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An off-the-plan purchase of an apartment near Monash University in Melbourne by a Chinese based buyer is caught up in the emerging settlement risk scenario.
The off-the-plan sale for $600,000 is keeping the buyer up at night. Liu Jiabing planned for his daughter’s education when he helped her to get an offer to enrol next year, and then bought an apartment in Melbourne that is due to settle next month.
“At the very first, I was told I only had to pay 20 percent downpayment,’’ said the buyer, Mr Liu, who works at a prestige foreign language school in Nanjing, in China’s east.
He told The Australian the financiers then told him to pay 30 percent, "and later 40 percent, as the banks won’t lend and we have to borrow from small ­financial organisations.
“Last night I was told I have to pay 55 percent for down-­payment.
"But how am I supposed to find so much in cash in such a short time? I still have to pay my daughter’s university fees.”
Mr Liu is among the Chin­ese parents who buy new off-the-plan apartments before sending their children to Aus­tralian universities.
AC Property, a Melboune-based property portal, has been taking four or five calls every day from buyers who seek to resell their off-the-plan apartments after finding it hard to settle, the newspaper reported.
“We have been referring our clients to mortgage brokers to see if they can get alternative finance, but we haven’t seen a single case of success so far,” said AC Property ­director Esther Yong.
In once case parents, based in Guangzhou, in China’s south, have already missed the settlement deadline of July 18 for the apartment they bought for $440,000.
The developer is now charging them about $150 a day as penalty, which is pushing Mr Li to resell as soon as possible.
The Australian columnist Robert Gottliebsen wrote today the Chinese link to the looming apartment glut puts the education sector and Australia's international reputation "in peril."
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Higher equity required for offshore Chinese buyers settling off-the-plan apartments

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Garrett Camp, co-founder of the revolutionary online transportation network, Uber has unveiled a new digital platform that is his foray into residential buying and selling.
The platform is called <a href="https://haus.com/" target="_blank">Haus</a>.
Commentary from the Inman website says it’s not trying to compete with the Zillows and realtor.coms in online home search.
Rather, Haus’s main purpose is to digitize the offer submission and acceptance process.
<a href="https://techcrunch.com/2016/07/28/uber-cofounder-launches-new-real-estate-venture-for-expa-called-haus/" target="_blank">TechCrunch</a> reported the platform lets “sellers put their listing on the platform, where buyers and their agents can both post their offers, amend them, and see an anonymized version of other offers that have been made on the property.”
Haus is only available in California.
With homeowners and buyers able to see the offers, Haus is also touting more transparency in the sales process.
The information available to potential buyers about a listing on Haus includes the terms of the offer in addition to the price.
The Names remain confidential.
“We think the openness will create a more efficient market and that the number of offers and price will ultimately be dependent on demand,” Haus GM Sarah Ham told TechCrunch.
“Bidding wars are a common, almost accepted, part of the real estate process today. But with our approach, buyers know where they stand.
"Buyers will know what they need to offer to make their offer competitive, but they also won’t negotiate against themselves.”
Camp told TechCrunch that “collecting offers and presenting them is a very manual process, the way that town car companies would pick up a phone, write the fare on the board, and send the next available driver to that location.
“It just seems much more efficient for agents to use a platform to coordinate all of this information automatically.”
Currently, Haus is free, but the company may start charging through the broker’s fee once it figures out how to add value to the negotiation process.
The project falls under Expa Studios, of which Camp is CEO.
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Uber enters the real estate world

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Heritage Bank has lifted its profit in 2015/16, despite loan approvals being down slightly.
Its retail deposits grew strongly, up by $294 million (6.05 percent) to $5.16 billion.
Its chairman Mr Kerry Betros said the results reflected the key drivers of a renewed corporate strategy that is now being implemented.  “Our Roy Morgan customer satisfaction rating at 30 June 2016 was 94.3 percent, the highest of any financial institution in Queensland,” he said.  “Canstar Blue awarded Heritage the 2016 Most Satisfied Customers award in the Challenger Bank category across Australia  “We also took out the 2016 Mozo People's Choice Award for overall customer satisfaction, an award based on actual customer reviews completed throughout Australia during the year.  “In addition, independent analysis by research company CANSTAR, found that our customers were $50 million a year better off in 2015/16 through banking with Heritage rather than one of the big four banks.  “That’s a compelling demonstration of how banking with a customer-owned organisation provides tangible benefits for our customers. “Our mutual ethos stretches back to our origins in Toowoomba 141 years ago."
Australia’s largest mutual bank, with a national presence, reported a capital adequacy ratio at 30 June 2016 was 13.95% and its liquidity ratio was 15.94%, well above regulatory requirements.
Heritage’s mortgage loan arrears greater than 30 days was 0.30 percent at 30 June 2016, well below the industry average. 
Its CEO Peter Lock said today that Heritage's unaudited financial results for the 2015/16 year showed pre-tax profit of $51.11 million, up 6.46 percent on the $48.01 million achieved the previous year.  
The after tax profit was $36.14 million, up 7.53 percent on the $33.61 million achieved in 2014/15.  Loan approvals were down slightly (3.26 percent), reaching $1.78 billion in 2015/16 compared to $1.84 billion in the previous year. 
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Heritage Bank lends less, but profits up

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The longtime Sydney automotive business, the Alto Group has listed a 6063 sqm Gordon site as a residential development offering.
The 888 Pacific Highway, Gordon, in Sydney’s north, is set to attract keen Chinese interest given its street number.
It is approved for the development of 144 residential dwellings and 730sq m retail space.
It is listed with price expectations of more than $35 million through Colliers International’s Guillaume Volz in conjunction with Shead Property.
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Alto Group list 888 Pacific Highway Gordon

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A contemporary Brighton home struggled for bids at weekend auction, but found a buyer post-auction.
The home at 1 Laburnum Court was designed by architect Martin Friedrich to be his own home. It was sold by him at $2,925,000 in 2014.
Buxton Brighton auctioneer John Clarkson took an opening bid of $3 million, which was followed by a vendor’s bid of $3.05 million.
The Laburnum Court home passed in at auction but sold later at an undisclosed price to a professional couple moving to the bayside area for the first time.
The four bedroom home had price expectations of $3.2 million-plus.
It was one of 677 auctions across Melbourne this week, recording an 75 percent clearance rate, according to CoreLogic.
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Martin Friedrich-designed Brighton home sells

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/57732/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
It’s time for a fresh look at community and policy development in rural and regional NSW – one that will deliver rewarding jobs, a proper say for people in how they’re governed, decent infrastructure, access to essential services, and an enriching environment.
<h2>Looking after the land</h2>
Rural and regional NSW provides the state with much of its food, water and tourism opportunities, as well as crucial hidden services such as regulating the climate. Properly funding projects that preserve regional environments benefits all citizens, but can also help develop regional economies.
Regional NSW is well placed to become a leader in the farming, supply and production of renewable energy, so governments may wish to consider what policy levers are needed to incentivise investment in this area.
It’s also important we involve local experts in finding ways to improve land and water management in regional areas, sustainable agricultural and forestry practices, and develop well-managed protected areas that facilitate biodiversity conservation.
Fostering people’s connection with, and appreciation of, nature can achieve health benefits, facilitate tourism and recreation, and even boost mental health.
<h2>Creating a happy and healthy regional citizenry</h2>
It’s no secret there is a shortage of GPs and other specialist medical service providers in regional areas.
Mental illness prevalence rates are similar to metropolitan areas but there is a lack of mental health services in regional areas, and self-harm rates are much higher.
Mental health prevalence rates are similar to metropolitan areas but there is a lack of mental health services in regional areas, and self-harm rates increase with remoteness.
Addressing these shortages is important if we are aiming to create a happy, healthy and productive citizenry in regional NSW – and attract highly trained professionals to the regions.
<h2>Attracting highly skilled, mobile and trained professionals</h2>
It’s important that NSW develops better ways to attract highly skilled, highly mobile and highly trained professionals to its regions. In the past, organisations like the Bathurst-Orange Development Corporation gave concessions to industry in the short term to relocate to Bathurst. This model could be revisited more broadly.
Diversity and a culturally rich environment can serve as a strong selling point for urban and international migration to regional areas.
Welcoming and inclusive communities are more likely to retain highly skilled and professional migrants. We need creative campaigns that focus on the promotion of arts and culture heritage, healthy lifestyle, sport and outdoor activities, as well as educational opportunities available outside urban centres.
Regional and rural citizens are crying out for improved infrastructure – better roads and public transport, fast and reliable broadband and telecommunications would help attract high trained professionals to the regions.
Proper access to legal services
Citizens in some remote areas of NSW lack access to legal services, and it’s important that policy be developed according to local need in context (rather than a one-size-fits-all “solution”).
It’s crucial that governments plan to ensure a mix of legal services are available to regional and rural citizens. Both private lawyers and public services are needed.
It’s important that key government departments such as the Department of Education, Department of Family and Community Services and the Department of Primary Industries have a stronger and continuous presence in regional areas.
These agencies employ lawyers. Locating these key departments in regional areas also creates opportunities for country lawyers beyond private practice and ensures citizens are getting advice from local lawyers who understand the regional context.
<h2>Breaking down stereotypes</h2>
The urban mindset is preoccupied with an image of the regions as all hay bales and agriculture, as portrayed on television shows like The Farmer Wants A Wife.
The reality is much more varied and nuanced. Vibrant arts communities exist along side long-standing farming industries. While some regional areas have been on a relative decline, much of this has to do with growth in urban areas. Services are clustered in some regional areas, and found wanting in others.
Developing a more accurate picture of what life in rural and regional NSW is really like – through funding regional art communities, social links between urban and regional citizens, and developing more realistic social marketing – would go a long way to breaking down misconceptions about country NSW.
<h2>Inclusion and consultation</h2>
A courageous government could consider creating Regional Advisory Councils, made up of representatives selected across each region. These council members could be trained to use deliberative democracy – a form of collective discussion and decision-making – to help tackle complex problems in their local areas.
Lip service is not enough. It’s important that funding be made available to help implement projects that rural and regional citizens say their local areas need.
That means breaking down the traditional silo-based approach to funding, where we run the risk of allocating money to government departments or pet projects based on the ideas of centrally located decision makers. Importantly, governance and oversight mechanisms are needed to ensure there are not conflicts of interest.
Regional policymakers could harvest the vast amounts of data available to allocate funds based on where the need is greatest; making such data publicly available where possible is a key part of results-based accountability too.
<h2>What’s at stake?</h2>
Recent political events – think Brexit, the rise of Donald Trump and voter dissatisfaction with the major parties in Australia – have underlined how disenfranchised many regional and rural citizens feel in a rapidly changing world.
We need to ensure that regional and rural citizens are not left behind as advanced economies shift away from traditional manufacturing and toward a knowledge economy. Doing so will help preserve social and political harmony for all citizens.
Alison Gerard is associate professor in Law, Charles Sturt University and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/alison-gerard-12350" target="_blank">here</a>.
Branka Krivokapic-Skoko is economist and economic sociologist, Charles Sturt University and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/branka-krivokapic-skoko-285542" target="_blank">here</a>. 
Liz Reimer is lecturer in Social Welfare, Southern Cross University and can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/liz-reimer-285543" target="_blank">here</a>.
All are authors for The Conversation.
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Reimagining NSW: how a happy, healthy regional and rural citizenry helps us all

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Canterbury had Melbourne's top sale - well above its $3.5 million reserve - when a three-bedroom home at Canterbury sold for $4.11 million with four bidders competing through Kay and Burton.
It was a Lewis Coote-designed home built for the vendors in 1988 on its 847 sqm block which cost $96,000 in 1980, reflecting 11 percent annual price appreciation.
Melbourne buyers agent Mal James advised the strong result at <a href="https://www.realestate.com.au/property-house-vic-canterbury-123096942" target="_blank">9 Victoria Avenue, Canterbury</a> (above) highlighted the re-emergence of the Asian market and "it’s clashing with the strong local market" which prior to the winter break had been left to provide the market leadership. He advised three of the four bidders were of Asian background.
"We are a multi-cultural city and therefore it’s impossible for us to determine the exact nature of everybody’s citizenship on the fly at an auction – so what we are saying is, we are seeing stronger and more bidding from buyers with an Asian background – more bidding than we did in the second half of last year and the first half of this year," Mal James suggested.
The most affordable auction property reported sold at the weekend across the country was a one-bedroom unit at <a href="https://www.realestate.com.au/property-apartment-vic-st+kilda-123074814" target="_blank">3/239 Canterbury Road, St Kilda</a> (below), that sold for $211,000 by Gary Peer and Associates who had been giving a revised $200,000 plus price guidance.
<img src="/images/2016/08/08/700_vic_unit.jpg" alt="">
It last sold at $80,000 in 1998, so reflected 5.6 percent annual price growth. The 1960s apartment was recently available at $350 a week asking rental, reflecting a 8.6 percent gross rental yield.
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Clash between locals and Chinese buyers re-emerges in Melbourne's Canterbury: Mal James

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GUEST OBSERVER
As expected, the statement fell short of providing explicit forward guidance, but we interpret the larger number of risks to the outlook and the RBA’s forecast that average underlying inflation would be stuck at the bottom of the 2-3 percent target band by the end of 2018 as a strong easing bias.
Our base case is that rates remain on hold at 1.5 percent, but we see a clear risk of further cuts given the RBA expects persistently low inflation and with banks passing on only half of this week’s rate cut to home loan customers. The AUD is also important given the RBA thinks it still poses a “significant source of uncertainty” around the outlook.
In our view, today’s statement reinforces this risk. With the cash rate now close to the 1 percent floor for the cash rate, we think the RBA would be looking more closely at unconventional options if downside risks to the outlook materialise.
Persistently low inflation points to an easing bias. As expected, the RBA’s forecast profile for underlying inflation was unchanged, showing inflation at or below the bottom of the 2-3 percent target band for the entire forecast period.
Importantly, in our opinion, the RBA’s initial forecast for Q4 2018 showed average inflation remaining at the bottom of the target band rather than returning to the 2.5 percent midpoint. We think this is a dovish signal, given that the RBA cut rates this week and the forecasts are based on market pricing, which was for another rate cut.
Near-term growth was revised higher, but the RBA is more uncertain about the outlook. The RBA revised near-term growth higher given Q1 GDP was significantly higher than it had expected, but left the rest of its forecast profile for modest growth unchanged. Unemployment was expected to “move only a little lower”, with a degree of spare capacity in the labour market for some time. The statement highlighted the uncertainty about the outlook, citing China, the labour market, the housing market, and the exchange rate.
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We think the RBA would be looking more closely at unconventional options if downside risks to the economy materialise. We think the RBA would have to look more closely at unconventional policies if, say, the economy takes a turn for the worse, the exchange rate unexpectedly strengthened, and/or low inflation expectations kept actual inflation below the target band. The RBA thought the likelihood of using such options was “very remote”, but we are much less sure given the cash rate is close to the RBA’s 1 percent floor.
Governor Stevens may talk about the limits to monetary policy next week.
The Governor is speaking on 10 August at what might be his last speaking engagement before his term finishes on 17 September. We think he may cover familiar ground, emphasising that central banks are having to shoulder too much of the burden of supporting growth and argue that there are limits to what can be achieved with monetary policy. He may also repeat his support for the RBA’s inflation targeting framework and argue that tougher regulations have put the banks in a better place. 
Kieran Davies is an economist for ANZ and can be contacted <a href="https://www.anz.com/personal/" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Clear risk of further cuts from RBA: ANZ's Kieran Davies

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GUEST OBSERVER
In its Statement on Monetary Policy (SoMP) for August the Reserve Bank has made no significant changes to its forecasts.
This is an unusual development given that it cut rates earlier this week. Our scrutiny of previous rate decisions shows that on all previous occasions a rate change has been followed with a forecast change.
However, as indicated in previous notes we expected no forecast change and a rate cut on the basis that the changes to the inflation outlook in the May SoMP were so significant that a follow-up move would be necessary without any further need to change the forecasts.
In summary, the Bank, which has extended the forecast period from June 2018 to December 2018, has retained a 3% growth forecast for 2016 and 2017, and a 3½% forecast for the whole of 2018 (having forecast 3½% for the year to June 2018 in the May SoMP).
The inflation forecasts also remain the same: underlying inflation in 2016 is forecast at 1½% (mid-point of 1-2% range) and 2% (mid-point of 1½-2½% range) in 2017. One area of interest was whether the Bank would adopt an above 2% forecast for calendar 2018. Note that in May, the forecast to June 2018 was still 2% but there was scope in this statement to adopt a ‘with-in target zone’ forecast for 2018. However the Bank has decided to retain the 2% forecast (mid-point of 1½-2½% range) for the whole of 2018.
This means that with underlying inflation printing 2% for 2015, the Bank is predicting that underlying inflation will remain below or at the bottom of the band for four consecutive years. Indeed in the statement it is even more confronting than that, choosing to note “inflation is likely to remain below 2% over most of the forecast period”.
This approach certainly raises issues around whether, with a new Governor being appointed in September and adopting a new agreement with the Government, a revised approach to inflation targeting could be embraced. One approach might be to further extend the forecast period with an assertion that eventually inflation will return to the target zone; another might be to lower the specific target; while a third might be to abandon an actual arithmetic target. These issues will be revealed over the next few months.
As is the normal practise, the forecasts assume unchanged AUD and oil prices but adopt market pricing for interest rates. Despite the rate cut in August markets continue to fully price in another cut by early next year. So in comparing the forecasts in May, which also had one full cut priced in, these forecasts have an extra cut priced in. Yet they have not been changed to reflect even easier monetary policy.
So, from this perspective, even though the forecasts have not been changed the implication is a more cautious view than we saw in May.
The growth forecasts appear to be on the high side. We know the Bank assesses trend growth as 2.75% and these forecasts indicate the expectation of four consecutive years of growth above that trend. With that in mind it is very interesting that the commentary in the introduction to the statement, which is generally accepted to have been written by the Governor, notes the following: “While the prospects for growth in economic activity are positive there is room for even stronger growth”. Interpreting this statement is not clear cut. It may be specifically justifying the decision to cut in August or it may be providing guidance for the future. Given that it will clearly be so closely scrutinised it would be risky to dismiss it as only justifying the August decision. Along with the surprisingly downbeat commentary on the inflation outlook it should not be dismissed as only providing an explanation for the August decision.
Therefore the combination of a decidedly underwhelming inflation forecast with recognition that even though growth is expected to be consistently a little above trend throughout the forecast period there is scope for even stronger growth should clearly be interpreted as the Bank retaining its easing bias. While there is no specific guidance around the outlook for policy, which is usually the vehicle for signalling such a bias, the flavour around these forecasts and the commentary indicates that easing policy stance.
The commentary around the outlook for the economy lacks confidence. Weak wages growth is explained by ongoing spare capacity in the labour market; low inflation expectations and profit pressures. Spare capacity in the labour market is expected to persist for the full forecast period (out to end 2018) and the unemployment rate is not expected to fall too much. In the near term, employment growth over the second half of 2016 is expected to be modest. Further uncertainty around the labour market is noted with the observation that: “Gains in employment continue to be mostly in part time and among workers who would like more hours” raising the prospect that the degree of spare capacity is larger than implied by the unemployment rate. The emphasis on this mix of jobs growth has increased significantly since the last SoMP with, despite the rate cut, the mood around the labour market being more cautious.
There are also confident observations made about risks to overstimulating house prices with house price growth being assessed as modest since around April and inflation in rents easing to multi-decade lows. Further the Statement asserts that, “the risks associated with high and rising household leverage and rapid gains in housing prices have diminished.”
Of course, uncertainty prevails around the AUD: “It [the AUD] … represents a significant source of uncertainty for the forecasts for inflation as well as the outlook for growth in activity”.  Views around the international environment are broadly the same as we saw in May with no particular strong reaction to ‘Brexit’ or the political uncertainty in the US. As with previous statements considerable attention is given to China with the ongoing issues of the sustainability of the recent upswing in housing activity and the increasing imbalance from excessive corporate and local government debt attracting attention. It is reasonable to conclude that the Bank’s developing suspicions around China’s outlook have progressed further in this statement.
Conclusion
We are not surprised that the forecasts in the statement are unchanged. However, the commentary around the inflation prospects, and, notwithstanding a little above trend growth forecasts, recognition that there is room for even stronger growth points to this statement implying an easing bias. There is no commentary that we can see pointing out stability risks to even lower rates. Indeed the statement strongly asserts that despite the rate cut in May, conditions in the housing market have stabilised and risks in the housing market have diminished. It is also apparent that caution has entered into the assessment around the labour market with specific emphasis on spare capacity being more prominent in this statement than we saw in May.
Our current forecast is that having responded to the ‘inflation scare’ in May with two rate cuts, the Bank will be inclined to now seek a period of stability on the policy front. However the sentiment in this statement indicates that the Bank is more open to further near term stimulus than we thought would have been the case.
Over the course of the next period we will assess the usual risks to determine whether our current view should be retained. Apart from the usual run of economic data, the agreement between the new RBA Governor, Philip Lowe, and the Government will be important, while any clarification from the new Governor himself on these issues will also be welcomed.
 BILL EVANS is chief economist of Westpac and can be contacted <a href="https://www.westpac.com.au/about-westpac/westpac-group/" target="_blank">here</a>.
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RBA statement notes housing market risks have diminished: Westpac's Bill Evans

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/54952/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
We take for granted that buildings are classified and designed according to a specific use: a library, say, or school, prison or hospital.
A room, or an open area (“a space” in our modern jargon), too, is determined by its function, so we label them as bedroom, living room, boardroom, office, study or even a gift-wrapping room (if you are a Hollywood star).
Such classification is relatively new in human history. In pre-19th-century Europe and pre-modern China of more than 3,000 years, there were very few or no building types.
In modern times, overt specificity and its opposite, open planning, have caused a few problems: short building lifespan, on the one hand, and bland, lifeless open buildings, on the other, are two.
Rooms for cooking, washing and answering nature’s call must cater to these specific uses. Still, these rooms, like others, can be conceived and designed with singular or multiple characters.
We can, for example, wash in a particular room, but we may also bathe or even read there for pleasure if the room has a serene character. We often speak of rooms in terms of human character: a secretive room, a cheerful room, a gloomy room, a feminine room, a dreamy room … the list goes on.
A narrative of rooms
What did it do to humans when in pre-modern times a building was composed with a narrative of rooms and gradually given a “life” of its own?
It would be inconceivable for a modern architect to receive the instruction from a client to design a building with rooms of various characters. But this was exactly what Andrea Palladio – the 16th-century Renaissance master – was instructed to do.
Give me a dozen rooms, some for me, some for my wife, some for my sons, some for servants and some for “ease”, asked the Veneto noble when he desired a country villa. Other than the differentiation between more open rooms (entrata, sala) and more enclosed ones (stanze, camere and camerini), these rooms are sequentially characterised from expansive and lofty to cosy and intimate.
Throughout their long summers, the Veneto nobles loafed around in such ensembles of interconnected rooms to pursue otium – a Roman ideal of leisurely time spent away from business and politics in the city to read literature and philosophy, and to converse and revel in the country.
They often travelled with furniture when they visited each other in those splendid villas. Depending on the mood and the need, a canopy bed could be set up in either a stanza or a camera, hence a circumstantial bedroom in the modern sense.
The entire Villa La Rotonda, conveniently positioned on the top of a hill, was on occasions turned into this magical theatre at night with its rooms becoming viewing boxes – from where the guests would be entertained with fireworks in the valley.
Around a courtyard, each room has its place
For more than three millennia, the Chinese built everything – from house, shop, factory, theatre and temple to imperial palace and the entire city – following one configuration, a courtyard.
But the rooms lining and within the courtyard – some elevated, expansive and magnanimous, and some grounded, hidden and secretive – were designated to play different social roles.
The patriarch and his wife lived in the central building on the axis; the married sons were housed in the two side-wing buildings; the unmarried daughter and the servants were tucked away in the rows of rooms in the rear courtyard.
One’s destiny and the character of the room were matched based on the legible Confucian decorum. The central tang – the hall – was elevated on a stone platform with its southern façade open to the lower court.
When the blind musician Mian called in, Confucius paid him the utmost respect by showing him the way up to the hall. When Mian reached the steps, the Master said: “Mind the steps”. Taking him to his mat, the Master said: “Here is your mat”. When everyone was seated, the Master explained: “So-and-so is here, So-and-so is there.”
This must have been an expected and yet imperative sequence: stepping up to the hall, being allocated the appropriately positioned mat, and sitting down to converse while facing the courtyard below.
The hall is reserved for the distinguished; the lesser must remain in the courtyard. To rise to the hall without an invitation from the owner therefore is an offence. In the imperial palace, the emperor, sitting in the hall, would give audience to his ministers, on their knees, in the court.
A place under Heaven
The courtyard itself is a room with a character. Though the four wings of the courtyard frame the sky, the Chinese leave their Heaven “unclaimed” in blandness.
When leaves fell in the imperial courtyard, the emperor was informed about the arrival of autumn. Women and children cut golden leaves in various shapes and stuck them on their sideburns: a long-forgotten Chinese custom under the Song dynasty.
Heaven’s pulse, in this Song celebration of autumn, is felt through the framed sky in the courtyard, but its true meaning remains on earth – that is, the connection of the emperor with his subjects. Unsurprisingly, the emperor is “the son of Heaven”.
The atrium in a Roman courtyard domusis narrow and skyward. Its character par-excellence is akin to the oculus in the Pantheon. This “courtyard” is the Roman emperor Hadrian’s homage to both Heaven and man, but man is contained within and, subordinate to, the internalised cosmos.
Though gods were many in classical antiquity, Heaven was to be held in awe. The coffers of the concrete dome, shrinking gradually in size towards the oculus, and still the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world after nearly 2,000 years, are in the mind’s eye of a modern philosopher a chorus of angels ascending to Heaven.
Rain, snow and occasionally hailstones fall from the oculus. But this is the divine sublime. Even to this day, a cascade of ruby rose petals descends from “Heaven’s eye” (the oculus) on every Pentecost.
By the late 19th century, a large country house of the English aristocracy could have up to 50 defined rooms – ranging from parlour, boudoir, music room, library, gentleman’s room and saloon to cloakroom, china closet, gun room and even soiled linen closet. Professor Robert Kerr took the trouble of writing a book in 1865, The Gentleman’s House, to advise architects on the art of segregation in a house.
Unlike that of the 16th-century Veneto nobles, the English country house was fully occupied throughout the year. While the English gentry retreated to some of these enclosed rooms to cultivate a selfhood, this was the end of likening a building and its rooms to a human character, and the beginning of a building as a mechanical apparatus.
“A house is a machine for living in,” declared the French avant-garde architect Le Corbusier in the early 20th century – though his own buildings are more enigmatic than those of his enthusiastic followers.
But not all has been lost. The great New Zealand architect, the late Sir Ian Athfield, and a few of his kindred spirits such as Luis Barragan in Mexico and Geoffrey Bawa in Sri Lanka, conceived and built their buildings as an ensemble of rooms of all sorts of characters.
Their work nonetheless prove the validity of a long-forgotten tradition – that is, architecture was meant to be an art of imitating a human character, rather than “designed” to cater to a specific use only.
Xing Ruan is professor of Architecture, associate dean international and director of Architecture, UNSW Australia and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/xing-ruan-219197" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Why a building and its rooms should have a human character

A landmark former orphanage site in Surrey Hills could be transformed into a new residential community under plans lodged by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/antipodean-land-developments">Antipodean Land Developments</a> that would deliver 76 apartments and townhouses while restoring some of the suburb's most significant heritage buildings.

The burgeoninng Melbourne-based developer has submitted plans for the 9,158 sqm site at 1 Kent Road and 24 Durham Road, home to the former St Joseph's Home for Destitute Children, a historic institutional complex dating back to the late 19th century. The proposal seeks to adaptively reuse several heritage buildings while introducing two new four-storey residential buildings set within extensive landscaped grounds.

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/woods-bagot">Woods Bagot</a> and Kerstin Thompson Architects, the project has been conceived as a contemporary residential village embedded within a restored heritage precinct. The development team describes the design approach as "The Village in the Garden," with new buildings positioned among mature landscaping by OCULUS and significant heritage structures.

<img alt="First look: Antipodean Land Developments plans heritage-led apartment community in Surrey Hills" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="44ec8c1b-c0b6-44ae-859e-5811b3e6a023" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Untitled%20design%20%281%29.png?VersionId=p.p1_KFh4iQoV4nisdnPfQBAsWNi7m79" />

The proposal would deliver 76 dwellings comprising a mix of apartments and duplex-style residences, significantly increasing housing supply on one of the largest privately held residential landholdings in Surrey Hills. The development includes 127 car spaces, 24 bicycle spaces and more than 1,000 sqm of communal amenity, with the existing chapel building earmarked for conversion into resident facilities.

According to the planning submission, the project centres on the restoration and adaptive reuse of the site's most significant heritage assets, including the original c.1889 St Joseph's building, the chapel designed by architect Augustus Andrew Fritsch, and the historic brick perimeter walls and entry gates. The proposal also incorporates the retention of other contributory buildings including the former infirmary and school building.

Tract Consultants, in the planning report accompanying the application, said the scheme had been shaped through extensive heritage analysis and design development.

"The shared vision for the Site by the project team has culminated in a scheme which successfully breathes life back into a historic site while delivering upon the objectives of Victoria's Housing Statement in a carefully curated and contextually responsive manner."

<img alt="First look: Antipodean Land Developments plans heritage-led apartment community in Surrey Hills" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="7263b7d8-95ea-400f-9531-6ca7d22c3c33" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Untitled%20design%20%282%29.png?VersionId=4cR1tiWOsDpgxEOwZi5vVFcyvvOsYkIE" />

The proposal is being assessed under Victoria's Significant Residential Development with Affordable Housing pathway. As part of the application, three per cent of the project's residential development cost would be contributed to the Social Housing Growth Fund. The development would also provide a diverse mix of one, two and three-bedroom residences targeting a broader range of buyers than typically found in Surrey Hills' detached housing market.

Sustainability initiatives include an anticipated 66 per cent BESS score, natural cross-ventilation to 80 per cent of apartments, 28 per cent deep soil landscaping and a canopy cover outcome exceeding local planning requirements. The proposal also sets aside more than 1,083 sqm for communal indoor and outdoor resident amenity spaces.

<img alt="First look: Antipodean Land Developments plans heritage-led apartment community in Surrey Hills" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="33fad46f-fe26-4d0a-acfd-6b776e1c6a3d" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Untitled%20design.png?VersionId=D9F6WVSyYCtGvSUmith35LRp6R7PQkw_" />

Planning documents describe the property as one of the largest underutilised residential sites in Surrey Hills, arguing it presents a rare opportunity to introduce "missing middle" housing in an established inner-eastern suburb while preserving and revitalising a significant heritage precinct.

Antipodean Land Developments has built a reputation for design-focused residential projects across Melbourne, particularly in the medium-density sector. Previous developments include Neighbourhood in Brunswick East, delivered with Breathe Architecture, and Balfe Park Lane, designed by Kerstin Thompson Architects.

They've been very active in site acquisition as they build out their future development pipeline. They recently launched Thornubury House, 45 apartments above a mix of commercial, retail, and food and beverage tenancies, and have plans for a boutique project in Fitzroy and another <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/vic/antipodean-plan-apartments-for-deepdenes-missing-middle-on-whitehorse-road">"missing middle" project</a> on Deepdene's Whitehorse Road.

Joel Robinson

First look: Antipodean Land Developments plans heritage-led apartment community in Surrey Hills

Developer <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/auyin-property-development">Auyin</a> is the latest to turn to the Victorian Government's Development Facilitation Program in an effort to secure approval for its long-planned, mixed-use project in Elsternwick.

In 2018, Auyin lodged plans with Glen Eira City Council for a 14-storey building, however Council approved a reduced eight-storey scheme. A subsequent VCAT appeal in 2019 upheld the eight-storey height limit.

The project was later amended to nine storeys, but Auyin is now seeking to revive something closer to its original vision. The developer argues that the planning context has evolved significantly over the past decade, particularly within the Elsternwick Activity Centre, where higher-density development has increasingly been encouraged along Glen Huntly Road.

The proposal would transform the 1,239 sqm site at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/7-12-horne-street-elsternwick-vic-3185">7-15 Horne Street</a>, opposite Elsternwick Railway Station, into a 13-storey residential and retail development designed by CBG Architects, with 40 apartments

The site currently comprises three commercial properties.

<img alt="First look: 13-storey mixed-use tower planned for Elsternwick activity centre" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="5f465dd4-509b-4082-a669-0253b313914b" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/elsternwick%20podium.png?VersionId=72frWi0SmQ5AVJ3ARRhX5ILUYObhTm7x" />

The proposed apartment mix comprises 25 two-bedroom and 15 three-bedroom residences above 200 sqm of retail space at ground level. Residents would have access to a 90 sqm wellness facility, a 351 sqm communal indoor and outdoor terrace on the third level, and extensive landscaped areas throughout the development. A publicly accessible 135 sqm plaza would be created on the north-east corner of the site, providing seating, landscaping, and a new gathering space adjoining Horne Street.

The design adopts a four-storey podium that references the finer-grain character of the surrounding streetscape, with the upper tower recessed behind generous setbacks on all boundaries.

<img alt="First look: 13-storey mixed-use tower planned for Elsternwick activity centre" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="e637e763-2abc-4c34-a0aa-5c7ad36fae18" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/elsternwick%20open.png?VersionId=J1AoOpZgTyaF.KeeFSX6lMjEScX8KKRi" />

A key element of the proposal is the reconfiguration and widening of the surrounding laneways. Vehicle access would be retained from Lois Lane, with upgraded pedestrian connections linking Ross Street and Horne Street. The development would provide 58 residential car spaces, two retail car spaces, and 52 bicycle spaces across two basement levels and ground-floor facilities.

Architecturally, the building draws inspiration from the established character of Elsternwick Village. The façade combines dark charcoal brickwork, textured concrete, bronze-toned metal detailing, and extensive planting integrated into podium and tower levels. The design also incorporates a chamfered corner treatment and publicly accessible plaza intended to strengthen pedestrian activity around the station precinct.

Elsternwick's last new development completion was&nbsp;EVA Elsternwick by Pitard late last year. <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/milieu-property">Milieu</a> is working away on its nature-led neighbourhood, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/elsternwick-gardens-by-milieu-8-gordon-street-elsternwick-vic-3185">Elsternwick Gardens</a>, on Gordon Street, with its first stage expected to complete next year.

First look: Auyin seeks mixed-use apartment project in growing Elsternwick Activity Centre

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/otium-parkdale-123-125-como-parade-east-parkdale-vic-3195">Otium Parkdale</a>, the 13-residence boutique development by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/huxtable-property">Huxtable Property</a>, has entered its final stages of delivery, with completion expected within the coming month and more than half of the residences sold.

The Como Parade East project is nearing the finish line at a time when opportunities to purchase new apartments in <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/parkdale-vic-3195">Parkdale</a> remain exceptionally limited. Fewer than 10 per cent of dwellings in the bayside suburb are apartments, making developments like Otium a relatively rare addition to a market traditionally dominated by detached housing.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134974 project_image_fid=5427]

The three-level development comprises 13 residences, including ten two-bedroom apartments and three larger three-bedroom homes, all positioned above a secure basement car park.

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/almeida-architects">Almeida Architects</a> with a strong connection to its coastal surroundings, Otium combines red brick, exposed concrete and dark metal detailing with integrated landscaping and greenery. Expansive glazing, generous balconies and terraces have been incorporated throughout the design to maximise natural light and reinforce indoor-outdoor living.

Inside, the residences feature engineered European oak flooring, natural and reconstituted stone benchtops, Bosch kitchen appliances, ducted heating and cooling, lift access and secure entry systems. The larger three-bedroom residences on the upper level have been designed with house-like proportions, while the two-bedroom apartments prioritise functionality, flexibility and low-maintenance living.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134974 project_image_fid=5421]

The project is now in its final stages, with <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/builders/labco">Labco</a> completing the remaining landscaping and external finishing works following the completion of the residences' interiors.

Otium's location within the heart of Parkdale continues to underpin its appeal. Residents will be just steps from local cafés, restaurants, shops and the newly elevated Parkdale Station, while the beach is less than a kilometre away.

With the project tracking ahead of schedule, buyers can currently secure a residence with a five per cent deposit and benefit from settlement terms of up to eight months. The advanced stage of construction also provides buyers with the opportunity to walk through the near-complete residences and experience the quality and finishes firsthand ahead of completion.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=134974]

Otium Parkdale enters final month before completion as rare apartment opportunity nears sellout

A new boutique apartment development is entering the market in <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/chermside-qld-4032">Chermside</a>, with Brisbane-based developer <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/ausdev">Ausdev</a> bringing 33 residences to a well-connected pocket of Brisbane's north.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/parkdrive-apartments-chermside-25-sammells-drive-chermside-qld-4032">Parkdrive Apartments</a>, at 25 Sammells Drive, will comprise a mix of one- and two-bedroom residences positioned within walking distance of Westfield Chermside, The Prince Charles Hospital, and Bradbury Park.

Established in 1989, Ausdev has a long-standing presence across both development and construction, with Parkdrive Apartments representing its latest residential project in Brisbane's northern suburbs.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152125 project_image_fid=363778]

The development has been designed around open-plan living and natural light, with residences featuring stone benchtops, timber cabinetry, BOSCH appliances, and private balconies that extend the living areas outdoors.

Kitchens are positioned as the centrepiece of the homes, incorporating natural material palettes and integrated appliances, while bathrooms have been designed with a focus on functionality and understated finishes.

Residents will have access to a communal barbecue and entertaining area on Level 3, providing shared outdoor space within the development. Secure parking and lift access are also incorporated into the building.

The project will deliver a limited collection of 33 apartments, with one-bedroom residences priced from $749,000.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152125 project_image_fid=363782]

Beyond the building itself, the location places residents within easy reach of several of Chermside's key amenities. Bradbury Park is around 350 metres away, while Westfield Chermside is approximately 1.3 kilometres from the site. The Prince Charles Hospital is located within 750 metres, and the Chermside Bus Interchange is around 1.5 kilometres away, providing connections across Brisbane.

Parkdrive Apartments adds to the growing residential pipeline in Chermside, a suburb that continues to evolve as a major retail, healthcare, and transport hub for Brisbane's north.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=152125]

Ausdev introduces boutique Parkdrive Apartments to Chermside's growing centre

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/skymark-group">Skymark</a>'s boutique Cronulla development Solis has secured a 10-year Latent Defects Insurance policy through Resilience Insurance, providing buyers of the 16-residence building on Ewos Parade with structural and waterproofing protection that extends a decade beyond the building's completion.

Currently under construction and due for completion in late 2027, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/solis-cronulla-8-ewos-parade-cronulla-nsw-2230">Solis</a> is one of a small number of new developments in the Sutherland Shire to carry Resilience LDI coverage, a distinction that carries increasing weight as buyer confidence in the off-the-plan sector continues to be shaped by how developers stand behind their product.

Latent Defects Insurance, which entered the Australian market in 2022 when Resilience Insurance was approved to offer the cover, protects buyers against major structural or waterproofing defects for ten years post-completion. Unlike traditional statutory warranties, it operates as a first-resort policy, if a covered defect arises, the insurer responds directly, without the buyer needing to pursue the builder or developer through a lengthy claims process.

Resilience Insurance CEO Corey Nugent has noted that the product addresses something fundamental to the new apartment market.

"The overarching feedback from prospective buyers in the new development space is that they want more confidence and assurances around the quality of the build," Nugent says.

"Resilience Insurance Latent Defects Insurance not only gives them complete peace of mind for 10 years, but it shows the developer they are buying from is standing by their product."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150499 project_image_fid=370898]

For Solis, the Resilience LDI policy adds a meaningful layer of accountability to an already considered project. The development comprises nine two-bedroom and seven three-bedroom residences, including one dual-level three-bedroom apartment, across a five-storey building on Ewos Parade, positioned between Shelly Beach and South Cronulla.

Garden apartments connect directly to private landscaped courtyards, while upper-level homes capture beach views to the east from level four and above.&nbsp;

All 16 residences include at least one balcony or courtyard, and select apartments on the upper floors feature bar areas and secondary flexible living spaces.

Hiba Sander, Managing Director of Skymark, says Solis offers a rare balance, nestled between the quiet beauty of secluded beaches and the lively charm of South Cronulla's esplanade.

"It's a place to choose your pace and live gracefully, seaside'," Sander says.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150499 project_image_fid=370900]

The architecture, designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/ida-design-group">IDA Design Group</a>'s Michael Trinh, draws from the natural erosion patterns of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/cronulla-nsw-2230">Cronulla</a>'s sandstone headlands, translating the organic forms of the coastline into soft curves, pavilion-style massing, and a material palette chosen for longevity in a salt-tinged environment.&nbsp;

Textured natural stone, soft renders, and timber-look battens reference the tones of the surrounding cliffs, while the building has been oriented to maximise natural light and passive ventilation, with primary living spaces facing north and east to capture morning sun and sea breezes.

"At Solis, our aim was to create architecture that feels quietly confident, grounded in natural materials like stone and timber, and elevated by light and landscape," Trinh says.&nbsp;

"The buildings are designed to sit gently within their coastal surrounds, with expansive glazing and abundant greenery creating a seamless dialogue between inside and out."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150499 project_image_fid=370897]

Interiors by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/hot-black">Hot Black</a> carry the same material language through to every room. Kitchens feature integrated Gaggenau appliances, sculpted stone benchtops, and Lo &amp; Co joinery, while bathrooms feature natural stone, timber, and brushed metal finishes.&nbsp;

Hot Black Founder and Design Director Sophie Safrin describes the intent as one of considered restraint: "At Solis, every detail has been thoughtfully considered to create a timeless coastal retreat, calm, refined, and effortlessly liveable. From natural finishes to seamless indoor-outdoor flow, Solis offers a quiet elegance that's deeply connected to its surroundings.

The landscape, designed by Julian Brady of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/landscape-architect/sitedesignstudios">Site Design Studios</a>, treats green space as an integral part of the resident experience rather than an afterthought.&nbsp;

"Gentle curves and layered native plantings mirror the ebb and flow of the ocean," Julian Brady says, "creating a serene connection between architecture and place."&nbsp;

Coco Republic has provided bespoke furniture packages tailored to the project's coastal palette.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150499 project_image_fid=370899]

Skymark has an established track record in the Sutherland Shire, with a portfolio spanning Cronulla, Woolooware and Burraneer that includes Isla, Sylva, Bask, Shells, Sula and Mist. Securing LDI on Solis reflects a broader shift in how the developer is positioning its buildings to buyers, at a time when Resilience Insurance expects the policy to become mandatory in New South Wales by 2028.

Sales at Solis are launching soon through Ray White Projects, with an official event scheduled for 11 June. Enquire for more information.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=150499]

Jonathan Chancellor

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