra tax to pay the government when you buy land, a property, and other certain assets.

It happens when the legal ownership is transferred. It can also be known as property transfer duty or transfer duty.

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<h2>Who pays Stamp Duty?</h2>

In some circumstances, you may get an exemption. For some states, you won’t have to pay for stamp duty if you are a first home buyer or a pensioner for houses under a particular price. There are also stamp duty concessions, where you may be entitled to a discount.

<h2>How much does Stamp Duty cost?</h2>

Each state has different rules which affect how much you need to pay. These rules can affect the rate you pay, and the timeframe you will need to pay in. Before you buy land or a property, make sure you check the up-to-date information for your state’s stamp duty.

You can use a free stamp duty calculator online to see approximately how much you’ll need to pay. Find out if you’re eligible for an exemption by enquiring on a project via Urban!

Overall, the stamp duty you need to pay will depend on:

<ul>
	<li aria-level="1">How much your land/property is worth</li>
	<li aria-level="1">Where your land/property is located</li>
	<li aria-level="1">What type of land/property it is</li>
</ul>

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Ellen Walker

Off-the-plan property explained: What is stamp duty?

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The four bedroom Hawthorn East sale at 40 Anderson Road was the week's top reported sale to CoreLogic RP Data.
40 Anderson Road, Hawthorn East, VIC, 3123, four-bedroom house, sold at auction on May 9 by Marshall White Hawthorn for $4.82 million.
5 The Grove, Roseville, NSW, 2069, five-bedroom house, sold at auction on May 9 by Mcgrath Lindfield for $3.71 million.
11 Peppin Street, Camberwell, VIC, 3124, six-bedroom house, sold at auction on May 9 by Melbourne Deluxe Property for $3.51 million.
209 Canterbury Road, St Kilda West, VIC, 3182, five-bedroom house, sold at auction on May 9 by Buxton Real Estate Albert Park for $3.255 million.
42 Collins Road, St Ives, NSW, 2075, five-bedroom house, sold on May 5 by Chadwick Real Estate St Ives for $3.2 million.
31A Nelson Street, Woollahra, NSW, 2025, four-bedroom house, sold on May 8 by BradfieldCleary Double Bay for $3.15 million.
15 Bridge Street, Hampton, VIC, 3188, five-bedroom house, sold at auction on May 9 by Marshall White Brighton for $3.1 million.
13 McShane Street, Balwyn North, VIC, 3104, five-bedroom house, sold at auction on May 9 by Hocking Stuart Balwyn for $2.88 million.
14 Greville Street, Prahran, VIC, 3181, three-bedroom house, sold at auction on May 9 by Kay &amp; Burton Real Estate South Yarra for $2.83 million.
3 Wyadra Avenue, Freshwater, NSW, 2096, four-bedroom house, sold prior to auction on May 9 by Clarke &amp; Humel Property Manly for $2.815 million.
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Hawthorn East home tops CoreLogic RP Data sales

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The Senate Affordable Housing committee report has noted the matter of the charitable status of community housing providers was needing resolution as a matter of concern.
In 2008, the Standing Committee on Community Affairs inquired into legislation providing for regulations to prescribe NRAS with witnesses representing the community housing sector saying that their biggest concern around their participation in NRAS was the possibility that such engagement would compromise their charitable or public benevolent institutions (PBI) status. 
At that time, a position taken by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) generated concern as the ATO indicated that any organisation with charitable status would seriously jeopardise that status if they participated in NRAS.
They further indicated that organisations such as consortiums that participate in NRAS will not be endorsed as charitable organisations.
Furthermore—one that sent chills down the spine of the sector—participation in NRAS may have caused the ATO to heavily scrutinise all of the activities of a participating not-for-profit organisation, not just those that pertain to participating in NRAS.
The ATO reasoned that NRAS was intended to assist not only low income earners, but people on moderate incomes. 
The then government took measures to provide assurances that participating in NRAS would not jeopardise the status of not-for-profit organisations as charities.
Even so, concerns persist that charitable organisations could risk their charitable status by participating in NRAS.
According to the Community Housing Federation of Australia, a charitable tax status allows providers access to a range of tax concessions, including exemption from income tax and GST, access to the Fringe Benefits Tax and often local government concessions on rates and utility bills.
It argued that the charitable tax status was an essential component of the community housing model because the concessions lowered their operating, construction and development costs. 
The Federation told the Senate committee that these concessions, however, were contingent on a community housing provider satisfying the ATO that its organisation's purpose met the criteria for charitable status.
Despite measures taken since 2008 to preserve the status of NFP community housing providers as charitable institutions, the Federation explained over the last several years the sector has operated under the threat and uncertainty that many of its activities, especially in the delivery of affordable housing, would not be considered to have met the criteria of the relief of poverty and could jeopardise the charitable status of community housing providers. 
The legislation that was purported to constrain housing activities through a narrow interpretation of permissible activities was withdrawn.
However, other legislation passed in June 2013 contained some tax conditions that may have a similar impact on providers' charitable status, resulting in limiting their participation in the affordable housing market for fear of putting their charitable tax status at risk. 
Other legislation, such as the new definition of charity that went into effect 1 January 2014 provided some clarity on the situation...[but it] has been mooted for repeal leaving the sector back in the position it was before with ambiguous interpretations of housing activities allowable as a charitable organisation.
The Community Housing Federation drew attention to 'the unsettling environment in the charities and tax arena' which would 'cause continuing uncertainty for the sector for forward planning in the affordable housing market'. 
The Senate committee was firmly of the view that the Australian Government must take steps to provide certainty for community housing providers engaged in NRAS or similar schemes designed to provide affordable housing that their charitable status is not in jeopardy by participating in such schemes.
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Charities face NRAS uncertainty over tax status

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In early March some 75% of apartments on offer in what will be Melbourne's highest tower, Australia 108, had sold within three weeks of its launch.
It is now being marketed as 90% plus sold - an extraordinary success.
With 1105 apartments, the tower is being constructed by the Singapore-listed Aspial Corporation through its subsidiary World Class Land.
Andrew Leoncelli, the Melbourne director of CBRE, best described selling interest in Australia 108 as "running hot".
"The project has sold incredibly well," Leoncelli advised on launch.
"It's about super convenience and amazing facilities," says Leoncelli.
<img src="/images/2015/01/15/TPA8467_Australia_108_E01_Hero%20Elevated.jpg" alt="" width="503" height="761">
It was only earlier this year that Singapore's World Class Land, a subsidiary of Aspial Corporation, got the final go-ahead for Australia 108 which will have 1,105 apartments.
Architect Karl Fender of Fender Katsalidis Architects says Melbourne residents have developed a taste for high-density living. 
Australia 108 and the 297-metre Eureka tower will "like the two gateposts to the city", Katsalidis says.
Last month Aspial sold the penthouse in the tower for a record $25 million to a China-based businessman.
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Melbourne's Australia 108 now at 90% sellout 

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Stockbroker Robert Fiani has $5.8 million hopes for his Bondi Beach sub-penthouse in the Beach House through Raine &amp; Horne agent Paul Langsam. 
There were $6 million hopes on its recent campaign that failed through McGrath agent Steven Chen.
Robert Fiani bought<a href="https://www.realestateview.com.au/Real-Estate/7-178-campbell-parade-bondi-beach/Property-Details-buy-residential-8506506" target="_blank"> the apartment</a> in late 2012 for $4,325,000.
Robert Fiani, of the stockbroking firm Morgans, had the Investec-built three-bedroom apartment with 242 square metre living space, briefly available for $3,400 a week rental earlier this year.
Fiani also owns another apartment which was bought similiarly off the plan for $3.495 million.
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Stockbroker Robert Fiani relists Bondi Beach sub-penthouse

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What is it about Sydney people that makes them so sensitive to interest rates when no one else in Australia is?
If we can believe popular analysis, interest rates cuts are like steroids to Sydney residents. They get all pumped up by them and charge around lifting things that were financially too heavy for them previously.
But the 81% of Australians who live outside Greater Sydney are immune. They’re exposed to the same stimulus but it has no visible effect on them. Curious modern phenomenon.
Anyone with a keen eye for observation and an inquiring mind – the qualities that journalists used to have, back in the day – might wonder why Canberra people, for example, have such a strong immunity to the rates steroid.
It certainly made me wonder, so I checked to make sure they have the same interest rates in the national capital as they have three hours up the road in the NSW capital. And, sure enough, they do.
And guess what else? They have the same interest rates in Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Darwin, Adelaide and Hobart as well. 
I had assumed rates must be much higher in all those places because, according to the latest figures from cor blimey RP Data, apartment prices are falling in Perth, Darwin, Hobart and Canberra – and have barely moved in Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide, whereas they’re up 10% in Sydney.
Here are some of the headlines since the RBA interest rates decision last week:
<ul>
<li>Rate cut adds to Sydney buying frenzy</li>
<li>Rate cut dangerous for property market</li>
<li>Rate cut could destabilize property market</li>
<li>RBA rate cut will put pressure on property market</li>
</ul>
Some of the reaction to the interest rate reduction bordered on the ludicrous. We had a slightly hysterical president of the Real Estate Institute of NSW, Malcolm Gunning, claiming the rate cut meant young people would be forced to leave Sydney. Sam White from Loan Market said the rate cut would make the market unsustainable and unaffordable.
We even had Adelaide pundits claiming the rates decisions would fire up the local property market. Why all those previous rate cuts had failed to achieve that was not explained. 
We’ve had almost four years of falling interest rates and none of those previous cuts have generated a boom in Adelaide – or anywhere else in capital city Australia, apart from Sydney - but this latest reduction is going to “fire up” the market, apparently.
So where did this notion that interest rates were the prime factor in residential real estate dynamics originate? Yes, you guessed it – it’s the love child of our under-class of chattering economists.
Watching an economist discuss real estate is like listening to a close friend of mine discuss rugby. She understands that a ball is involved but she’s never sure whether it’s round or oval - or whether you need to kick it over the bar or under it. She is sure about one thing, though - that it doesn’t make a lot of sense and far too many people are obsessed with it.
I recently spoke to a boardroom luncheon in Sydney, attended by 12 or 15 people with “economist” somewhere in their titles and all from big name companies and institutions. What they collectively knew about residential property could be written on the back of a postage stamp in crayon. In the minds of most of them, there’s a national property boom and it’s caused by low interest rates.
They’re the masters of the universe and they know close to nothing.
There’s another thought about this whole obsession with interest rates and the belief they are central to movements in property markets. Investors who are fundamentally driven by interest rate cuts are not thinking clearly. The current level of interest rates is largely irrelevant to sensible decision-making about property investment.
Anyone who borrows now to invest will face dozens of interest rate changes over the life of their loan. The current level of rates is not a core consideration. The core question for investors should be: if rates at some point rise 2 or 3 percentage points above their current levels, can I still afford the repayments?
If you’re charging around like the steroid-induced herd animals in Sydney, you’ve missed that fundamental point.
TERRY RYDER is the founder of <a href="https://www.hotspotting.com.au/">hotspotting.com.au</a>. You can <a href="https://mailto:ryder@hotspotting.com.au">email him</a> or follow him on <a href="https://twitter.com/hotspotting">Twitter</a>.
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Sensitive Sydneysiders reel at rates: Terry Ryder

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Mirvac has won the right to redevelop Brisbane Racing Club's $750 million Eagle Farm Residential Precinct.
The 10-year Ascot project forms part of the Eagle Farm Master Plan which will provide more than 1200 trackside apartments, along with retail and commercial buildings.
Mirvac's Group executive for residential John Carfi said the business was thrilled to have been selected as the Brisbane Racing Club's development partner at such an iconic Brisbane location.
It is expected the BRC will maintain ownership of the land.
BRC Chairman Neville Bell said Mirvac had been selected after intense interest in the joint venture opportunity that will deliver more than 1200 apartments on land around Queensland’s most famous racecourse.
“The Eagle Farm Residential Precinct is the centre piece of a $1.2 billion Master Plan that will transform this historic area of land around Eagle Farm and Doomben racecourses,” Mr Bell said.
The eight residential towers will be on the southeastern corner of the Eagle Farm.
He said construction was expected to start in 2016 as BRC has already gained full planning approval for the project.
“We spent five years gaining planning approval so we have already made significant progress towards this residential precinct,” Mr Bell said.
On behalf of the BRC, Knight Frank commenced an international expression of interest campaign in September 2014, generating more than 100 enquiries from interested parties.
The BRC created a shortlist featuring Mirvac, Leighton Properties and Walker Corporation. Their final bids were submitted on April 10. 
The project is north-facing and looks out over 50 hectares of land that will never be built out. It provides exceptional views to the city and over the Hamilton reach of the Brisbane River and out to the airport and Moreton Bay.
The BRC engaged property specialist Jeff Kahler 18 months ago as General Manager – Property to deliver the Master Plan. 
The BRC has awarded Mirvac Preferred Developer status until June 30 at which time the two groups are expected to sign binding documentation and proceed with the development.
Mirvac’s Group Executive Residential, John Carfi, said Mirvac was "thrilled" to be selected as the development partner.
“Mirvac will draw on its expertise and strong track record of delivering major residential developments and we look forward to working closely with the Brisbane Racing Club on the next phase of this exciting project,” he said.
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Mirvac's track record secures Brisbane Racing Club redevelopment rights

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South Melbourne's Emerald Hill Terrace – a row of 15 adjoining buildings – has been offered selling on a low 4.2% yield.
Developed in 1887, it is a distinctive row of double-storey retail terraces with an estimated net income of $1,146,555 p.a.
The property offers 15 ground-floor retail tenancies, 10 dwellings and two offices. Offering subdivision potential as currently single title.
It covers the street addresses known as 328-362 Clarendon Street, 48-69 Emerald Hill Place and 244-246 Park Street.
<a href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-retail-vic-south+melbourne-501496007">Emerald Hill Terrace</a> last sold to the Cannon family in 1997 for $5.6 million having being previously owned by the state government.
It was saved from demolition by then Liberal premier Dick Hamer.
The Victorian terrace shops sold to a syndicate of private investors for $27.5 million through Dixon Kestles agent John Pratt and Ian Price, with Knight Frank's Ken Smirk and Marcus Quinn.
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Emerald Hill, South Melbourne retail terraces fetch $27.5 million

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Melbourne’s booming auction market, with a record 40,000 auctions last year, attracts headlines. But behind the scenes are the quiet achievers: private sales, actually the means by which most homes across Victoria, including in Melbourne, are sold.
While the number of auctions has grown, with vendors seeing the high prices obtained at auction by others and wanting that for their own home, more than 60 per cent of all sales in Melbourne last year were private sales. This resulted in close to 50,000 Melbourne homes being sold through private sale over the 12 months.
While auctions can be favourable to the seller, with the white heat of competition encouraging ever-higher bids and buyers to be highly assertive, private sales avoid that stress. They also allow a longer marketing period than an auction campaign, which is generally a month. 
Traditionally outer suburbs and regional areas, where homes can take longer to sell than in the highly competitive inner suburbs of Melbourne, have been the main centres of private sale activity. 
And last year was no different, with almost all of the top private sale suburbs in Melbourne’s outer region.
The trend has continued in 2015 – with the outer eastern, southern and western suburbs leading the way. Among those with the most private sales this year have been Frankston with 635, Pakenham with 620, Point Cook with 571 and Croydon with 470. Also on the top 10 list were: Mornington, Mooroolbark and Mount Martha.
The active property market in Mildura resulted in 560 private sales for that year, Victoria’s fifth highest total.
What may come as a surprise to some is the number of private sales in Melbourne city itself. In the city of Melbourne there were 717 private sales – a result of the large number of apartment private sales in Docklands and the CBD. Another top performer was the very large middle north suburb of Reservoir, which racked up the highest auction total for the year, and also had the eighth highest total private sales: 409.
While private sale levels are still extremely high, there has been a steady growth in auction levels statewide. So while in January and February last year just 12 per cent of all sales in outer suburbs were by auction, that had risen to 18 per cent in the first two months of this year. Areas with the largest increase in sales by auction included Rosebud, Craigieburn, Edithvale, Springvale and South Morang.
This reflects the value offered by outer suburbs, where population growth is leading to improved infrastructure including shopping centres such as the expanded centre in Craigieburn, transport hubs such as the station at South Morang to which the Epping line was extended, and recreation facilities.
Affordability is also a driver of outer suburban sales in 2015. Melbourne’s most affordable locations at present include Werribee, Hoppers Crossing, Carrum Downs, Wyndham Vale and Hampton Park.
While clearance rates – that is the percentage of properties at auction that sell – are a measure of the health of the auction market, days on the market are the comparable measure for private sales. All the suburbs in which properties sold fastest in February were in outer Melbourne – and, more specifically, outer eastern Melbourne. Top of the list was Croydon Hills with 17.5 days on the market, followed by Croydon South with 19 days and Montrose and Ringwood, both with 21.
Others on the list of the top 10 fastest selling areas were the Basin, Chirnside Park – the biggest improver compared with January, down by 2.5 days to 23, Mooroolbark, Yallambie, Scoresby and Kilsyth.
<a href="https://reiv.com.au/news-resources/latest-news/ceo-steps-down-after-16-years" target="_blank">Enzo Raimondo is the REIV Chief Executive Officer</a>
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Melbourne auction versus private treaty numbers: REIV's Enzo Raimondo

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The Bronte Wave House, a Walter Barda designed beach house completed in early 2014, has been sold reportedly pre-auction for around $15.75 million.
<a href="https://www.domain.com.au/for-sale/138-bronte-wave-house-138-hewlett-street-bronte-nsw-2024-2011918584" target="_blank">More than $13 million</a> had been tipped for its 18 May auction. There is extensive use of New Guinea rosewood throughout the home including its wave-like ceilings.
Feaures include the lap pool which is indoor-outdoor complete with portholes that allow the swimmer to see into the ground floor living area.
There are limestone floors from the open-plan living areas to the wide terraces overlooking the ocean.
The property was listed with D’Leanne Lewis of Laing &amp; Simmons, Double Bay for vendor, ski resort developer, Simon Harvey.
It is the second high price for the beachside Sydney suburb,<a href="/news/a-cut-above-the-rest-the-era-of-sydney-mega-mansions-far-from-over-title-tattle"> topped only by a $16.5 million sale in 2013</a>.
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Walter Barda-designed Bronte Wave House sells pre-auction

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Credit Losses at Australian Banks: 1980–2013 is the latest Reserve Bank of Australia research discussion paper, written by David Rodgers.
<a href="https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2015/2015-06" target="_blank">The paper</a> explores the historical credit loss experience of the Australian banking system.
The paper provides the narrative of banking system credit losses in Australia that includes both the early 1990s and global financial crisis episodes.
During both episodes, banks’ credit losses appear to have had a close relationship with changes in business sector conditions (such as commercial property prices and the business sector’s interest burden). 
Losses during the earlier period totalled around 8.5% of lending; losses during and after the global financial crisis were around 2.5% of lending. 
The earlier episode was a more severe downturn – business sector conditions declined to a greater extent – but anecdotal evidence indicates that differences in lending standards also played a role in the different levels of credit losses across these two episodes.
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As well as macroeconomic conditions and lending standards, portfolio composition turns out to be important for credit losses. The very limited portfolio-level data available for the early 1990s indicate losses during this episode were incurred mainly on business lending.
The better data available for the global financial crisis episode make it clear that the elevated losses during this episode were almost entirely incurred on business lending.
 Credit losses on housing loans during the global financial crisis episode were minimal.
It noted the Australian bank credit loss experience since 1980 is dominated by the very high rate of losses before, during, and after the early 1990s recession, as well as the smaller losses during and after the global financial crisis.
Losses around the early 1980s recession were much lower. Relative to lending, credit losses during the early 1990s far exceeded those incurred by banks during and after the global financial crisis. 
Current losses between September 1989 and September 1994 totalled around 8.5% of the average value of banks’ lending during this period. In comparison, current losses during September 2007 to September 2012 were equivalent to around 2.5% of average lending over this period.
The partial portfolio-level data that are available for the early 1990s episode indicate that the bulk of credit losses were incurred on lending to businesses rather than households.
Two major banks published usable portfolio breakdowns of their net write-offs in their annual reports for some or all of the early 1990s, but the categories used in this data were not well defined (Figure 5).
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They show losses on non-construction housing loans were minimal (these fall within the ‘Real estate – mortgage’ category).
Loans to individuals for construction of housing probably fell within the ‘Real estate – construction’ category, but this category also contains lending for commercial property. Losses on this category were significant, but only make up around 13% of reported losses for these two banks. 
The key point is that most of the losses reported by these two banks fall in the ‘Other business’ category. 
Losses on personal lending, such as credit cards and non-housing term loans, were non-negligible, but appear to be less cyclical than losses on business lending.
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These two banks, CBA and NAB, accounted for 33% of bank lending at September 1991. 
CBA’s write-offs include those made within the State Bank of Victoria’s loan book after its acquisition in November 1990.
Portfolio-level data are available on all banks’ non-performing assets from mid 1990 to mid 1994, and these support the conclusion that losses were incurred mainly on business lending.
It shows that the share of banks’ lending to businesses that was non-performing far exceeded the share of their lending to households (including non-mortgage personal lending) that was non-performing.
It noted contemporary accounts of the period also indicate that credit losses were primarily on lending to businesses. 
Trevor Sykes’ (1994) classic account of corporate and banking collapses during this period, The Bold Riders, is one example. 
Edna Carew’s (1997) account of Westpac’s experience during the period indicates its losses were concentrated in business lending, and more specifically, in property development lending. The dominant role of business lending is also suggested by contemporary accounts from industry participants (Phelps 1989; Lee 1991).
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Various authors have set out potential reasons why credit losses were so large in the early 1990s (Battellino and McMillan 1989; Fraser 1994; Sykes 1994; Carew 1997; Conroy 1997; Ullmer 1997; Gizycki and Lowe 2000). 
There was a recession during 1990–91, and downturns in financial and property markets, but losses were many times greater than those seen in earlier (and later) downturns, suggesting other factors at play. 
A short version is that deregulation of the banking sector in the 1980s was accompanied by very fast business lending growth and declining lending standards, all during a period of strong economic and financial conditions.
Macroeconomic and financial conditions facilitated these developments. 
Real GDP grew at an average rate of about 41⁄4 per cent over the five years to September 1989. 
Equity prices rose by almost 50 per cent per annum from late 1984 until the crash in October 1987. 
Commercial property price growth rose above 10 per cent per annum at the start of 1986, and accelerated in subsequent years. 
This price growth was accompanied by an exceptional amount of non- residential construction, particularly of offices (Figure 8; Kent and Scott 1991).
<img src="/images/2015/05/08/700_figure_8.jpg" alt="" width="538" height="326">
Commercial property was a key form of collateral for the business loans that were secured.
By early 1990, large highly geared companies across a range of industries were unable to meet their increased loan repayments and defaulted on their debts (Sykes 1994). 
This, together with a weakening in the commercial property market, exposed banks to a first round of credit losses (Gizycki and Lowe 2000). 
These losses broadened as business profits began to fall and Australia entered a recession around the end of the year. 
By September 1991, large additions to the supply of office property had combined with flat or falling demand to sharply raise vacancy rates and drive prices down by over 20% on an Australia-wide basis; some banks were forced to recognize significant credit losses on commercial property lending (Carew 1997).
Even during a period in which system-wide lending standards loosened, there are indications lending standards at state government-owned banks, particularly SBSA and SBV, were below average.
These banks grew their lending very quickly over the late 1980s. SBSA and SBV grew their lending at rates of 43 and 27% per year between 1985 and 1990, versus growth in total credit of around 18% per year over this period. 
This fast growth was driven by business lending – the share of these banks’ portfolios made up by business lending increased by over 20 percentage points over the same period. State government owners encouraged fast lending growth, both to support state economies and to provide a new source of revenue for state coffers, and installed aggressive managers (Sykes 1994).
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The historical experience of credit losses at Australian banks the paper describes should help to guide overall understanding of the credit risk they currently face. 
It supports a continued focus on the analysis of the financial health of the business sector as part the Reserve Bank’s semiannual Financial Stability Review, David Rodgers. 
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