Buyers considering a residence at boutique Gordon townhouse development <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-townhouses/lume-gordon-43-47-dumaresq-street-gordon-nsw-2072">Lume</a>&nbsp;now have another reason to bring forward their decision.

For a limited time, purchasers of a residence at Lume will receive a BMW iX3 50 electric SUV, valued at more than $120,000, as part of their purchase. The offer is designed to add value for buyers while complementing the lifestyle envisioned for the architecturally designed Upper North Shore development.

Scott Timmins, Development Manager at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/winim">WINIM</a>, said the partnership was created to provide buyers with a compelling reason to act.

"In today's market, buyers need a compelling reason to act now, and the BMW partnership was designed to create that catalyst. We wanted to add genuine value for our future purchasers. Choosing the all-electric BMW iX3 50 also reflects the values behind LUME, forward-thinking design, innovation and a more sustainable way of living. It's a premium incentive that complements the lifestyle our buyers aspire to and rewards those who commit early."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7354 project_image_fid=374893]

Delivered by WINIM in partnership with Burtonwood Investment Partners, Lume comprises 14 architecturally designed two, three and four-bedroom townhomes created for families seeking the space of a freestanding house with the ease of modern, low-maintenance living.

The three-storey residences, designed by award-winning architecture practice <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/rothelowman">Rothelowman</a>, have been tailored for families and multi-generational living, featuring private internal lifts, flexible lower-level spaces, generous open-plan living and entertaining areas, media rooms, and landscaped outdoor spaces with custom outdoor kitchens.&nbsp;

Inside, engineered oak flooring, bespoke dining joinery with integrated wine fridges and backlit bars, sculptural porcelain bathrooms, Parisi freestanding baths and Astra Walker tapware create interiors that balance functionality with refined finishes.

Each townhome has been designed to combine generous internal spaces with sustainability initiatives such as EV charging infrastructure, while <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/landscape-architect/arcadia-landscape-architecture">Arcadia</a>'s landscaped communal areas, centred around a restored creek line and native planting, encourage residents to connect with nature and spend more time outdoors.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7354 project_image_fid=269527]

Rothelowman's Gary Tsui said the architecture was conceived to respond carefully to its Upper North Shore setting.

"Our vision was to create elegant, uplifting homes that draw on and positively contribute to the local character through meticulously considered design and an interaction with the surroundings."

The communal landscape has been designed as more than an open space between homes. Arcadia's Ben Newell and Kate Phillips said the adjoining reserve provided an opportunity to create a distinctive natural retreat for residents.

"Just as waterways carve their way through Ku-ring-gai's landscape, a raised boardwalk weaves through the reserve, connecting the homes to this tranquil oasis."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7354 project_image_fid=374892]

Located just 300 metres from <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/gordon-nsw-2072">Gordon</a> Village and Gordon railway station, Lume offers convenient access to Sydney's CBD while placing residents close to some of the North Shore's leading schools, including Ravenswood, Pymble Ladies' College and Knox Grammar. Lane Cove National Park, Gordon Golf Club and a range of cafés and restaurants further reinforce the family-focused lifestyle on offer, with the BMW iX3 50 complementing everything from local trips around Gordon to weekend drives and city commutes.

Construction is underway with completion expected in mid-2027.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=7354]

Joel Robinson

Boutique Gordon townhomes now come with a BMW iX3 50

Two apartments have sold for more than $10 million at EADE Byron Bay, setting some of the highest apartment prices ever achieved in the coastal town and underlining the growing appetite for luxury beachfront apartments in Australia's most popular coastal locations.

The $210 million project by Vitale Property Group has now secured more than $70 million in sales, led by residences that changed hands for $12.75 million and $11.75 million.

The record-breaking transactions reinforce the shift occurring in Byron Bay's premium property market, where affluent downsizers and lifestyle buyers are increasingly opting for high-end apartments over large beachfront homes.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/eade-byron-bay-29-shirley-street-byron-bay-nsw-2481">EADE Byron Bay</a> occupies a rare 6,000 sqm absolute beachfront site on the corner of Shirley and Milton Streets overlooking Main Beach and The Wreck surf break, just 350 metres from Byron Bay's town centre.

The 25-residence development is the first beachfront apartment project approved in Byron Bay in more than a decade and is currently under construction, with completion expected in May 2027.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145590 project_image_fid=359521]

The project has attracted a mix of local Byron Shire residents downsizing from larger homes, alongside interstate buyers from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane seeking a permanent coastal lifestyle without compromising on space.

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/hayball">Hayball</a> and with interiors by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/interior-designers/alexander-co">Alexander &amp; Co</a>, EADE comprises&nbsp;10 garden apartments ranging from 284 sqm to 622 sqm, nine with private pools, five full-floor apartments and 10 rooftop residences with private plunge pools, expansive outdoor entertaining areas and uninterrupted ocean views.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145590 project_image_fid=359527]

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/vitale-property-group">Vitale Property Group</a> Managing Partner Chris Vitale said the project's combination of scale, location and limited future supply was driving buyer demand.

"There isn't another beachfront holding in Byron Bay of this size and position that could be developed again," Vitale said.

"Buyers are responding to the scarcity and the irreplaceability of a site of this calibre and to floorplans they can't find elsewhere in the market.

"We are seeing buyers place significant value on quality, space, design, resort-style amenities and the rarity of the location. The sales achieved to date demonstrate that discerning purchasers recognise the long-term significance of what is being created at EADE Byron Bay.

"Many are coming from larger homes in the Byron region, or from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, and are after the space, security and convenience, without the upkeep of a house."

&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145590 project_image_fid=359523]

The Byron Bay project follows Vitale Property Group's delivery of the Mondrian Hotel and Private Residences at Burleigh Heads, with EADE continuing the developer's focus on luxury coastal developments.

Residents will have access to a resort-style swimming pool, gymnasium, sauna, cold plunge pool, concierge services and dedicated workspaces, while the project is targeting an 8-Star Green Star rating.

EADE Byron Bay is being exclusively marketed by Projx Australia in conjunction with WHITEFOX Projects.

WHITEFOX National Projects Director Phillip Rand said demand had been driven predominantly by owner-occupiers.

"We are seeing buyers at EADE place significant value on quality, space, design, resort-style amenities and the rarity of this location," Rand says.

"The sales achieved to date demonstrate that purchasers at this level recognise the long-term significance of what is being created at EADE Byron Bay."

Residences at EADE Byron Bay are currently priced between $4.75 million and $15.95 million.

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[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=145590]

Vitale breaks Byron Bay records with EADE sales flurry 

When buying an apartment, most people compare the big-ticket items first. Floorplans. Kitchens. Balcony size. Natural light. The view.

But there's one everyday consideration that often doesn't come up until after moving in: how parcels are delivered.

As online shopping has become part of everyday life, parcel deliveries have shifted from an occasional event to a regular occurrence. Australians spent a record $82.6 billion shopping online in 2025, with almost one in every four retail dollars now spent digitally.

For apartment residents, that can present a challenge.

If nobody is home to accept a delivery, parcels may be redirected to a nearby Post Office, left in a building lobby or common area, or require building management to step in. In higher-density buildings, where dozens or even hundreds of residents may receive deliveries each day, parcel management has become an increasingly important part of everyday living.

That can create a range of frustrations. A missed delivery often means making time to collect a parcel elsewhere, while packages left unattended in foyers or mail areas can create clutter and increase the risk of theft. What seems like a minor inconvenience can quickly become a recurring issue for residents who shop online regularly.

It's one of those details that rarely features in a display suite but can have a noticeable impact once residents move in.

As a result, buyers are beginning to look beyond traditional apartment features and consider how a building supports day-to-day convenience, including whether there are secure options for receiving deliveries.

Australia Post's Parcel Lockers provide one solution.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/CkF2oKmlACg?si=C50sDaoUUn2nuLmq" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

Rather than having a parcel delivered directly to an apartment, eligible deliveries can be sent to a nominated Parcel Locker. Once the parcel arrives, residents receive a notification through the AusPost app or SMS and can collect it using a QR code or one-time PIN at a time that suits them.

The Parcel Locker network now includes more than 1,500 locations nationwide, with installations at Post Offices, shopping centres, transport hubs and an increasing number of residential developments. By providing a secure collection point, Parcel Lockers help reduce missed deliveries and avoid parcels being left unattended in common areas.

For developers, parcel infrastructure is becoming another way to improve the resident experience. Rather than relying on concierge staff or leaving parcels in communal spaces, secure collection points help streamline deliveries while preserving the presentation and functionality of shared areas.

For buyers, it's a reminder that the best apartment features aren't always the most obvious.

A generous floorplan or quality finishes might help narrow the shortlist, but the conveniences that simplify everyday life, whether that's EV charging, secure bike storage or reliable parcel delivery, often become the features residents appreciate most once they're living there.

The apartment feature many buyers don't think about, until their first missed delivery

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/hg-developments">HG Developments</a> is doubling down on Maud Street in Newstead, filing plans for a new apartment tower just a few doors down from its under-construction Aire Newstead development.

Recently submitted to Brisbane City Council, the proposal is for an 18-storey building designed by bureau^proberts, which has drawn heavily on Brisbane's subtropical design principles while referencing the suburb's industrial heritage.

A total of 64 apartments are planned for the amalgamated 1,518 sqm site at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/17-21-maud-street-newstead-qld-4006">17–21 Maud Street</a>, a short walk from the Brisbane River and Newstead Riverwalk.

<img alt="First look: HG Developments plans 18-storey subtropical apartment tower for Newstead" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="a400c7fd-bd15-48f8-a63b-10ede92efe00" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Maud%20st%20bldg.png?VersionId=.0vPmjpbC7CNP7kqGWa6L7rGIwsNExaw" />

"The building is defined by a series of vaulted motifs that reinterpret the arches, colonnades and layered facades evident throughout Newstead's historic built fabric," the Urban Design Report states.

"Combined with recessed glazing and generous balconies, these elements create a layered building envelope that provides shade, weather protection and opportunities for natural ventilation whilst establishing a distinctive architectural identity."

The proposal comprises 64 two, three and four-bedroom apartments across 18 residential levels, positioning it alongside a growing number of taller residential projects transforming Newstead's northern precinct. The tower incorporates extensive subtropical landscaping, with cascading planter boxes, deep planting at street level and a landscaped rooftop recreation area.

<img alt="First look: HG Developments plans 18-storey subtropical apartment tower for Newstead" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="1d8140f4-8b98-45cd-b1b8-1efe8c8e266b" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Maud%20st%20podium.png?VersionId=VAZtbCoD44YCJ57N99fQCAKeSJx7ldZs" />

Bureau Proberts has prioritised passive environmental design throughout the project, with generous balconies, recessed glazing and operable façades helping reduce solar heat gain while maximising natural ventilation. River views become available from the upper levels, while the building has been orientated to capture prevailing breezes from both the Brisbane River and the west.

The architects say landscape is intended to be integral to the building rather than an applied element.

"Vertical greenery, cascading planter boxes and elevated gardens are woven throughout the architecture, softening the built form and strengthening the connection between residents and the subtropical environment."

"Through the integration of landscape, high-quality materials and passive design principles, the development delivers a refined residential address that celebrates Newstead's heritage character while contributing positively to Brisbane's evolving subtropical identity."

Newstead has remained one of Brisbane's most active apartment markets in recent years, with a number of developers continuing to back the inner-city suburb.

HG Developments is currently delivering the 40-apartment Aire Newstead at 25 Maud Street. Fortis recently launched the 65-apartment <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/crest-walker-newstead-12-kyabra-street-newstead-qld-4006">Crest &amp; Walker</a> on Kyabra Street, while builder-developer BPG and Don O'Rorke's Consolidated Properties are both expected to launch their respective Newstead projects before the end of the year.

HG Developments doubles down in Newstead with second Maud Street apartment development

Walk past a new apartment development promoting its sustainability credentials and it's easy to picture rooftop gardens, mature trees, landscaped courtyards and residents surrounded by nature.

But in many cases, that's not actually what those sustainability ratings guarantee.

Australia's leading environmental rating tools have played a significant role in improving the energy efficiency and environmental performance of buildings. Yet despite their focus on reducing emissions, many don't require developers to include trees, biodiversity or meaningful green space.

In other words, a building can achieve one of the country's highest sustainability ratings while containing little more than concrete, glass and hard landscaping.

That disconnect has led to the emergence of a new movement across Australia's property industry: nature-based cities.

The concept goes beyond designing buildings that consume less energy. Instead, it encourages developers to treat nature as essential infrastructure, integrating biodiversity, tree canopy, living landscapes and green spaces into projects from the earliest stages of planning.

Research has consistently linked access to nature with better physical and mental health, cooler neighbourhoods, improved biodiversity, stronger climate resilience and more connected communities. As Australia's cities continue to become denser, advocates say those outcomes should be considered just as important as energy efficiency.

Nature Based Cities (NBC) was established in 2022 to help accelerate that shift.

Founded by Hamton Executive Chairman Paul Hameister OAM, the not-for-profit was created after research highlighted a significant gap in Australia's sustainability framework. While existing environmental rating tools rewarded energy performance and emissions reductions, they placed little emphasis on the inclusion of living landscapes.

"We've always wanted to do more, and we know other developers who want to do more, but the ESD rating tools just aren't there," Hameister says.

"In Australia, you can have a five-green-star rated building that's concrete and glass with not a blade of grass.

"The focus is on reducing emissions, which is laudable, but there hasn't been enough attention paid to protecting and re-establishing nature. We need both for the health of the environment and for communities."

Since its launch, NBC has developed independent design guidelines and accreditation frameworks that encourage developers to prioritise ecology, biodiversity, tree canopy, walkability and living landscapes alongside traditional sustainability measures. The organisation first focused on medium and high-density residential developments before recently expanding into precinct-scale communities and masterplanned neighbourhoods.

Jan Talacko, founder of sustainability consultancy Ark Resources and a member of the Nature Based Cities Advisory Council, says the initiative addresses an area that has largely been overlooked by the property industry.

"Throughout my 25 years of working collaboratively with all stakeholders in the property sector, I've always favoured a pragmatic approach to sustainable design which encourages initiatives that not only meet environmental expectations but also improve amenity," Talacko says.

"Whilst we are making steady progress in relation to energy and carbon emissions from buildings, there has been much less emphasis on encouraging biodiversity and tackling the urban heat island effect.

"The Nature Based Cities initiative responds to a gap in the suite of tools currently used by the property development sector, which don't provide sufficient incentive, or recognition, for the integration of landscaping and greenery."

For apartment buyers, the shift is also changing the questions worth asking.

Rather than assuming a sustainable building will naturally include abundant green space, buyers are increasingly being encouraged to look beyond environmental ratings and ask what nature is actually being delivered. How much tree canopy will the development create? Has biodiversity been considered? Are landscaped spaces designed for people as well as appearance?

As Australia's cities continue to grow upwards and outwards, the next generation of sustainability may not simply be measured by lower emissions, but by how successfully developments bring nature back into everyday urban life.

What does it really mean for a building to be 'green'?

Sydney’s property market is known for high prices, competitive bidding, and mounting pressure on first home buyers. But change is on the horizon.

From late 2025, eligible first home buyers in New South Wales will have access to a new federal government initiative aimed at addressing affordability: the Help to Buy Scheme.&nbsp;

<h2>What is the Help to Buy Scheme?</h2>

The program introduces a shared equity model intended to reduce the upfront cost of entering the property market, particularly in high-demand urban areas such as Sydney.

The scheme operates under a shared ownership structure in which the federal government takes an equity stake of up to 40 per cent for new homes, or 30 per cent for existing dwellings. This arrangement allows eligible buyers to significantly reduce their loan size and avoid the added cost of Lenders Mortgage Insurance (LMI).

Under this model, purchasers can enter the property market with as little as a two per cent deposit, well below the traditional 10 to 20 per cent usually required. The government’s contribution is not a loan but a co-ownership stake in the property. As such, there is no interest or rent charged on its portion.

Because the government’s equity combined with the buyer’s deposit typically meets or exceeds the 20 per cent threshold, LMI does not apply. The remaining balance, generally between 60 and 70 per cent of the property’s value, is financed through a standard home loan with a participating lender.

The government's equity in the property remains in place until the buyer chooses to repay it voluntarily or until the property is sold. Buyers can buy back the government’s share over time, in increments of at least five per cent, depending on their financial situation.

There is no fixed repayment timeline, but the amount to be repaid will be based on the property's market value at the time of repayment, not the original purchase price.

<h2>How do you qualify for the&nbsp;Help to Buy Scheme?</h2>

To qualify for the Help to Buy Scheme, applicants must meet the following conditions:

<ul>
	<li>Be an Australian citizen at least 18 years of age.</li>
	<li>Be a first-home buyer who does not currently own property.</li>
	<li>Intend to live in the property as their primary residence.</li>
	<li>Earn less than $100,000 per year for individuals, or $160,000 for couples.</li>
	<li>Purchase a property within the regional price caps, currently $950,000 in Sydney, though this is expected to rise to approximately $1.3 million ahead of the program’s launch.</li>
</ul>

While the Help to Buy Scheme does not solve affordability challenges across the board, it does offer a more accessible pathway for a defined segment of the market, particularly younger buyers with moderate incomes who have been priced out of traditional lending routes.

The scheme is expected to commence in NSW in late 2025, as part of a national rollout.

Under the new model, purchasers can enter the property market with as little as a two per cent deposit, well below the traditional 10 to 20 per cent usually required

Help to Buy Scheme: What first home buyers in NSW need to know

The First Home Owners Grant (FHOG) is a government initiative designed to help eligible first-time home buyers by offering financial assistance towards the purchase or construction of a new home.

While the FHOG is a nationwide program, it is administered separately by each state and territory, meaning the eligibility criteria, grant amounts, and property requirements can vary depending on your location. This means that the amount available and the conditions attached to the grant will differ, so it is important to check the specific guidelines for your state or territory.

It’s important to note that the FHOG is just one of several incentives available to first home buyers. In most states and territories, the grant is not linked to stamp duty exemptions or concessions, with the exception of the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The FHOG is typically a one-off payment, reducing the overall cost of purchasing or building a new home before any stamp duty concessions are applied.

Below, we provide a breakdown of the First Home Owner Grants available across Australia, outlining the specific details for each state and territory.

<h2>New South Wales First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes valued up to $600,000. For land purchases and owner-builders, the threshold extends to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Benefits: Provides full stamp duty exemption for homes valued up to $800,000, with concessions available for properties up to $1 million.

<h2>Victoria South Wales First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Provides a $10,000 grant for first-home buyers purchasing or building new homes valued up to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Benefits: Offers full stamp duty exemption for properties up to $600,000, with concessions available up to $750,000.

<h2>Queensland First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers $30,000 for contracts signed between 20 November 2023 and 30 June 2025. The FHOG applies to new homes valued up to $750,000.

Stamp Duty Concessions: Provides additional concessions for properties valued up to $800,000.

<h2>Western Australia First Home Owner Grant</h2>

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First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes valued up to $750,000 in the southern regions and up to $1 million in the northern regions.

Stamp Duty Concessions: Available for homes valued up to $600,000 for transactions entered into on or after 9 May 2024.

<h2>Australian Capital Territory First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Replaced by the Home Buyer Concession Scheme, offering full stamp duty concessions for eligible buyers.

<h2>South Australia First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Provides up to $15,000 for new homes, including houses, apartments, and townhouses. As of 6 June 2024, there is no property value cap for eligibility.

Stamp Duty Relief: Available for new homes and vacant land purchases.

<h2>Tasmania First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: Offers a $10,000 grant for new homes and off the plan purchases.

Stamp Duty Exemption: Between 18 February 2024 and 30 June 2026, first home buyers of established homes valued up to $750,000 receive a full exemption on property transfer duty.

<h2>Northern Territory First Home Owner Grant</h2>

First Home Owner Grant: The Northern Territory provides a $10,000 grant for new homes only. Additional government grants and concessions are available for first home buyers.

Stamp Duty Exemption: The only stamp duty exemption available to property buyers is the House and Land Package Exemption (HLPE).

Eligibility criteria and application processes differ across states. Prospective buyers should refer to their respective state revenue offices for full details on grant availability, conditions, and additional concessions.

Every First Home Owner Grant for new property by state

In the ever-evolving landscape of sustainable architecture and environmentally conscious design, systems and ratings in place can help determine the energy efficiency of residential buildings in Australia.

Australia has multiple building rating systems that evaluate energy efficiency and sustainability in existing and new building designs.

Some systems assess individual building components, while others provide an overall rating for the entire structure.

A rating system ensures that homes are comfortable and energy-efficient, whether you are buying, renovating, or building.

NatHERS (Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme) is a common way for new homes to meet energy efficiency requirements.

As new developments continue to shape the urban environment, understanding NatHERS ratings becomes essential for developers and homeowners. This article delves into the concept of NatHERS ratings, their significance, and how they contribute to creating energy-efficient homes.

<h2>What is NatHERS?</h2>

NatHERS is a national initiative implemented by the Australian government to promote energy efficiency in residential buildings. The scheme aims to provide a standardised method for assessing the thermal performance of homes, considering factors such as insulation, orientation, ventilation, and building materials.&nbsp;

NatHERS ratings are the most common way new homes meet the National Construction Code's (NCC's) minimum energy efficiency requirements.&nbsp;

NatHERS assessments provide thermal and whole-home ratings for new homes, townhouses, and apartments.

The rating helps evaluate the energy performance of buildings, guides homeowners and developers to make informed decisions about the energy efficiency of their properties, and encourages the construction of more sustainable, comfortable, and cost-effective homes.

<h2>How NatHERS Ratings Work</h2>

NatHERS ratings are determined through four accredited software tools (AccuRate, BERS Pro, FirstRate5, HERO) using a calculation engine CSIRO developed to predict building temperature based on various factors.

The tools can model complex effects of building mass, insulation, window size, and other elements.

The outcome is a star rating that reflects the building's overall thermal efficiency, indicating how well it can maintain a comfortable indoor temperature without excessive reliance on heating or cooling systems.

The star rating scale ranges from 0 to 10, with a 6-star rating being the minimum requirement for compliance with the National Construction Code (NCC).&nbsp;

Achieving a higher star rating demonstrates a commitment to energy efficiency and sustainability, as the building is better equipped to minimise its environmental impact and reduce long-term energy costs.

Anyone can use NatHERS tools, but accredited assessors can provide certified ratings and professional advice.

<h2>Benefits of Higher NatHERS Ratings</h2>

Energy Efficiency: Buildings with higher NatHERS ratings are more energy-efficient, requiring less heating and cooling energy. This reduces the structure's carbon footprint and lowers occupants' energy bills.

Cost Savings: Homes with higher NatHERS ratings are generally more energy-efficient, resulting in reduced energy consumption for heating and cooling. This translates to lower energy bills for homeowners, making sustainable living environmentally friendly and economically viable in the long run.

Environmental Impact: Lower energy consumption directly translates to a reduced environmental impact. Buildings with higher NatHERS ratings contribute to the overall goal of mitigating climate change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with heating and cooling systems.

Improved Comfort: Buildings with high NatHERS ratings offer better thermal comfort to occupants. Proper insulation, well-designed ventilation, and optimal orientation maintain a consistent and comfortable indoor temperature, providing occupants with a more enjoyable and healthier space.

Market Value and Desirability: Higher NatHERS ratings can enhance the market value of a property. As energy efficiency becomes a more significant consideration for homebuyers, a well-rated building may attract a premium price and stand out in the real estate market.

Compliance with Building Codes: NatHERS ratings are a vital component of the National Construction Code (NCC), and compliance with these ratings is often a mandatory requirement for new developments. Local councils and planning authorities may set minimum energy efficiency standards that must be met to obtain development approval.

The Nationwide House Energy Rating Scheme (NatHERS) is a crucial initiative shaping the future of energy-efficient, resilient, and cost-effective homes. With its recent upgrades, NatHERS has evolved into a world-leading tool for the building sector, supporting the global commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.

Staff Writer

What is a NatHERS rating in new off the plan apartment developments?

Mixed-use developments have gained significant popularity across Australia in recent years due to their unique blend of residential, commercial, and recreational spaces.

Unlike traditional single-purpose developments, mixed-use projects offer a harmonious integration of various functions within a single locale.

Residential units seamlessly coexist with commercial establishments, retail outlets, dining venues, entertainment hubs, and recreational facilities, with the combination not only enhances convenience but also fosters a vibrant lifestyle and a sense of community.

<h3>Convenience and accessibility</h3>

Mixed-use developments are designed with convenience in mind. They often integrate residential units with commercial spaces, retail outlets, restaurants, and recreational facilities, creating a self-contained community.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=114215 project_image_fid=204874]

The proximity allows residents to enjoy the convenience of having essential amenities and services within walking distance. Whether it's grabbing a cup of coffee, going grocery shopping, or accessing healthcare services, everything is conveniently located, saving residents time and effort.

<h3>Vibrant lifestyle and community</h3>

One of the major advantages of mixed-use developments is the vibrant lifestyle they offer. With a diverse range of amenities and communal spaces, residents have ample opportunities to interact, socialise, and build a sense of community.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=107714 project_image_fid=214122]

The presence of parks, community centres, and shared spaces fosters a lively atmosphere, encouraging residents to engage in various activities and events. The vibrant lifestyle within these developments creates a unique sense of belonging and camaraderie among the residents.

<h3>Potential for higher rental yields and property value appreciation</h3>

Mixed-use developments tend to attract a broad range of tenants and buyers due to their versatile nature. This high demand can result in higher rental yields for investors and potentially lead to property value appreciation over time.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=139989 project_image_fid=212887]

The integration of commercial and retail spaces attracts businesses, which can provide a stable rental income stream. Additionally, the popularity of mixed-use developments often drives up property values, making them a potentially lucrative investment in the long term.

<h3>Enhanced security and maintenance</h3>

Mixed-use developments typically have comprehensive security measures in place. With controlled access points, CCTV surveillance, and professional security staff, residents can enjoy enhanced safety and peace of mind.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=108019 project_image_fid=212658]

Additionally, these developments often have dedicated maintenance teams responsible for the upkeep of common areas, landscaping, and infrastructure. This ensures that the overall appearance and functionality of the development are well-maintained, creating a pleasant living environment for residents.

<h3>Live-work-play balance</h3>

One of the key attractions of mixed-use developments is the ability to achieve a desirable live-work-play balance. The integration of residential and commercial spaces allows residents to live closer to their workplaces, reducing commuting time and improving work-life balance.

The proximity to various amenities and recreational facilities encourages an active and healthy lifestyle. Residents can easily access fitness centres, parks, restaurants, and entertainment options, all within the same development, leading to a more fulfilling and convenient way of life.

alisonwarters@gmail.com

The top five reasons to buy in a mixed-use development

When buying a property, everyone needs to be aware of the additional costs that come as part of the buying process.

Often the largest outlay, after the deposit which goes to the bank, is stamp duty.

<h2 style="line-height: 1.38;">What is Stamp Duty?</h2>

Stamp duty is an extra tax to pay the government when you buy land, a property, and other certain assets.

It happens when the legal ownership is transferred. It can also be known as property transfer duty or transfer duty.

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<h2>Who pays Stamp Duty?</h2>

In some circumstances, you may get an exemption. For some states, you won’t have to pay for stamp duty if you are a first home buyer or a pensioner for houses under a particular price. There are also stamp duty concessions, where you may be entitled to a discount.

<h2>How much does Stamp Duty cost?</h2>

Each state has different rules which affect how much you need to pay. These rules can affect the rate you pay, and the timeframe you will need to pay in. Before you buy land or a property, make sure you check the up-to-date information for your state’s stamp duty.

You can use a free stamp duty calculator online to see approximately how much you’ll need to pay. Find out if you’re eligible for an exemption by enquiring on a project via Urban!

Overall, the stamp duty you need to pay will depend on:

<ul>
	<li aria-level="1">How much your land/property is worth</li>
	<li aria-level="1">Where your land/property is located</li>
	<li aria-level="1">What type of land/property it is</li>
</ul>

Want to find out more? <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@UrbanAustralia?utm_source=YouTube&amp;utm_medium=Video&amp;utm_campaign=Subscribe&amp;utm_id=Subscribe">Subscribe to our YouTube channel</a> for more property videos.

Ellen Walker

Off-the-plan property explained: What is stamp duty?

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House yields for Melbourne and Sydney are at a record low of 3.1%, according to CoreLogic RP Data's August Rental Index.
The review noted yields for houses are highest in Darwin, at 5.5%, with unit yields are lowest in Sydney and Melbourne at 4.1% and highest in Hobart and Darwin (5.5%).
"Across most cities house rental yields are lower now than they were at the same time last year, with Canberra the only exception with gross yields steady over the year," it stated.
"The unit market shows similar trends to the detached housing market. Yields are higher than a year ago in Hobart, while gross yields in Brisbane are unchanged and elsewhere yields have softened over the past year. 
"The cheaper up front cost of units and their relatively weaker capital growth performance is resulting in a lower decline in yields."
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House rental yields lowest in Melbourne, highest in Darwin: CoreLogic RP Data

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GUEST OBSERVER
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Community groups upset that The Hills Shire Council propose to lower development heights around stations in the North West Rail Corridor have every right to protest. 
It is rare that we see community groups angry that a council has reduced heights for new development in their area but this is what has been achieved by the Hills Shire Council. 
Days after the State Government has announced the Greater Sydney Commission to better co- ordinate planning across Sydney we see an individual council preparing their own plans, in an attempt to usurp the State Government plans that will shortly go on public exhibition.
The North West Rail Corridor Plans developed by the Department of Planning and Environment are in direct response to the state government’s new railway line through the North West. 
Clearly robust development is needed around these stations to ensure taxpayers gain the most benefit from this piece of infrastructure and the Department’s plans would achieve this. It seems bizarre to now have a competing plan produced by the local council on the basis that their plan reflects ‘the values and lifestyle of local residents’. Certainly those residents who own land which is now worth considerably less due to reduced development potential will feel that their values have been reduced.
The Council has increased uncertainty and confusion for both the local community and the development industry by exhibiting plans for these precincts when the Department of Planning &amp; Environment has made it clear that they are developing detailed plans for these areas.
The Hills Shire Council proposes an incentive system to ensure that ‘The Hills Shire values’ are achieved. This means extra floor space will be available if proposals for new apartments have Shire apartment sizes and mix.
The Greater Sydney Commission will need to manage the local rules to reflect local values that could lead to multiple planning standards across Metropolitan Sydney.
The Urban Taskforce is keen to work with local community groups that are battling their council’s attempts to reduce development potential on their land.
Chris Johnson is chief executive officer of property development industry group Urban Taskforce and can be contacted <a href="https://www.urbantaskforce.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=97&amp;Itemid=126#.Vdaart55dFI" target="_blank">here</a>.
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The Hills are alive with the sound of speculator home seller protest: Urban Taskforce

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A Melbourne man has pleaded guilty to one charge of conspiring to defraud financial institutions following his role in an attempt to create and use of false documents to support loan applications valued at approximately $110 million.
The charge follows an ASIC investigation into Footscray-based finance broking company, Myra Home Loan Pty Ltd, trading as Myra Financial Services (no longer trading) (Myra).
Aizaz Hassan pleaded guilty the Melbourne Magistrates' Court on 9 September following his <a href="/expert-insights/finance/arrests-follows-after-12-lenders-caught-in-alleged-110-million-myra-home-loans-fraud">arrest and charge in January</a>.
He is currently on bail and will appear at the County Court at Melbourne on 14 October.
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Melbourne man pleads guilty for role in multi-million dollar home loan fraud conspiracy

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The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) released housing finance data for July 2015 earlier this week.
Throughout July, there was $32.8 billion worth of housing finance commitments. This figure was comprised of $19.2 billion worth of commitments to owner occupiers and $13.6 billion in commitments to investors. Over the month, the total value of housing finance commitments increased by 1.5% to be 15.0% higher year-on-year.
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At $19.2 billion, owner occupier housing finance commitments increased by 2.2% over the month and were 13.9% higher year-on-year. Breaking the $19.2 billion into its components: $1.6 billion was for construction of dwellings, $1.1 billion was for the purchase of new dwellings, $6.2 billion was for refinances of established dwellings and $10.2 billion was for the purchase of established dwellings. Over the month, commitments for the construction of dwellings fell -1.5%, purchase of new dwellings rose 8.4%, refinances rose 3.3% and purchase of established dwellings rose 1.5%.  
Over the past 12 months the refinance segment has been the key driver of growth in the owner occupier lending segment with commitments up 23.7%. In comparison, year-on-year changes have been recorded at -7.6% for construction of dwellings, 15.4% for purchase of new dwellings and 12.6% for purchase of established dwellings. Recently growth in the owner occupier lending segment has been lacklustre, driven largely by refinances however, the 13.9% year-on-year rise in owner occupier housing finance commitments excluding refinances is the largest rise since February 2014.
 
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Turning to the investment segment of housing finance commitments, this has over recent years been a significant driver of new demand. In July 2015, investor housing finance commitments rose by 0.5% to be 16.5% higher year-on-year. If we look at the $13.6 billion in investment housing commitments across its components, $1.1 billion was for construction of new investment dwellings and $12.5 billion was for established homes. 
Over the month, commitments for new construction rose 11.7% compared to a -0.4% fall in commitments for established homes. Year-on-year investor commitments for construction of new dwellings has increased by 81.5% compared to a 12.9% rise in the much larger segment for purchase of established investment homes.  The chart above shows the recent weakness in commitments for established homes and the ongoing rise in commitments for new construction.
It seems that there is a growing appetite for investment in off-the plan investment properties while demand for established investment stock is waning a little.  Despite the monthly rise in demand for investment lending, the rate of growth has started to ease as Australian authorised deposit-taking institutions (ADIs) tweak their lending policies in line with policy updates from APRA aimed at slowing growth in the pace of total investor housing credit.
Housing credit data for July 2015 showed that growth in owner occupier credit is ramping up while investor credit demand is potentially slowing. This release of housing finance data appears to support that notion. The ADIs will be hoping that they can entice additional activity from the owner occupier segment over the coming months as there is likely to be a slowdown in lending to the investment segment.
Housing finance data is continuing to rise however, it appears that growth is starting to tilt away from investors towards the owner occupier segment. Although regulators such as the Reserve Bank and APRA will be glad to see that exuberance from investment borrowers may be slowing, they will be very keen to monitor and ensure that any pick-up from owner occupier borrowers is not as a result of a relaxing of lending standards.
Both the housing credit and housing finance data will be closely monitored over the coming months in order to see if this transition continues. Specifically we will be watching whether housing credit can continue to increase its rate of growth and if new commitments continue to tilt away from investors towards owner occupiers and what impact that may have on housing finance demand.
Cameron Kusher is research analyst for CoreLogic RP Data. You can contact him <a href="https://blog.corelogic.com.au/author/cameron-kusher/" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Housing finance commitments rise in July: Cameron Kusher

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Gross rental yields for combined capital city houses are 3.4% and 4.3% for units in August, according to CoreLogic RP Data.
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The CoreLogic RP Data August Rental Index Results found combined capital city house and unit rental yields are currently at a record low. A year ago, combined capital city gross rental yields for houses were 3.7% and 4.5% for units.
Rental returns are expected to fall lower over the next few months.
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Gross rental yields at record low: CoreLogic RP Data

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Across Australia’s combined capital cities, the final auction clearance rate was 73.2% last week, remaining virtually unchanged from the 73.4% over the previous week. 
The first week of spring resulted in 2,297 auctions being held across the combined capital cities, which was 21% higher than one year ago. This week, auction volumes are expected to increase further, with CoreLogic RP Data currently tracking 2,659 auctions, which is, again, significantly higher than one year ago (2,080).
Melbourne and Sydney will collectively host more than 2,200 auctions this week, with 1,180 Melbourne properties scheduled to go under the hammer and 1,084 in Sydney. Melbourne’s clearance rate fell to 75.1% last week, while across Sydney 76.9% of reported auctions were successful, while indicates an improvement on a week on week basis, but is lower than one year ago (80.1%).
All cities are expecting more auctions this week when compared to last week, while across Tasmania auctions volumes will remain steady, with 7 scheduled. The most substantial rise in scheduled auctions will be across Brisbane, up from 130 last week to 185 this week and Canberra 77 this week compared to 52 last week.
Adelaide has 91 auctions scheduled this week, while Perth has 36, both of which are similar to the same time last year.
The top three suburbs for the highest volume of auctions this week are all located in Victoria; Bentleigh East (20), Reservoir (19) and Richmond (18).
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Capital city clearance rates hold steady: CoreLogic RP Data's Shana Miller

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Policies seeking to increase home buyers’ purchasing power when supply is insufficient will serve only to drive up prices and reduce housing affordability, according to the Australian Bankers Association Inc (ABA).
"The buying power of most home purchasers is determined ultimately by the amount of money they can borrow. 
"The average loan size is now $357,500 or 8.7%higher over the past year, and not surprisingly the highest on record."
Finance providers are maintaining high lending standards, claimed ABA in the submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics.
"The proportion of new loan approvals to high LVR borrowers, i.e. LVRs more than 90% has fallen since 2009 for all borrowers and remains below 10% for investor loans.
"Low doc loans have fallen to very low levels for both owner-occupiers and investors. The proportion of interest only loans has been gradually rising since 2009, with investors showing a greater propensity to use this form of financing compared with owner-occupiers. The share of housing loans which are impaired has been falling since 2011." 
Australia needs to progressively increase its housing stock to shelter its growing population. 
"Over the year ending September 2014 Australia’s population is estimated to have increased by 354,600.Of this, 150,700 was natural increase and 203,900 was net overseas migration. 
"There is a danger that policy prescriptions that seek to address issues in particular markets – such as excess demand in Sydney and Melbourne – but which are applied across the nation may have unintended consequences in other areas of Australia where such issues are less pressing or absent." 
ABA believes that there is significant opportunity for reform in policies to increase land release for housing construction. 
"The supply side of the housing industry is now beginning to lift. Approvals to build new dwellings have been trending up since mid-2012 and over the year to April 2015, 214,000 approvals were issued for the construction of dwellings. 
Building approvals 
"The close relationship between interest rates and housing construction approvals does not mean that interest rates can be used as a policy tool to address issues of housing shortages. 
"Interest rates influence the short term cycles in construction, but do nothing to address the longer term structural imbalance between demand and supply."
In terms of structural issues a persistent complaint is that development is hindered by a shortage of green field sites, reflecting insufficient land release by state governments, and by excessively restrictive council regulations and developer levies. 
"Demographia supports the assertion that higher land prices are a major factor and that a key reason for expensive land is inadequate release of new land for development." 
Around two thirds of households own or are purchasing their home and about one third are renting. Australia’s home ownership rate is around the middle of many of its peers in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 
"More recent data on housing finance commitments suggests that investors are increasing their share of the housing stock. This is not a uniform trend across Australia but is particularly marked in Sydney and to a lesser extent in Melbourne."
Banks are the predominant suppliers of finance for housing in Australia and housing loans comprise the major part of most banks’ assets. 
"Loans outstanding for the purchase and construction of houses total $1.46 trillion. Of this, banks lend $1.35 trillion, with the remainder spread among building societies, credit unions and finance companies. 
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"Housing loans comprise 62 per cent of the total lending assets of banks and about two- thirds are loans to owner-occupiers and the remaining third to investors. 
"Over the past two years or so the growth rate [of borrowing for housing] has gradually accelerated and has now reached 7.2 per cent over the year ending April 2015. 
"The growth rate over recent months has been the highest since late 2010, but it is well below the average rate of growth in the pre GFC era. The last historical high point was in March 2004 at almost 22 per cent."
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Interest rates on home loans are at multi-generational lows. The average advertised standard variable mortgage rate was 5.45 per cent in May 2015, the lowest since 1968. 
"Today’s discounted rate is even lower at less than 5 per cent. These low rates compare to the 17 per cent peak recorded between June 1989 and March 1990.
"These low rates charged to home borrowers are in part a reflection of the intense competitive environment faced by bank and non-bank lenders. Mostly however, they are a product of the globally low interest rate environment. The RBA’s cash rate was reduced to 2.00 per cent in May 2015 - the lowest in a generation. 
"Interest rates on fixed rate loans are also very low at below 5 per cent. The proportion of loans which are fixed rate is now falling. Around 10 per cent of new loans are fixed rate, which is about half the proportion in 2013. 
"Household finances are in good shape. Dwellings are the single largest component of household wealth at $5.1 trillion, with superannuation at $1.9 trillion. 
"The ratio of housing debt-to-housing assets is around 28 per cent, with every $1 of debt being matched by over $3 in house value."
Although households are increasing their borrowings for housing, they are also prepaying their loans to a greater degree. As a result of this, households are now on average the equivalent of 28 months, or more than two years, ahead on their mortgage repayments 
A change in the mix of property taxes away from stamp duty, and with greater emphasis on land tax would likely improve turnover in the housing market, improving the efficiency of the use of the existing stock of housing
The ABA supports the recommendation of the Committee (recommendation 9.70) that Treasury should prepare and publish a study on the influence of negative gearing on the housing market.
ABA also believes there is not enough evidence to support that current CGT arrangements combined with negative gearing encourage speculative investment as deductions are made at the taxpayers’ marginal tax rate, but gains are taxed at half of that rate. 
"Removal of stamp duty on housing transactions would simplify taxation arrangements. It would improve efficiency by increasing the level of beneficial transactions and by improving the allocation of resources. 
"Abolishing stamp duty would result in a more efficient allocation of housing, as it would no longer act as a barrier to downsizing or moving to a more suitable property. It would also cease to act as a barrier to workers seeking to move for better employment opportunities. 
"An abolition of stamp duty would be expected to result in an increase in property values, particularly in an environment of constrained supply. 
"For banks this would improve (reduce) the LVRs of existing borrowers, with a concomitant reduction in the riskiness of the existing housing book. It would lift the effective available deposits for new borrowers although the effect of this on improved housing affordability may be offset by higher purchase prices. 
"Land tax is a more efficient form of property tax than stamp duties, particularly when it is broad-based. 
"Broadening the scope of land taxes provides an opportunity to lower the rate of tax. 
The revenue implications of changing the rate of land tax vary markedly depending on its scope. 
"The only argument in favour of higher rates of land tax is to increase government revenue. Due to the low excess burden of land tax, changing the rate of land tax to increase government revenue would be one of the least distortional methods to boost receipts. 
"However, a change in rate by itself does not address the issues of complexity or fairness."
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Finance providers maintaining high lending standards: ABA

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Policy should not advantage property investors at the expense of prospective owner-occupier home buyers, according to the Reserve Bank of Australia.
In the submission to the inquiry into Home Ownership, the Reserve bank stated that financial stability considerations would suggest that tax and regulatory frameworks should avoid encouraging over-leveraging into property, whether by owner-occupiers or investors. 
"In considering opportunities for reform, the Bank believes that it is worth bearing in mind that there are both benefits and costs of owner-occupation. 
"The broad policy objective of ensuring that all Australians can access suitable housing at reasonable cost need not translate into an objective that all households should purchase their home early in life, let alone that they should all be able to purchase their first home in their ideal location. 
Home ownership in Australia increased considerably over the past century, but has been stable at around 70 per cent since the 1960s. 
"The increases were concentrated in the periods immediately after the two world wars, particularly World War II (WWII), as a result of significant government assistance including War Service Homes programs."
According to the latest Census, around 68% of Australian households owned their own home in 2011.
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"The general stability in home ownership in Australia over recent decades has masked some marked changes in home ownership among different age groups. 
"In particular, there has been a pronounced decline in home ownership among younger households, particularly in the 25–34 and 35–44 age groups. Home ownership rates have generally been more stable among older households. 
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Factors contributing to lower home ownership rates among younger households include the following.
"An increase in income inequality over recent decades, in part reflecting the simultaneous rise of two-income households with increasing workforce participation by women as well as the rise of single adult households (with or without dependents). 
"This led to increased borrowing capacities for households with high home ownership propensities, which will tend to have advantaged older households over younger ones. Accordingly, the decline in home ownership rates over the past decade or so has been concentrated in the third and fourth income quintiles, while that of the top income quintile has been little changed.
"Financial innovation in the 1990s and the 2000s arguably led to greater relaxation of restrictions on borrowing for higher-income households than for lower-income households. 
"Increased labour market flexibility, accelerated technological change and other factors may have increased employment and income insecurity and so reduced the willingness of some households to take on the long-term financial commitment of owning a home (or the ability to service a loan) and the capability of some to remain in home ownership."
The home ownership rate in most states remains above levels. While all states had home ownership rates between 65 and 75 per cent as at the latest Census, there is still considerable variation across states, with home ownership ranging from a low of around 65 per cent in Queensland to a high of almost 72 per cent in Tasmania and Victoria. 
"The transition to a low-inflation regime, implying lower nominal interest rates, has significantly increased households’ borrowing capacities relative to their current incomes, and therefore their capacity to service debt on owner- occupied housing. 
"Survey evidence suggests that total housing costs of owner-occupiers have not moved much relative to incomes over the past couple of decades. 
"Alongside the other demand drivers, one fundamental determinant of housing demand will be the rate of new household formation, which is in turn dependent on the interaction between population growth and developments in average household size. 
"After relatively stable growth from the early 1990s through to the mid 2000s, Australia’s population growth stepped up significantly owing to higher net immigration and, to a lesser extent, a slightly higher rate of natural increase.
"The composition of population growth can also influence housing demand. Much of the fluctuation in population growth rates over the past decade has been driven by fluctuations in net arrivals of people on student visas."
Recent rule changes have made it easier for students to remain in Australia after graduation, including by becoming permanent residents. 
"Over the shorter term, fluctuations in interest rates can be expected to affect the demand for housing. By reducing the burden of debt repayments relative to income, lower interest rates may ease cash-flow constraints and increase borrowing capacity at the margin. This effect applies both to owner-occupiers and investors. 
"Lower interest rates also encourage households to save less and borrow more in the present, thereby shifting consumption from the future. 
"However, prudent buffers on the minimum interest rates that lending institutions use to calculate allowable mortgage loan sizes imply that this effect might be smaller when interest rates are already low. 
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"The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) has recently provided guidance to lenders that the interest rate used in these serviceability tests should be at least 7% (APRA 2014). The Bank estimates that the lower limits on interest rates used in these calculations are probably binding at present, or close to binding. 
"Thus, households that already planned to borrow as much as lenders would permit would not see an increase in borrowing capacity from a decline in interest rates at present. 
The proportion of the housing stock owned by investors looks to have risen over recent decades, offsetting the decline in the prevalence of public housing. 
The investor share is also likely to have risen a little further over the past few years, as investors have accounted for an increasing share of property purchases since 2012.  
"While the incidence of property investment increases with the level of income, the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey also suggests that most investor households are in the top two income quintiles. 
"These households hold nearly 80 per cent of all investor housing debt, and appear well placed to service their debt: they typically use less than 25 per cent of their income to service their total property debt, and around half are ahead of schedule on all their mortgage repayments.
It would be counterproductive to try to encourage more home ownership by making it easier for marginal buyers to borrow more. Both for this reason and in the interests of financial system stability, the Bank would not support measures that expanded credit supply to households at the expense of prudent mortgage lending standards. 
The Bank believes that there is a case for reviewing negative gearing, but not in isolation. Its interaction with other aspects of the tax system should be taken into account. 
"The ability to deduct legitimate expenses incurred in the course of earning income is an important principle in Australia’s taxation system, and interest payments are no exception to this. To the extent that negative gearing induces landlords to accept a lower rental yield than otherwise (at least while continued capital gains are expected), it may be helpful for housing affordability for tenants. 
"It is worth noting, however, that the interaction of negative gearing with other parts of the taxation system may have the effect of encouraging leveraged investment in property. 
"In particular, the switch in 1999 from calculating CGT at the full marginal rate on the real gain to calculating it as half the taxpayer’s marginal rate on the nominal gain resulted in capital gain-producing assets being more attractive than income-producing assets for some combinations of tax rates, gross returns and inflation. 
"This effect is amplified if the asset can be purchased with leverage, because the interest deductions are calculated at the full marginal rate while the subsequent capital gains are taxed at half the marginal rate. 
"Since property can usually be purchased using higher leverage than other assets that produce capital gains, property is especially affected by this feature of the tax system. 
"Another change in the landscape since 2003 is that superannuation funds are now able to borrow. Some self-managed superannuation funds have taken advantage of this by adding geared property into the fund portfolio, both residential and, in particular, commercial property. 
"The Bank has previously observed that leverage in superannuation funds may increase vulnerabilities in the financial system and therefore supports limiting the scope for leverage in these funds.
"Additional housing supply ought to dampen housing prices, and more probably will reduce the growth rate of housing prices that occurs in response to increases in demand for housing. 
"There is no example in Australia or internationally where supply expansion on its own generated housing price declines of a similar order of magnitude to the increases in prices seen in some Australian cities in recent years; some academic work on this issue suggests that removing supply constraints in a single population centre might not reduce prices significantly (Aura and Davidoff 2008)." 
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Housing Debt Serviceability
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Tax, regulations should avoid encouraging over-leveraging into property: RBA

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Ensuring housing supply, dwellings that meet the social and demographic demands, and providing greater mobility across different tenure types within the market are the minimum changes the Department of Social Services believe to be necessary in the case of changing the current housing policy.
While not seeking to outline any specific reforms, the Department of Social Services pointed out areas for improvement In the submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics.
"The Department does note that any future reforms should include a focus on improving the effectiveness of housing supply and the collaboration of jurisdictions with respect to the broader policy settings influencing the operation of Australia’s housing market. 
"In relation to improving housing supply, there are a number of avenues that could be explored. For example, in the context of the Reform of the Federation White Paper process there may be scope to examine the effectiveness of the NAHA in incentivising the states and territories to ensure housing supply is better able to respond to increases in housing demand. 
"With respect to better aligning the broader policy settings influencing housing supply and demand, this will require increased, and ongoing, collaboration by all levels of government. 
"Mechanisms to facilitate such collaboration may be looked at as part of the Reform of the Federation White Paper process, although increased informal collaboration may be just as effective as more formal mechanisms. 
"The roles and responsibilities of the Commonwealth and states and territories, in respect of housing assistance and homelessness services, are currently being examined as part of the Government’s Reform of the Federation White Paper process. 
"Potential reforms to the current roles and responsibilities of the Commonwealth and the states and territories, around the provision of housing assistance and homelessness services, may improve the alignment of current incentives in relation to housing demand and supply. 
"However, this process is unlikely to materially impact the broader policy responsibilities of either level of government in terms of their impact on housing supply and demand. 
"There have been over 25 inquiries and significant reports related to housing policy and planning since the last National Housing Strategy was completed in 1991. 
"The most comprehensive of these reports were the Productivity Commission’s Review into First Home Ownership in 2004, the 2008 Senate Inquiry on Housing Affordability in Australia, the Australia’s Future Tax System Review in 2010 and the 2015 Senate Inquiry into Affordable Housing.
"However, housing affordability, and with it the level of home ownership, across Australia, has continued to fall over this period notwithstanding the recommendations and findings of these reviews. 
"The limited impact of previous reviews underscores the proposition that, without reforms to existing structural policy settings, the current issues with housing affordability will not recede, and indeed are more likely to intensify given the current low interest rate environment. 
"This will likely lead to an increase in the number of Australians being excluded from owning their own home, which is likely to put further pressure on the private rental market and in turn community and public housing and CRA [Commonwealth Rent Assistance]." 
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Department of Social Services weigh in to housing debate

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Reviews on negative gearing, CGT discounts, Self-managed super funds investing in residential property, foreign investment, and immigration levels are key opportunities for reform to improve home ownership in Australia, according to the Affordable Housing Party of Australia (AFHPA).
Phasing out tax advantages over a period of possibly 10 years is the mechanism suggested by AFHPA in their submission to the inquiry into Home Ownership. 
"Firstly, it is likely to encourage investors, especially long term investors, to release properties back onto the market to avoid increased capital gains tax. Hence we should see an increasing proportion of owner-occupiers within 3-5 years. 
"Secondly, as residential investment slowly becomes less tax effective there should be decline in investor interest and reducing prices over time.
"Hence the AFHPA would propose a gradual reduction on the favourable tax treatments to residential property investments.  
The AFHPA would also suggest that action be taken in the following areas:
"CGT discounts on residential property. In the first year after a change property investors would pay tax on 55% of capital gains made on property, the next year it might be, say 60% increasing each year until CGT is paid on 100% of the capital gain. 
"Increase CGT on Self-managed super funds (SMSF) investing in residential property.
"Similar arrangements would be made with SMSF however as the Federal Government has committed to a review of Superannuation the AFHPA will wait until this review is released before commenting on what the actual rate of taxation should be. 
"In the first year after a change in negative gearing investors would be allowed to claim 100% of losses on residential property against their pay as you earn tax obligations, in the second year it might be, say 90% etc."
End foreign investment in the residential property market by tightening rules pertaining to foreign investment in residential property to their pre 2008 level. 
"Because of its undoubted effect on house prices, there is an urgent need to review the current level of migration to Australia. The AHPA would encouragement the widest possible public debate before a final level of immigration was set.  
"However the AHPA position is that the current levels are unsustainable."
Demand and Supply Drivers in the Housing Market 
On the demand side, the AFHPA cites the generous tax treatment of investors in residential housing as a driver of demand and hence rising pricing in the residential property market.  
"AFHPA cites the reduction in CGT as the main driver in investor demand in the last decade. This can be seen in the increasing percentage of investor in the residential housing market since changes were made in CGT by the Howard Government in 1999. 
"Reduced CGT for residential property favours wealthier Australians. Wealthier Australians make more of their income through capital gains than poorer Australians; poorer Australians make their income through wages. 
"Reduced CGT favours Australians with excess funds that can be invested in the property market. In a similar vein the generous treatment of funds in an S.M.S.F. advantages investors over owner-occupiers. 
"However, the AFHPA also submits that negative gearing on residential property is also very ineffective. The bulk of investors using negative gearing have purchased existing properties, hence there can be no argument that negative gearing adds to the supply of housing. 
"The fact that SMSFs are allowed to included residential property further increases demand again without increasing supply. 
"Migration is not often mentioned in regard to housing affordability. The current level of immigration is one of the highest in the OECD and this increases demand in a limited market and hence puts upwards pressure on housing prices. 
"Australia now has a business migration program where applicants for immigration are selected on their financial status. The basic idea being these applicants will have funds to invest in Australia. 
"To date the AFHPA knows of no economic study as to where these funds are being invested. If the funds brought to Australia are being invested in the residential property market, then this doubly affects housing affordability. 
"Finally, investment in existing residential property does little to improve the economic position of Australia. 
"Effectively what is happening is Australia is repricing its existing assets, no real wealth is being created. Wealth is simply being transferred from one generation to the other. 
"The funds invested in property could be better applied to other areas. Although State Governments improve their budgets positions through increased stamp duty and lending organisations make greater profits as housing prices rise, but this is not wealth creation." 
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