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GUEST OBSERVER
If Australia has an Achille’s heal it’s the high and still rising level of household debt that has gone hand in hand with the surge in house prices relative to incomes.
Whereas several comparable countries have seen their household debt to income ratios pull back a bit since the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), this has not been the case in Australia.
Some worry Australians are unsustainably stretched, and it is only a matter of time before it blows up, bringing the economy down at the same time. Particularly now that global interest rates are starting to rise. This note looks at the main issues. 
Australia - from the bottom to the top in debt stakes 
The chart below shows the level of household debt (mortgage, credit card and personal debt) relative to annual household disposable income for major countries. 
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/HOUSEHOLD%201.jpg" alt="">
While rising household debt has been a global phenomenon, debt levels in Australia have gone from the bottom of the pack to near the top.
In 1990, there was on average $70 of household debt for every $100 of average household income after tax. Today, it is nearly $200 of debt (not allowing for offset accounts) for every $100 of after tax income. 
Why has debt gone up so much in Australia? 
The increase in debt reflects both economic and attitudinal changes. Memories of wars and economic depression have faded and with the last recession ending nearly 27 years ago, debt seems less risky. Furthermore, modern society encourages instant gratification as opposed to saving for what you want.
Lower interest rates have made debt seem more affordable and increased competition amongst financial providers has made it more available. So, each successive generation since the Baby Boomers through to Millennials have been progressively more relaxed about taking on debt than earlier generations. 
It’s not quite as bad as it looks 
There are several reasons why the rise in household debt may not be quite as bad as it looks: 
<ul>
<li>Firstly, higher debt partly reflects a rational adjustment to lower rates and greater credit availability via competition. </li>
<li>Secondly, household debt has been rising since credit was first invented. It is unclear what a “safe” level is. This is complicated because income is a flow and debt is a stock which is arguably best measured against the stock of assets or wealth. </li>
<li>The rise in the stock of debt levels has been matched by a rise in total household wealth in Australia. Thanks to a surge in the value of houses and a rise in financial wealth, we are far richer. Wealth rose 9.5% last year to a new record. The value of average household wealth has gone from five times average annual after tax household income in 1990 to 9.5 times today. <img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/HOUSEHOLD%202.jpg" alt="" style="font-size: 12.16px;">
</li>
</ul>
So, while the average level of household debt for each man, woman and child in Australia has increased from $11,837 in 1990 to $93,943 now, this has been swamped by an increase in average wealth per person from $86,376 to $475,569. 
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/HOUSEHOLD%203.jpg" alt="">
As a result, Australians’ household balance sheets, as measured by net wealth (assets less debt), are healthy.
Despite a fall in net wealth relative to income through and after the GFC as shares and home prices fell, net wealth has increased substantially over the last 30 years and is in the middle of the pack relative to comparable countries.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/HOUSEHOLD%204.jpg" alt=""> 
<ul>
<li>Fourthly, Australians are not having major problems servicing their loans. According to the Reserve Bankís Financial Stability Review non-performing loans are low and Census and Household Expenditure Survey data shows that mortgage stress has been falling. Of course, this may reflect low mortgage rates with interest costs as a share of income running a third below its 2008 high. </li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/HOUSEHOLD%205.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>Fifthly, debt is concentrated in higher income households who have a higher capacity to service it. This is particularly the case for investment property loans.</li>
<li>Sixthly, a disproportionate share of the rise in housing debt over the last 20 years owes to investment property loans. As servicing investment loans is helped by tax breaks the debt burden is not even as onerous.</li>
<li>Finally, lending standards have not deteriorated to the same degree in Australia as they did in the US prior to the GFC where loans were given to NINJAs borrowers with no income, no job and no assets. </li>
</ul>
What are the risks? 
None of this is to say the rise in household debt is without risk. Not only has household debt relative to income in Australia risen to the top end of comparable countries but so too has the level gearing (ie the ratio of debt to wealth or assets). 
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/HOUSEHOLD%206.jpg" alt="">
It certainly increases households’ vulnerability to changing economic conditions. There are several threats:
<ol>
<li>Higher interest rates – the rise in debt means moves in interest rates are three times as potent compared to say 25 years ago. Just a 2% rise in interest rates will take interest payments as a share of household income back to where they were just prior to the GFC (and which led to a fall in consumer spending). However, the RBA is well aware of the rise in sensitivities flowing from higher debt and so knows that when the time comes to eventually start raising rates (maybe later this year) it simply won’t have to raise rates anywhere near as much as in the past to have a given impact in say controlling spending and inflation. And so, it’s likely to be very cautious in raising rates (and is very unlikely to need to raise rates by anything like 2%). 
</li>
<li>Rising unemployment – high debt levels add to the risk that if the economy falls into recession, rising unemployment will create debt-servicing problems. However, it is hard to see unemployment rising sharply anytime soon.  
</li>
<li>Deflation – high debt levels could become a problem if the global and local economies slip into deflation. Falling prices increase the real value of debt, which could cause debtors to cut back spending and sell assets, risking a vicious spiral. However, the risk of deflation has been receding.  
</li>
<li>A sharp collapse in home prices – by undermining the collateral for much household debt – could cause severe damage. Fortunately, it is hard to see the trigger for a major collapse in house prices, ie, much higher interest rates or unemployment. And full recourse loans provide a disincentive to just walk away from the home and mortgage unlike in parts of the US during the GFC.  
</li>
<li>A change in attitudes against debt – households could take fright at their high debt levels (maybe after a bout of weakness in home prices or when rates start to rise) and seek to cut them by cutting their spending. Of course, if lots of people do this at same time it will just result in slower economic growth. At present the risk is low but its worth keeping an eye on with Sydney and Melbourne property prices now falling. But high household debt levels are likely to be a constraint on consumer spending. </li>
</ol>
Conclusion 
While the surge in household debt has left Australian households vulnerable to anything which threatens their ability to service their debts or significantly undermines the value of houses, the trigger for major problems remains hard to see. However, household discomfort at their high debt levels poses a degree of uncertainty over the outlook for consumer spending should households decide to reduce their debt levels. 
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://plus.google.com/110172465327488162875?rel=author" target="_blank">SHANE OLIVER</a> is head of investment strategy and economics and chief economist at <a href="https://www.ampcapital.com.au/home" target="_blank">AMP Capital</a> and is responsible for AMP Capital's diversified investment funds.
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

Australian's love affair with household debt - how big is the risk? Shane Oliver

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GUEST OBSERVER
The Westpac Melbourne Institute Index of Consumer Sentiment fell by 2.3% to 102.7 in February from 105.1 in January.
The survey was conducted over the week of February 5 – February 11. That week was marked by a wave of volatility in global share markets.
The Australian market, which was more stable than most, still experienced some significant swings, being down a net 4.6% for the week while the US market (S&amp;P 500) was down by a net 7.2%.
Extensive media coverage of these developments would have unnerved respondents on two fronts – the impact on their own financial position and concerns for general global stability.
These concerns appear to have been acutely felt by retirees whose confidence fell by 13.5%.
In those circumstances the 2.3% fall in the Index is a decent result and is now registering a fourth consecutive month where optimists outnumber pessimists. Recall that this sequence follows 12 consecutive months where pessimists were in the ascendency for all but one month.
Having said that the level of the Index is still well below levels typically associated with a robust consumer.
Every six months we gauge respondents’ outlook for interest rates. In August last year 61% of respondents expected interest rates to rise over the next year. That was an uplift from 54% in February 2017. The proportion has fallen back to 58%, partly explaining the boost to confidence since the middle of last year.
Developments in the components of the Index are consistent with the likely impact from last week’s market volatility. In particular respondents’ assessments of their own finances suffered, the ‘finances vs a year ago’ sub-index fell by 4.5%; and the ‘finances, next 12 months’ sub-index fell by 3.1%. We assume that these components have suffered temporary set- backs associated with market volatility. On face value the ‘year ago’ component is sending a very weak signal about likely spending prospects.
Not surprisingly the ‘economic conditions, next 12 months’ component fell sharply by 4.7% while the ‘economic conditions, next 5 years’ component was stable.
The ‘time to buy a major Item’ sub-index increased by a modest 0.9%. Despite the overall Index still being 3.1% higher than a year ago this component is only up by 0.6% over the year – signalling ongoing reluctance from households to commit to large purchases”.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/consumer.jpg" alt="">
Consumers continue to become more comfortable about the outlook for jobs. The Westpac Melbourne Institute Unemployment Expectations Index declined 1.8% to 120.6 in February to a new cycle low (recall that lower reads mean more consumers expect unemployment to fall in the year ahead).
The Index, which can be viewed as a measure of consumers’ sense of job security, is down 15.2% on this time last year and well below its long run average of 130. The state detail shows the improvement has become more broadly based as well with all state indexes now comfortably below their long run averages.
Consumer views around housing showed mixed moves with buyer sentiment softening but price expectations improving.
The ‘time to buy a dwelling’ index declined 2.7% to 103.8 in February but was coming off an 18 month high in January. The index is still showing a clear improvement on last year’s very weak reads (an average of 95.7 for 2017) but is well below the positive long run average of 120.
The state detail shows a significant pull-back in Victoria (down 12.7% to 93). In contrast, there was a notable lift in NSW buyer sentiment (up 7% to 96) having been at much weaker levels through 2017 (an average of 82).
The Westpac Melbourne Institute Index of House Price Expectations rose 4.8% to 135.3, reversing all of last month’s decline to be back comfortably above its long run average. The biggest gain in February was in NSW although price expectations in the state are coming from a weaker starting point and still show the biggest pull back on this time last year.
The Reserve Bank Board next meets on March 6. In a speech on February 8 the Governor concluded, “the Reserve Bank Board does not see a strong case for a near-term adjustment in monetary policy”.
Clearly there will be no policy change at the March meeting.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/consumer%202.jpg" alt="">
Through 2017 Westpac has argued for rates to remain steady in 2017–2019. The Bank expects to make some progress in reducing unemployment and having inflation return to the midpoint of the target range. However, based on its recent forecasts that were released on February 9 that progress is expected to be painfully slow. Underlying inflation is expected to reach only 2%, the bottom of target range, through 2019 and the unemployment rate is expected to fall from 5.5% to 5.25% (compared to an estimated full employment rate of 5.0%) by end 2019.
While we are less optimistic about the unemployment rate and the growth outlook the Bank’s forecasts are not entirely out of line with our own view and, arguably, consistent with steady rates over the next few years.
BILL EVANS is chief economist of <a href="https://www.westpac.com.au/" target="_blank">Westpac</a>.
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Consumer sentiment falls in response to stock market turmoil: Westpac's Bill Evans

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Agent Kirsten Mueller has joined The Agency, the latest in the line of defectors from McGrath.
“Kirsten Mueller is one of the most focussed and professional agents I have met,” Matt Lahood, The Agency’s CEO says.
Mueller aims to build a powerful team on Sydney’s Upper North Shore.
“I am so excited to work for a brand and around people where I don’t feel like my wings are clipped anymore. Around people that support you and push you to succeed and believe in you. It is now my time to soar like an eagle and I couldn’t be more excited,” Mueller says.
"I believe that is what Matt Lahood has created with The Agency. His model is ingenious.”
Just two years into real estate she was presenting at one of the industry’s leading conferences AREC and has held the number one position in Normanhurst since 2013 at McGrath.
"I know change to most people isn’t a big deal but for anyone who has served in the military it is a big deal.
"It is drilled into us… never abandon ship… but I had tried absolutely everything where I was,” Mueller says.
“I called Matt and he was amazing.
"He really understood why I had to do this and supported me. I will forever be thankful to Matt for that. He is a great leader.”
Real estate mentor Tom Panos once credited the former truck driver in Australian Army, as proving it was "possible transform yourself into a 7-figure agent in a short space of time".
The Doain website suggests Mueller sold 16 properties via Domain in the last 12 months , with an average sale price of $1.4 million, and these properties were on the market for an average of 28 days.
Kirsten's highest recorded sale price was $2 million for 61 Hinemoa Avenue, Normanhurst NSW 2076, a 5-bedroom house which sold at May auction.
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Kirsten Mueller jumps ship from McGrath to The Agency

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Crown Group has revealed the plans for Reflect, a new illuminated public art piece at Arc, its 22-storey residential tower being built at 161-165 Clarence Street in Sydney’s CBD.
Reflect will be created by Ramus Illumination, a collaborative design studio based in Melbourne.
Reflect will be an illuminated sculpture that is suspended across a new laneway connecting Kent and Clarence streets.
The sculpture stretches 12 metres across the atrium from the third to the eighth levels, with a shifting shape inspired by the murmuration of birds and the daily patterns of people as they journey to and from the city.
The artwork is comprised of a steel frame, stainless wires and thousands of LED lights. The form itself is reflective of a path of flight through the air, and the subtly shifting palette of colour and movement in the lights brings an ever-changing energy and life to the atrium sky space.
“Reflect challenges convention and will be an exciting addition to Sydney’s public art collection, one that would reflect the modern city of Sydney,” Iwan Sunito, chairman of Crown Group said. 
“Arc by Crown Group reflects the past and the future of Sydney in its heritage-inspired brick podium and contemporary glass tower above,” says Koichi Takada, architects and designer of Arc by Crown Group.
When completed in mid-2018, Arc by Crown Group will offer 220 studio, one, two and three-bedroom apartments.
This week Crown Group introduced Arc by Crown Group’s Signature Collection, a limited selection of previously unreleased luxury apartments. It features a selection of 12 one-bedroom-plus- study apartments and a ‘Super Penthouse’.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/crown%202.jpg" alt="">
The Signature Collection at Arc by Crown Group will see prices for one-bedroom apartments range from $1,075,000 - $1,555,000. 
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Crown Group reveals Arc public art on Clarence Street

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One-third of Australian residential development site in 2017 were purchased by Chinese investors and developers, equating to AUD$2.02 billion of site sales, according to Knight Frank.
Their report, Chinese Developers in Australia – Market Insight 2018 found Chinese developers continued to dominate foreign investment in residential development sites across Australia.
"Many are now well-established in the local market," Knight Frank’s head of residential research, Australia Michelle Ciesielski said.
The share of sales to Chinese buyers has tripled since 2013, but decreased from the 38 per cent recorded in 2016.” (See Figure 1)
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/FIGURE1.jpg" alt="">
“Sustained developer interest in the Australian market has come in spite of government efforts in both Australia and China to tighten credit conditions as they relate to residential investment and development.
“In Australia, the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority (APRA) has encouraged local financial institutions to impose stricter controls, while in China the government has attempted to moderate capital outflow with China’s Central Bank imposing new rules for companies which make yuan-denominated loans to overseas entities.
“However, in mid-2017, this was relaxed somewhat – resulting in a boost to market confidence.” said Ms Ciesielski. 
According to the report Victoria recorded the sale of 38.7 per cent of residential sites to Chinese buyers – the highest share of all states. 
Ms Ciesielski said many developers consider that Melbourne offers better relative value when compared to Sydney. New South Wales and Queensland followed, with Chinese buyers comprising 35.6% and 7.4% of their state’s total volumes, respectively.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/14/FIGURE3.jpg" alt="">
Knight Frank’s Head of Asian Markets, Australia Dominic Ong said as Chinese developers gain experience in higher-density projects across the major cities, there has been diversification in many of their portfolios to include medium and lower-density sites.
“These lower-density projects have also become more popular with local developers – especially in NSW with the draft Medium Density Design Guide being released, identifying the ‘missing middle’ to encourage more low-rise, medium-density housing to be built.
“This type of project also tends to have less hurdles with the imposed tighter lending restrictions, and overall, lowers the delivery risk to the developer,” said Mr Ong.
The report found that residential development sites purchased by Chinese developers and investors in 2017 had an average site area of 21,785 square metres.
Of all Australian development sites purchased by Chinese developers and investors, 29 per cent were suited to low density (single dwellings or landed properties) – up from two per cent in 2013.
 
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One-third of Australian development site sales in 2017 to Chinese

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A suitable construction funding model is the critical missing ingredient needed to deliver more affordable housing in Australia. Aside from short-lived programs under the Rudd government, we have seen decades of inconsistent and fragmented policies loosely directed at increasing affordable housing. These have failed to generate anything like enough new supply to meet <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/241" target="_blank" style="font-family: Tahoma, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.16px;">outstanding needs</a>.
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/http://www.ahuri.edu.au/research/final-reports/293" target="_blank">Our latest research</a> looked at recently built, larger-scale affordable housing projects in contrasting markets across Australia. We examined each scheme’s cost, funding sources and outcomes. We then developed a housing needs-driven model for understanding the financial and funding requirements to develop affordable housing in the diverse local conditions across the country.
Up to now, the key stumbling block has been the “funding gap” between revenue from rents paid by low-income tenants and the cost of developing and maintaining good-quality housing. The <a href="https://static.treasury.gov.au/uploads/sites/1/2017/06/C2016-050_Final_report.pdf" target="_blank">Commonwealth Treasury</a> acknowledged this problem last year. And the problem is greatest in the urban areas where affordable housing is most needed.
<h2>What does the new model tell us?</h2>
The Affordable Housing Assessment Tool (AHAT) enables the user to calculate cost-effective ways to fund affordable housing to meet specified needs in different markets. It’s a flexible interactive spreadsheet model with an innovative feature: it enables users to embed housing needs as the driver of project and policy, rather than project financial feasibility driving who can be housed.
Affordable housing developments have recently been relatively sparse. However, our research highlighted the varied and bespoke funding arrangements being used.
Despite this variety, too often project outcomes are driven purely by funding opportunities and constraints, rather than by defined housing needs. One notable constraint is the fragmented nature of affordable housing subsidy frameworks both within and across jurisdictions.
Our case study projects generated a diversity of housing outcomes. This can be seen as an unintended positive of the bespoke nature of affordable housing provision as a result of the need to “stitch together” gap funding from multiple sources on a project-by-project basis.
Equally though, the lack of policy coherence and fit-for-purpose funding added cost and complexity to the development process. By implication, this leads to a less-than-optimal outcome for public investment. Despite providers’ best efforts, current approaches are not the most efficient way to deliver much-needed affordable housing.
What are the lessons from this research?
We applied the model to typical housing development scenarios in inner and outer metropolitan areas and regions. By doing so, we identified six key lessons for funding and financing affordable housing delivery.
1) Government help with access to land is central to affordable housing development and enhances long-term project viability.
Especially in high-pressure urban markets, not-for-profit housing developers cannot compete with the private sector for development sites. High land costs, particularly in inner cities where affordable housing demand is most extreme, can render financial viability near impossible. Having access to sites and lower-cost land were two of the most important components of feasible projects.
2) Government equity investment offers considerable potential for delivering feasible projects and net benefit to government.
How governments treat the valuation of public land with potential for affordable housing development must be reviewed. Conventionally, even where affordable housing is the intended use, governments typically insist on a land sale price based on “highest and best use”.
It would be preferable in such cases to treat the below-market value assigned to public land as a transparent subsidy input. This would mean the sale price reflects the housing needs that the development seeks to meet. That is, the land value should be priced as an affordable housing development for a specific needs cohort.
By retaining an equity stake, government could account for its input as an investment that will increase in value over time as land values appreciate.
3) Reducing up-front debt load and lowering finance costs are critical to long-term project viability.
Debt funding imposes a large cost burden over a project’s lifetime. This is ultimately paid down through tenant rents. Reducing both the cost and scale of private financing can have a significant impact on project viability.
The analysis reinforces the rationale for the Australian government’s “<a href="http://www.budget.gov.au/2017-18/content/glossies/factsheets/html/HA_18.htm" target="_blank">bond aggregator</a>” facility for reducing financing costs for affordable housing projects. But this must come in tandem with other measures to reduce up-front debt.
4) Delivery across the range of housing needs helps to meet overall social and tenure mix objectives. This also can help improve project viability through cross-subsidy.
Mixing tenure and tenant profiles can enable affordable housing providers to produce more diverse housing that meets the full range of needs.
Cross-subsidy opportunities arising from mixed-tenure and mixed-use developments can also enhance project feasibility. By improving a provider’s financial position, this helps advance their long-term goal of adding to the stock of affordable housing. And, by providing welcome flexibility, this enables organisations to better manage development risk across different markets and cycles.
5) The financial benefit of planning bonuses is limited
Inclusionary zoning mechanisms impose affordable housing obligations on developers through the planning system. This approach potentially offers a means of securing affordable housing development sites in larger urban renewal or master-planned areas.
However, our research demonstrated that planning bonuses allowing increased dwelling numbers in return for more affordable housing have little beneficial impact on project viability. This is because the additional dwellings allowed generate additional land and/or construction costs but no matching capacity to service a larger debt.
However, planning bonuses can be useful as part of a cross-subsidy approach. In this case, they may support project viability, without necessarily resulting in any additional affordable dwellings.
6) Increasing the scale of not-for-profit provision offers financial benefits that help ensure the long-term delivery of affordable housing.
Our analysis supports the case for targeting public subsidy to not-for-profit developers (government or non-government) to maximise long-term social benefit. Investing in permanently affordable housing ensures the social dividend of affordable housing can be continued into the future.
Comparable subsidies are not preserved when allocated to private owners. They will seek to trade out at some stage, capitalising the subsidy into privatised gain.
The results of our case study analyses and modelling highlight the need to develop comprehensive funding and subsidy arrangements that account for different costs in different locations. These arrangements also must be integrated nationally to support affordable housing delivery at scale.
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/91072/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">This study reiterates the common finding of research over the last decade: both Commonwealth and state/territory governments need to develop a coherent and long-term policy framework to provide housing across the full spectrum of need.
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/laurence-troy-2403" target="_blank">Laurence Troy</a>, Research Fellow, City Futures Research Centre, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414" target="_blank">UNSW</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/bill-randolph-147968" target="_blank">Bill Randolph</a>, Director, City Futures - Faculty Leadership, City Futures Research Centre, Urban Analytics and City Data, Infrastructure in the Built Environment, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414" target="_blank">UNSW</a>; <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/ryan-van-den-nouwelant-199969" target="_blank">Ryan van den Nouwelant</a>, Senior Research Officer - City Futures Research Centre, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414" target="_blank">UNSW</a>, and <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/vivienne-milligan-147970" target="_blank">Vivienne Milligan</a>, Visiting Senior Fellow - City Futures Research Centre, Housing Policy and Practice, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414" target="_blank">UNSW</a>
This article was originally published on <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/six-lessons-on-how-to-make-affordable-housing-funding-work-across-australia-91072" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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How to make affordable housing funding work across Australia

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Sydney’s fast-paced property market is pricing the city’s key workers out of metropolitan areas, threatening the viability of the key services they provide to our city.
This was the finding of a wide-ranging study, Key Worker Housing Affordability in Sydney, commissioned by member-owned Teachers Mutual Bank, Firefighters Mutual Bank and Police Bank, and undertaken by the University of Sydney’s Urban Housing Lab led by Professor Nicole Gurran and Professor Peter Phibbs.  
The report detailed declining levels of housing affordability across greater and metropolitan Sydney for key workers - including teachers, firefighters, nurses, police, ambulance drivers and paramedics.
The report identifies five key priorities for policy makers and private sector stakeholders to consider, which include:  
<ul>
<li>Reducing the deposit gap: Proposes a shared equity model allowing key workers to buy up to 75 percent of the property’s value, reducing deposit requirements to between five and 10 percent. </li>
<li>Securing alternative development and financing models: Proposes ‘deliberative development’ models, an alternative to conventional multi-unit development models which could achieve prices which are 10-12 percent lower than the current market.</li>
<li>Establishing alternative tenure arrangements (Community Land Trust or ‘CLT’ model): Proposes that homes are purchased with a conventional mortgage and/or the land component is rented at a marginal rate e.g. two percent of ‘unimproved’ capital value. A CLT model in NSW could reduce purchase costs by 25 percent.</li>
<li>Reducing development and or construction costs and passing savings on to eligible purchasers: Smarter designs, construction material and processes could reduce costs by 25-35 percent, equating to savings of $75,000 to $100,000 for 2-3-bedroom units or townhouses.</li>
<li>Reducing land costs (inclusionary planning): Mandating that 20 percent of dwellings in all major new housing developments are affordable to moderate income earners, including key workers, could deliver 6,000 to 7,000 affordable ‘start-up’ homes per year in Sydney. </li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/12/TMBANK%201.jpg" alt="">
The report found that in the 10 years leading up to 2016, key areas in Sydney lost up to 20 percent of teachers, nurses, policy and emergency service workers to outer and regional areas.
Sydney’s Inner South West (-14.6%), Inner West (-11.3%), Eastern suburbs (-15.2%), Ryde (-14.2%) and Parramatta (-21.4%) all experienced a net loss of key workers, while areas including the Illawarra (+10.5%), Southern Highlands (+17%) and Hunter Valley (+13.6%) all had net gains.
The nature of this group’s shift work combined with living a distance away in areas with unsuitable public transport meant 77.4 percent of key workers drove their private motor vehicle to work in 2016, compared with just over 43 percent for the general population. 
Only five percent of key workers used public transport to get to work, compared with 12.7 percent for the general population. 
Despite reports of Sydney’s housing market cooling, Teachers Mutual Bank CEO Steve James said key workers’ hip pockets are still under serious pressure.
“Any so-called cooling of the housing market has not trickled down to prices in the range that key workers such as teachers, ambulance drivers, firefighters, paramedics and police officers can afford. It would have to be the Ice Age for any such cooling to fit their salary and household budget,” he said.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/12/TMBANK%202.jpg" alt="">
“For teachers who are earning under six figure incomes, a 10 percent deposit on a $1.5 million house is not feasible. While a slight drop in prices in some areas can be factored in, it’s a drop in the ocean for the key workers who protect and support our city. They still can’t afford to live within 100km of where they work.”
 Mr James added that the pressure this situation puts on people already working in high pressure jobs is unfair, whether they’re looking to rent or buy.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/12/TMBANK%203.jpg" alt="">
“Longer commute times, especially in private vehicles, lead to significantly higher financial costs and serious social consequences for key workers and their families, disrupting work life balance and impacting their lifestyle,” he said.
The report also looks at urgent solutions that can be implemented to help key workers buy their own homes both close to their place of work and their established support networks including family, friends, and the wider community including local groups, clubs, and schools. 
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/12/tmbank%204.jpg" alt="">
The report reveals that between 2003 and 2016, the median price of established homes in Sydney more than doubled from $400,000 to around $900,000 beyond the reach of many key workers, especially those who are single. Soaring rents have heightened the crisis, making a 20 percent home loan deposit out of reach for many key workers.
For instance, a single key worker eyeing a property in Sydney’s inner ring at the 2016 median price of just over $1 million would need 13 years to save for a deposit. This is a sharp increase from the 8.4 years needed to save a 20 percent deposit in 2006. 
“For a key worker, finding somewhere affordable to live in reasonable proximity to their work is becoming impossible for those not already in the property market.
“The report has found that the closest local government area with an affordable median rental price for an entry level enrolled nurse is Cessnock in the Hunter Valley. That’s about 150km from any hospital in Sydney city, making it a 300km round trip per day. 
“Without urgent and genuine intervention on the part of policy makers and other institutions, a growing number of key workers in NSW and Sydney may never be able to afford to own their own home within reasonable distance of Sydney,” said Mr James.
Police Bank CEO Tony Taylor said that the five key measures identified in the report to improve housing affordability for key workers were worth serious consideration.
“We could see more key workers pushed further out of the Sydney metropolitan area, the effects of  which will be felt by each and every one of us."
“Addressing these key barriers to housing affordability could deliver residential housing products in metropolitan Sydney as much as 20 percent cheaper than today’s prices, and with vastly more manageable deposits for key workers looking to buy a home,” he said.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/12/tmbank%205.jpg" alt="">
 
 
</body></html>

So-called market cooling not trickled down to housing affordability for emergency and essential services

<html><body>
Zetland - part of the Green Square precinct in Sydney's inner-ring - has been labelled as the riskiest off-the-plan suburb in 2018 in an analysis conducted by RiskWise Property Review.
RiskWise analysed more than 3000 suburbs in an attempt to identify the Top 100 Oversupply Danger Zones across the country.
It says more than 315,000 units have been approved for construction across Australia over the next two years.
Zetland tops the list, which is dominated by suburbs in Sydney and Brisbane.
There are currently nearly 600 apartments for sale in <a href="https://www.realestate.com.au/buy/property-unit+apartment-in-zetland%2c+nsw+2017/list-1?activeSort=list-date&amp;source=location-search" target="_blank">Zetland, and surrounding suburbs, on realestate.com.au</a>.
"Taking out number one spot is Zetland, a former industrial zone 4km south of Sydney’s CBD," Doron Peleg said.
"Now in an advanced stage of gentrification as part of an urban renewal project, the residential development of choice has been high-density units and apartments, with more than 5000 new units in the pipeline across Zetland and neighbouring Waterloo since 2016," the Riskwise report advised.
The Green Square urban renewal area – encompassing Waterloo, Zetland, and parts of Alexandria and Rosebery – is forecast to record a near tripling of its population from 21,000 people to more than 61,000 within 12 years.
Some, like Symphony built by Meriton, are ready to occupy.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/2/13/green%20square.jpg" alt=""> 
Off-the-plan projects include Waterfall by Crown Group in Waterloo, four towers ranging from seven to 20 storeys. 
Natural features are centred on a tranquil internal lagoon, lush rooftop escape, tropical bamboo walk, and a 22m high cascading waterfall.
Mirvac's multi-million dollar Ebsworth building has been described as the crown jewel in the City of Sydney's Green Square development. All 174 apartments offered in Ebsworth were sold off the plan in 2015, and completed last year.
Mirvac also secured a near sell-out of Ovo, Green Square with a reported 221 of the 224 apartment Ovo apartments sold in 2015, with an expected completion by early 2018.
Ovo comprised six open plan one bedroom apartments, 46 one bedroom apartments, 152 two bedroom apartments, and 20 three bedroom apartments located at the northern end of Green Square Town Centre.
First home buyers paid $700,000 plus for one-bedroom apartments without parking in what will be the tallest Green Square Town Centre tower.
<table style="height: 278px; width: 725px;" border="0"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>State</td>
<td>Post code</td>
<td>Suburb</td>
<td>New units in next 24 months</td>
<td>New units next 24 months as % of units</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NSW</td>
<td>2017</td>
<td>ZETLAND</td>
<td>2332</td>
<td>39.8%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NSW</td>
<td>2121</td>
<td>EPPING</td>
<td>2460</td>
<td>42%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NSW</td>
<td>2142</td>
<td>HOLROYD</td>
<td>3184</td>
<td>853.6%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>NSW</td>
<td>2762</td>
<td>SCHOFIELDS</td>
<td>1389</td>
<td>754.9%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QLD</td>
<td>4000</td>
<td>BRISBANE CITY</td>
<td>3201</td>
<td>38.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QLD</td>
<td>4006</td>
<td>FORTITUDE VALLEY</td>
<td>1040</td>
<td>23.6%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>QLD</td>
<td>4101</td>
<td>SOUTH BRISBANE</td>
<td>2145</td>
<td>49.7%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SA</td>
<td>5000</td>
<td>ADELAIDE</td>
<td>1720</td>
<td>20.1%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VIC</td>
<td>3006</td>
<td>SOUTHBANK</td>
<td>2212</td>
<td>12.5%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>WA</td>
<td>6000</td>
<td>PERTH</td>
<td>1151</td>
<td>13.7%</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
There are three suburbs from Queensland that make the top 10.
Adelaide, Melbourne's Southbank and Perth have also been pinpointed as the highest risk across the rest of the country.
Brisbane was always likely to be a contender as one of the high risk, particularly with the likes of the RBA and BOQ highlight their concerns for the amount of apartments.
Riskwise suggest :inner-ring demand doesn’t extend to units" with CBD units delivering poorer capital growth than units in the middle ring. 
It cites prime examples of poor growth as Melbourne’s Southbank, and Fortitude Valley in Brisbane, with negative growths of 1% and 4.8%, respectively.
"In 2017, more than 5300 units were completed in Brisbane, with another 11,000 in construction. 
"What we’re currently seeing on the market is a lot of incentivised advertising, from offers of full furnishings included to a free car on settlement," Riskwise advised.
"A significant number of new developments have led to very high supply of units in NSW, VIC, QLD and WA.
"In many areas inside these states, there has been major oversupply, inflicting significant losses on investors.
"High supply in our major cities, particularly in the CBDs, has often impacted capital growth and rental returns, leading to the instatement of lending restrictions.
"The strength of the units market must be assess on the suburb by suburb basis.
"This slowdown is likely remain at least in the medium term."
</body></html>

Zetland the riskiest off-the-plan suburb in 2018

<html><body>
Mirvac Group has secured three new tenants at its A-grade office building at 90 Collins Street, Melbourne.
They take the building to 100 per cent leased. 
Click Energy has leased over 1,300 square metres for a five-year term.
An eight-year term has been secured with Merricks Capital for approximately 500 square metres.
A five-year term has been secured with McDonald Murholme for over 900 square metres. 
Mirvac’s Paul Bezzina said the building offers 21,000 square metres workspace over 21 levels along with luxury brand retailers on the ground floor and basement parking for 111 cars.
</body></html>

Mirvac's 90 Collins Street, Melbourne fully leased

<html><body>
iProsperity (iPG) has listed its Park Regis Hotel asset in Sydney with offers due March 13.
The 122-room hotel stratum comprises 10 levels of the 45-level mixed-use tower.
Located at the corner of Park and Castlereagh streets, the hotel comes with an outdoor rooftop pool along with 39 car spaces. 
iPG Group CEO, Michael Gu said Sydney’s hotel market remains "the red-hot stand-out performer in the Asia Pacific region".
iPG purchased it in 2016.
The hotel is being offered with a management agreement with Staywell Holdings, a subsidiary of the Japan-based Prince Seibu group, which provides an annual underwrite of the trading performance until the end of 2021.
</body></html>

Park Regis Hotel placed on the market by iPG

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/mrcb">MRCB International</a> has commenced construction on its latest Gold Coast apartment development, Maris, on the site of the former Sundale Motel in Southport.

The start of construction by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/builders/binah-constructions">Binah</a> follows an exceptionally strong sales campaign, with more than 90 per cent of apartments sold since launch. Every purchaser has been local, an&nbsp;indicator of confidence in both the development and Southport's evolution into a thriving CBD.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/maris-southport-20-queen-street-southport-qld-4215">Maris</a> will deliver 192 residences across 20 levels. The project forms part of MRCB's Australian and New Zealand development pipeline now exceeding $1.6 billion in gross development value, alongside a growing portfolio of projects globally.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134403 project_image_fid=350663]

The company also commenced construction on its $600 million 26 Vista residences in Surfers Paradise last year, following strong sales momentum, with over 70 per cent of residences sold.

Maris has been designed to meet evolving buyer demand, offering architecturally designed layouts suited to long-term liveability. The approach reflects a growing preference for quality and adaptability among Gold Coast buyers.

Positioned next to the Broadwater in the <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/southport-qld-4215">Southport</a> CBD, Maris sits directly opposite the Broadwater Parklands light rail station and within easy reach of retail, dining and lifestyle precincts, placing residents at the centre of one of the Gold Coast's most connected and rapidly maturing urban centres.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134403 project_image_fid=372756]

Maris will offer a full suite of resort-style residential amenities, including a pool, gym and sauna, along with a rooftop level featuring decks, lounges and dining and yoga areas that command sweeping views across the Broadwater and out to the ocean.

Binah, a New South Wales headquartered company co-founded by Amen Zoabi and Khalil Hafza in 2008, has expressed its excitement at establishing its first partnership with MRCB.

Binah's Managing Director Khalil Hafza said partnering with MRCB on Maris is a significant moment for Binah.

"MRCB's financial strength and a track record that speaks for itself give this project a solid foundation, and this marks the beginning of what will be a long and successful relationship.

"With the right people, systems and partnerships behind it, Maris is set to become a significant addition to the Gold Coast's premium residential market."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134403 project_image_fid=350664]

MRCB International CEO Ravi Krishnan said the project's progression to construction reflects both sustained demand and tightening conditions across the apartment sector, as well as MRCB's continued confidence in the Gold Coast market.

"Commencing construction at Maris is a significant step and reflects the depth of demand for quality apartments in well-connected urban locations," said Krishnan.

"Across Southeast Queensland, new apartment supply remains constrained, particularly in established precincts with infrastructure and amenity already in place. Projects like Maris are increasingly critical in meeting that demand, especially on the Gold Coast and in the city's CBD precinct."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134403 project_image_fid=372761]

Krishnan said Southport's ongoing transformation, supported by infrastructure investment and long-term planning, was underpinning renewed buyer confidence.

"We're seeing a clear shift back towards well-located urban centres where infrastructure, connectivity and amenity are already established," said Mr Krishnan. "Southport is evolving into a more mature CBD environment, and that is being reflected in buyer behaviour."

Construction at Maris is anticipated to be completed in 2029.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=134403]

Joel Robinson

Construction commences on MRCB’s $200m Maris Residences in Southport

Moonee Valley Park’s latest residential release <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/the-eveline-at-moonee-valley-park-moonee-ponds-100-thomas-street-moonee-ponds-vic-3039">The Eveline</a>, has achieved a new benchmark for off-the-plan apartment sales in the suburb, with the sale of The Alexandra penthouse selling for $5,435,000.

Positioned on the top floor of a 16-level residential building, the three-bedroom, three and-a-half-bathroom penthouse features uninterrupted city skyline views across the future Valley racetrack.&nbsp;

The landmark sale comes as momentum at the precinct continues to build, with the Moonee Valley Racing Club progressing works on its new racetrack ahead of the 2027 Cox Plate. The transformative development will see MVRC reimagine the beloved Valley as a vibrant year-round entertainment and lifestyle destination.

Alongside a world-class racing experience, the historic precinct will be activated with events, hospitality and public green spaces designed to attract broader audiences, while breathing new life into one of Melbourne’s most iconic destinations.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=142519 project_image_fid=372786]

Development partners <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/hamton">Hamton Property Group</a> and Hostplus have delivered five residential stages over the past four years, the most recent in November 2025 with Trackside House and Stonepine House. The flourishing community is now home to almost 500 families.&nbsp;

The latest residential release, The Eveline, has recorded strong demand since launching publicly last July, securing more than $200 million in sales to date, satisfying its pre sales hurdle for construction to commence.&nbsp;

Hamton Founder and Executive Chairman, Paul Hameister OAM said, the sales&nbsp;team have been overwhelmed by demand for these unique homes in this unique project.

"Buyers continue to be predominantly hyperlocal and attracted by the 40 hectare botanic masterplan in Melbourne’s inner north west," Hameister said.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=142519 project_image_fid=372788]

Hamton’s Sales and Marketing Director Fergus Humphries said the team has achieved more than 70 sales over the past eight weeks, including the penthouse purchase by a local buyer.

"These results reinforce that, even in a challenging market, purchasers continue to be drawn to quality projects that offer more than just a home, they offer a lifestyle.”

Designed by Cera Stribley, the penthouse has been created with entertaining in mind, spanning close to 400 sqm of indoor and outdoor living space, including multiple terraces designed to capture sweeping views across Melbourne’s skyline, the new Valley racecourse and sunset views over Moonee Ponds.

Moonee Valley Park is one of Melbourne’s largest urban renewal projects, transforming the iconic racecourse site into a vibrant mixed-use neighbourhood integrating homes, parklands, retail, racing and community amenities.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=142519]

Moonee Valley Park penthouse sets suburb record as sales surge clears construction benchmark

A company linked to one of Australia's largest privately owned cattle businesses has lodged plans for a new residential tower in <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/newstead-qld-4006">Newstead</a>, continuing the rapid transformation of one of Brisbane's most sought-after, inner-city precincts.

Bottletree Holdings, an entity associated with Stanbroke Managing Director Brendan Menegazzo, has submitted a development application for a 28-storey mixed-use tower at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/9-longland-street-newstead-qld-4006">9 Longland Street</a>, a site that made headlines last year when it changed hands in an off-market transaction that reportedly set a benchmark land rate for the suburb.

The proposal would replace an existing two-storey commercial building on the 1,510 sqm corner site with a Bureau Proberts-designed tower comprising 76 apartments, ground-floor retail, office space and a suite of resident wellness amenities.

<img alt="9 Longland" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c710a836-568e-4382-bc91-3c34b8e80a8b" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-22%20at%209.41.45%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=Vy.mQWBc7GA_a.vIBdxKqRC9XGjWalo2" />

According to planning documents lodged with Brisbane City Council, the development would comprise a mix of 36 two-bedroom apartments, 24 three-bedroom apartments and 16 four-bedroom residences, positioning the project firmly at the premium end of the market. The apartments would sit above a podium containing retail and commercial space, with three levels of communal recreation facilities spread throughout the tower. The proposal also includes 198 car spaces and 95 bicycle spaces.

Bureau Proberts has drawn heavily on Newstead's industrial heritage in developing the architectural response.

"Occupying a prominent corner in the heart of Newstead, the proposal draws from the area's industrial lineage of robust brick warehouses to deliver a distinctly contemporary response," the architects said in the design statement.

"It is conceived as a subtropical sanctuary and elevated private retreat embedded within one of Brisbane's most vibrant lifestyle precincts."

The design seeks to reinterpret the traditional Queensland vernacular through wraparound verandahs, deep shading elements and permeable facades that respond to Brisbane's subtropical climate.

<img alt="9 Longland" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="25524f59-395c-4825-8fad-9b639822fa8a" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-22%20at%209.42.09%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=dlWlbpCc_g3Y6yTLGqRVKvGJvO2ubMJ3" />

Planning documents describe the building as embodying the principles of "buildings that breathe", a design approach increasingly favoured in Brisbane's apartment market as developers focus on natural ventilation and outdoor living spaces.

The tower itself would rise above a heavily landscaped podium designed to reference the woolstore architecture that helped define Newstead and neighbouring Teneriffe for generations. At ground level, fine-grain retail tenancies would activate Longland Street, Wyandra Street and the existing Wyatt Street laneway, further extending the pedestrian network that has become a hallmark of the Gasworks precinct.

The application notes that more than 54 per cent of the site would be dedicated to landscaping and deep planting, while approximately 1,750 sqm of communal recreation space would be delivered across multiple levels.

<img alt="Planning" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="fed3b189-1054-4b68-af5f-b0befc4a66e5" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-22%20at%209.42.19%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=gqeE3cjsbnLAfeTUKA1HtPZfqDs6S4Xa" />

Bottletree paid $22 million for the 1,510 sqm development site, equating to more than $14,500 per sqm, a reflection of the strong demand for development opportunities in Newstead. The suburb continues to attract both developers and buyers, underpinned by the ongoing evolution of the Gasworks and Teneriffe precincts into some of Brisbane's most sought-after lifestyle destinations.

Brisbane City Council's Sustainable Growth Strategy and Inner City Strategy both identify Newstead as a priority growth precinct capable of accommodating additional housing density due to its proximity to employment hubs, public transport and lifestyle infrastructure.

The proposed tower joins a growing pipeline of high-end apartment developments in the suburb. Fortis recently launched <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/crest-walker-newstead-12-kyabra-street-newstead-qld-4006">Crest &amp; Walker</a>, a 65-apartment owner-occupier-focused development on Kyabra Street, while Consolidated Properties Group is preparing to launch <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/castile-47-skyring-terrace-newstead-qld-4006">Castile</a>, a 227-apartment waterfront project on Skyring Terrace.

Meanwhile, builder-developer BPG is planning its own Newstead project on Maud Street, comprising just over 100 apartments and more than 1,380 sqm of dedicated wellness and resident amenity spaces, further highlighting the shift towards lifestyle-driven apartment developments in Brisbane's inner-city market.

Newstead apartment boom continues with Longland Street tower plans

ALAND has taken the next major step in delivering its vision for Leppington Town Centre, lodging State Significant Development plans for a $549 million residential precinct that would bring more than 1,200 new homes within walking distance of Leppington Station.

The proposal, now on public exhibition, forms the Residential Core Precinct of the broader Leppington Town Centre masterplan and would transform a 4.3-hectare site at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/156-166-rickard-road-leppington-nsw-2179">156-166 Rickard Road</a> into a high-density mixed-use neighbourhood comprising nine residential buildings rising between six and 25 storeys.

<img alt="ALAND" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="fc20982d-a0a9-4989-8fb3-680ca9fdcd10" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-22%20at%209.12.44%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=l5EEyS6Dkf_SLDQkwDeyAU2nXkSZP2RW" />

The development has been designed by Rothelowman and is being pursued through a State Significant Development Application alongside a concurrent rezoning request under the NSW Government's Housing Delivery Authority pathway.

If approved, the project would deliver 1,206 dwellings, including 784 build-to-sell apartments, 208 build-to-rent apartments, 189 affordable housing units and a nine-storey serviced apartment building containing 112 rooms. The proposal also includes around 7,400 sqm of non-residential floor space, new public open space, communal recreation areas and a new internal street network.

<img alt="ALAND" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="c4f80d3b-cb05-4068-8a87-808317807a99" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-22%20at%209.12.36%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=KfPqh1JBuxc53IWntEzGHAeBaCLmRmum" />

<h2 data-end="1990" data-section-id="s6350" data-start="1941">A key piece of Leppington's future town centre</h2>

The site sits around 250 metres from Leppington Station, which opened in 2015 as the terminus of the South West Rail Link and has long been earmarked as the catalyst for the suburb's transformation from a rural fringe location into a major strategic centre for Western Sydney.

Leppington has become increasingly important following the announcement of the Western Sydney International Airport and the emergence of Bradfield City Centre, with government planning identifying the precinct as a significant location for future housing and employment growth.

<img alt="ALAND" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="8ca0f098-affc-48c0-80d3-468ea090a20c" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-22%20at%209.12.26%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=o3mwgBFT6H9YUllI0JR.JfLsUYQy1CTa" />

According to Rothelowman, the proposal responds directly to Leppington's unique position between its agricultural past and its urban future.

"The site offers an opportunity to weave together multiple layers of history, from its ancient connections to Country along the ridgeline between two waterways and its origins as part of the Cumberland woodland, to its more recent agricultural uses, and its future as a new residential community," the architects said in the design report.

The architects said the project aims to establish a high-density residential typology that combines apartment living with extensive landscaping and public open space.

"The design responds by establishing a high-density typology that combines the convenience and amenity of contemporary apartment living with a renewed native landscape."

<h2 data-end="3541" data-section-id="1ko88s2" data-start="3485">Nine buildings arranged around parks and public space</h2>

The proposal has been designed around a landscape-led framework rather than a traditional podium-and-tower approach.

Across the site, approximately 7,500 sqm of public open space would be delivered through a network of north-south and east-west linear parks, connecting into the wider Leppington Town Centre open space network. A further 8,000 sqm of communal open space would be provided for residents.

<img alt="ALAND" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="f5113abf-5440-4610-9cdc-60a0d41a407e" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-22%20at%209.12.55%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=k8zLMj4yZS4hStmGzZJfosjj5iArwIek" />

Rothelowman said the design seeks to maximise landscaping at ground level by concentrating development into compact tower footprints.

"Buildings are carefully lifted and distributed to minimise disturbance to the natural terrain, allowing the ground plane to remain open, permeable, and led by landscape," the design report states.

Rather than creating a continuous podium edge, the design team has focused on allowing landscaping to extend beneath and around the buildings.

"The ground plane is conceived as an extension of the surrounding environment, allowing landscape to flow up to and beneath the built forms."

The architectural language also draws on the area's natural landscape, with Rothelowman describing a material palette influenced by local gum trees, bark textures, creek systems and sandstone tones.

<h2 data-end="4971" data-section-id="s69utu" data-start="4922">Affordable housing and build-to-rent component</h2>

One of the more significant aspects of the proposal is the diversity of housing typologies.

In addition to traditional apartments for sale, the scheme includes a dedicated 25-storey build-to-rent building with 208 apartments and a 22-storey affordable housing building containing 189 homes.

The affordable housing component represents almost 16 per cent of the total dwellings proposed within the Residential Core Precinct.

<img alt="ALAND" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="f87e6808-e462-44c6-bfa8-a3de1816f2e3" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-22%20at%209.33.36%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=WTsRKiUAyWw18S5S98yQB5oVuDcnJTxB" />

Community consultation undertaken ahead of the lodgement found support for additional housing in the area, particularly given ongoing affordability challenges across South West Sydney. Survey work conducted with local residents found housing affordability was one of the poorest-rated aspects of living in Leppington, while a majority of respondents were open to additional housing within the local government area.

The site's proximity to Leppington Station was identified as the most positively viewed aspect of the proposal, while public open space and affordable housing provisions also received majority support.

<h2 data-end="6184" data-section-id="1ngkie4" data-start="6140">Part of Leppington's broader expansion</h2>

ALAND will be a significant contributor to the broader vision for Leppington Town Centre, which is expected to accommodate more than 25,000 residents as the precinct evolves over the coming decades.

Located within Sydney's South West Growth Area, the 440-hectare Leppington Town Centre has been identified by the NSW Government as a strategic centre spanning both the Liverpool and Camden local government areas.

In 2023, Liverpool City Council and Camden Council, supported by the NSW Department of Planning and Environment, prepared a draft planning proposal to rezone land and amend development controls across a number of sites within the town centre.

The proposal outlines a new vision for Leppington Town Centre, reducing the amount of land allocated for business park uses while increasing land zoned for commercial development, housing and open space. The changes are designed to optimise land use across the precinct and support the delivery of a more walkable, transit-oriented centre anchored by Leppington Station.

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ALAND plots 1,200-home Leppington masterplan

Brisbane-based developer <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/trk-property-group">TRK Property Group</a>&nbsp;has enlisted renowned architecture firm Koichi Takada Architects to design its latest new apartment development.

The new 34-storey tower at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/57-berwick-street-fortitude-valley-qld-4006">57 Berwick Street, Fortitude Valley</a>,&nbsp;will have 189 apartments, complete with interiors by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/byculprit">byCULPRIT</a>. The upper levels&nbsp;capturing views across the Story Bridge, city skyline, ranges, bay and river.

Residents will have access to a rooftop amenity floor with facilities including a pool, spa, sauna, hot and cold treatment, meditation garden, gym, yoga studio, private dining, BBQ, games lounge, wine display wall, work library, meeting rooms and outdoor work areas.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/trk-property-group">TRK</a> Founder and Managing Director, Arpan Kohli, said it will be a project "Brisbane hasn't seen before."

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"To deliver a project of this calibre, you need the right people involved," Kohli said.

"Koichi Takada Architects and byCULPRIT set the benchmarks for design excellence, and this project reflects that - a building of genuine architectural significance in one of Brisbane's most coveted locations, sitting between Howard Smith Wharves and the James Street precinct."

TRK recently launched <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-townhouses/laya-residences-taigum-203-beams-road-taigum-qld-4018">LAYA Residences in Taigum</a>, 88 three-bedroom townhouses starting from $1,495,000. They have another apartment site in Indooroopilly, at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/140-central-avenue-indooroopilly-qld-4068">140 Central Avenue</a>. That will have 131 apartments.&nbsp;

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Staff reporter

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