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GUEST OBSERVATION
Greater Melbourne officially became home to 5 million people last month – that’s almost 90% of the state’s population. With these figures in mind, the state government is taking important steps to address the growing affordable housing crisis.
According to the amended Planning and Environment Act 1987, affordable housing is “housing, including social housing, that is appropriate for the housing needs of very low, low and moderate-income households”. And Victoria faces a dire shortage.
Since the launch in February 2017 of Plan Melbourne, the metropolitan planning strategy, and Homes for Victorians, the affordable housing strategy, the Planning Act has included affordable housing as a crucial aim.
This allows voluntary agreements with developers to provide 5-10% of new dwellings that will be affordable to households on very low, low and moderate incomes. An inclusionary zoning pilot on government land will result in “at least” 100 affordable housing units. The private development-led Public Housing Renewal Program will result in “at least” another 1,100 units.
But, given the scale of the problem, how much difference will this make? To make a real difference to housing stress and the risk of homelessness, Plan Melbourne’s commitment to using vacant or under-utilised government land needs to be scaled up and refocused. Our new report provides details on where, why and how government land could be used to boost affordable housing.
We mapped 195 hectares of government-owned land across 255 sites (see map below). This map shows Victoria has the opportunity to gain much more social benefit from its public land assets.
How big is the affordable housing shortfall?
When the state government strategies were released, we argued that the affordable housing strategy’s modest goal of 4,700 dwellings between 2017 and 2022 is a drop in the bucket.
According to our report, Victoria faces a deficit of roughly 164,000 affordable homes for very low and low-income households – and that’s before accounting for population growth of over 2% a year.
To highlight the sheer scale of the issue, we have compared the number of very low and low-income households with the availability of affordable units.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/234977/original/file-20180905-45175-pmximu.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
The shortfall of affordable and available units by income group In Victoria. Author provided
Well-located unused and lazy land
If we look at Vancouver in Canada, the city’s 2017 Housing Strategy aims for the equivalent of 300,000 dwellings for lower-income households by 2027. An essential part of this strategy is using all suitable and well-located vacant and under-utilised government land.
In April 2018, Vancouver also committed to provide 600 units of modular supportive housing for homeless people on vacant government land. By August, half of these units were complete or being built.
To identify such land in Melbourne, we started with a dataset of over 12,000 government-owned properties identified through title searches and Freedom of Information Act requests. We limited our search to government sites that were surplus, vacant or “lazy” – “lazy” land already houses low-rise facilities like community centres, health clinics, libraries, government offices, car parks and childcare centres but is also compatible with accommodating affordable housing. We excluded parkland and green space.
We then limited our search to sites that scored highly on our Housing Access Rating Tool (HART).
This is a 20-point tool that measures critical amenities and social services within walking distance of each parcel of land. HART takes its inspiration from the 20-minute city concept in Plan Melbourne. We included public transport, childcare centres, public schools, parks, libraries, grocery stores, community centres and healthcare services.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/234978/original/file-20180905-45169-1vornnd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Map of well-located government land (based on HART scores) for social and affordable housing. Author provided
Making the most of scarce land
It will come as no surprise that land costs are highest in the city centre and inner suburbs where existing transport and services are strongest. This makes it difficult for non-profits to develop social housing in these rapidly gentrifying areas. In fact, Australian research suggests land costs can consume up to 30% of the cost of development.
Government can lease its land to non-profits for a nominal fee to eliminate this cost for housing providers. Construction and building permit exemptions, expedited planning permits, low-rate construction loans and mortgages as well as ongoing Commonwealth Rent Assistance subsidies attached to projects can all help to reduce affordable housing costs.
Cause We Care House in Vancouver is an example of creative use of “lazy” public land. There’s a library on the first floor, which is topped by five floors of housing for women escaping domestic violence. Through a combination of local government land, senior government subsidy and philanthropic donations, 21 mothers and their children have found stable and secure housing as a result of the project.
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/257809771" frameborder="0" width="500" height="281"></iframe>
 Cause We Care House, built over a library, is an example of how Vancouver is creatively using ‘lazy’ land for affordable housing.
We are working with the Lord Mayor’s Charitable Foundation and the City of Darebin on an Affordable Housing Challenge to build philanthropically funded social housing on a local government car park close to Preston Market. The City of Port Phillip has already successfully trialled this kind of housing that sits above car parks.
Non-profit housing providers, architects and builders have the expertise and experience to rapidly scale up affordable housing in fast-growing cities like Melbourne. So, what are we waiting for?

Matthew Palm, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Transforming Housing Research Network, University of Melbourne
Carolyn Whitzman, Professor of Urban Planning, University of Melbourne
Katrina Raynor, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Transforming Housing Project, University of Melbourne
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/put-unused-and-lazy-land-to-work-to-ease-the-affordable-housing-crisis-102720" target="_blank">original article</a>.
This article has been updated to make it clear the authors are not advocating that the government sell off public land, which can instead be leased to make it available for housing.
This is an edited version of an article co-published with <a href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank">Pursuit</a>.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/102720/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
Main photo: Getting more out of ‘lazy’ land, such as this community housing built over a Port Phillip City Council-owned car park, is a key strategy to reduce the shortage of affordable housing. City of Port Phillip
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

Put unused and ‘lazy’ land to work to ease the affordable housing crisis

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Australia’s unlisted property sector has continued its strong run delivering a return of 18% for the 12 months to 30 June 2018, according to a quarterly report produced by Zenith Investment Partners, MSCI, the Property Funds Association and the Property Council of Australia.
The report found that unlisted property outperformed Australian equities (+12.9%) and A-REITs (+9.7%) despite an uptick in equities and A-REITs during the last quarter. 
Mitchell McCallum, Vice President at MSCI, said that the attractiveness of property is backed by relatively high yields compared to other asset classes as well as stable and consistent income, that mostly provides a natural hedge against inflation.
“MSCI’s research shows that rising interest rates do not automatically have to translate in negative returns, but that the general economy is a larger driver of where property returns will go, as, contrary to bond coupons, property income can adjust to shifts in economic growth,” he said.
“We’re continuing to see interest in direct property from overseas investors due to the high income returns compared to those returns in other global gateway cities like London, New York and Tokyo.”
 <img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/11/unlisted%20property%201.jpg" alt="">
 
Souce: <a id="m_-8793514629263697276LPlnk754225" href="http://www.propertyfunds.org.au/images/Property_Research/Property_Investment_Factsheet_Q2_2018.pdf" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&amp;q=http://www.propertyfunds.org.au/images/Property_Research/Property_Investment_Factsheet_Q2_2018.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1536710418690000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFynfYRvOEOBY-_sW7mR0vpahV9VQ">Property Investment Factsheet – June 2018</a>
Mark Lumby, Head of Commercial Property at Australian Unity, said ongoing domestic uncertainty would continue to influence the market, but the outlook for unlisted property remained positive. 
“While the detail is unknown for now, we’re anticipating one outcome from the Royal Commission will be the detangling of vertically integrated models which may create a more level playing field for non-bank aligned fund managers,” said Lumby.  
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2018/9/11/unlisted%20property%202.jpg" target="_blank">Click here</a> to enlarge
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/11/unlisted%20property%202.jpg" alt=""> 
Source: <a id="m_-8793514629263697276LPlnk754225" href="http://www.propertyfunds.org.au/images/Property_Research/Property_Investment_Factsheet_Q2_2018.pdf" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&amp;q=http://www.propertyfunds.org.au/images/Property_Research/Property_Investment_Factsheet_Q2_2018.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1536710418690000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFynfYRvOEOBY-_sW7mR0vpahV9VQ">Property Investment Factsheet – June 2018</a>
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Unlisted property trusts nearly doubling A-REIT performance 

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The Norman Beisher Medical Research Foundation, which funds clinically based research into the health of women and babies, has sold its Smith Street, Fitzroy corner retail holding.
The <a href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-retail-vic-fitzroy-502901470" target="_blank">83-87 Smith Street offering</a> attracted six bidders competed for the offering which annual income of $148,426.
It is leased to bag maker Crumpler Design (above and below), Japanese restaurant Neko Neko, the Burnside Cafe and the Greenwood Loft wine bar.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/11/crump2.jpg" alt="">
It fetched $5.1 million which was $1.6 million over reserve on a yield of 2.8%.
The result equated to a land rate of $23,406 a square metre and a building rate of $12,599 a square metre.
The buyer was an Asian family.
The Norman Beisher Medical Research Foundation paid $455,000 in 1993.
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Smith Street, Fitzroy premises sold by Norman Beisher Foundation

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The Confederation of Australian Motor Sports (CAMS) has bought new headquarters in Canterbury.
CAMS has acquired auto group Worldmark's office building at <a href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-offices-vic-canterbury-502888626" target="_blank">275 Canterbury Road</a> (above).
It cost $6.72 million, having last traded for $675,000 in 1995.
The sports motoring group sold its existing headquarters at 851 Dandenong Road, East Malvern for $8 million last year (below).
CAMS had paid $1,781,000 in 1997.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/11/AMS.jpg" alt="">
There was no room to expand in the building which was in need of a significant upgrade.
The 40 staff will move in March.
Meanwhile, after selling its St Kilda Road headquarters for $95.38 million, the auto industry's local lobby group, The Victorian Automotive Chamber of Commerce, has snapped up a North Melbourne site for $8.8 million.
It has bought 644-658 Victoria Street after it passed in at auction.
The property, home to Melbourne City Garage, is a vast 1618 square metre garage where the VACC will construct a four-level office with a rooftop garden. 
The VACC is leasing back 464 St Kilda Road - held for 60 years - from new co-owners Abacus and Wing Tai Holdings.
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Motor sports body buys new Canterbury headquarters 

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Little known Queensland developer Troy Daffy of Silverstone Development has emerged as the mystery buyer of Macedon House, the Gisborne three bedroom house which is noted on the Victorian Heritage Register.
It was recently sold for $1.36 million by mortgagees through Jason Kennedy from Kennedy &amp; Hunt Gisborne.
Daffy told the Great Gisborne Gazette he would carry out repairs to Macedon House as ordered by the State Government.
“I may live in Brisbane, but at heart I am still a Gisborne boy,” he told the local paper.
Built circa 1847, Macedon House at 1 Kilmore Road operated for some time as the Mount Macedon Hotel, then functioned as a boarding and guest house for many years from 1887.
Since then, the building on 5.17 acres has been used as a private house, restaurant, reception centre, bowling clubhouse and kindergarten.
Specified works have been outlined by Heritage Victoria that needs to be actioned to prevent further deterioration of the structure.
It was last sold at $250,100 in 1998.
<a href="https://freshlyworded.com/2018/06/12/macedon-house-the-old-and-new-history-of-a-gisborne-ruin/" target="_blank">A local blogger</a> noted Macedon House had been bought for $190,000 in 1995 by the Gisborne Bowling Club who sold it for $250,000 in 1998 to Mainpoint, the family company of Eduard “Ted” Sent.
In 2014 Melbourne developer Brian Forshaw, who has been a business partner of Sent acquired Macedon House for $770,000.
Forshaw had hoped he'd struck a deal to sell Macedon House to a company called Nuline Consulting, ultimately owned by Grace Sent, Ted Sent’s wife.
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Silverstone Group's Troy Daffy buys Macedon House, Gisborne

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The latest research from Burke Road Cityscope shows sales value has decreased in the quarter to August 2018.
In the latest quarter, there were six sales at a total value of $6 million, compared to the five sales at a total value of $10.8 million in the previous quarter.
This quarter brings the 12-month total to $85.8 million of 20 sales, an increase compared to the 28 sales at a total value of $58.5 million over the previous year.
The table below shows sales recorded for the past eight updates of Burke Road Cityscope.
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2018/9/10/BURKE%20RD%201.jpg" target="_blank">Click here </a>to enlarge:
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/BURKE%20RD%201.jpg" alt=""> 
Notable sales in the August 2018 update of Burke Road Cityscope include:
<ul>
<li>5 Redfern Road, Hawthorn East (pictured below), a single-storey former house converted to use as an office and warehouse on a 190 square metre block and 7 Redfern Road, Hawthorn East, a single-storey former house on a 192 square metre block, which were bought together as a development site for $2.05 million through Knight Frank - Glen Waverley; </li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/5%20REDFERN%20RD.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>742 Burke Road, Camberwell, a two-storey 48 square metre brick shop building with first floor dwelling with a brick outbuilding at the rear and parking for four or five cars in a paved rear yard and carport, which was bought for $1.65 million through Prowse Burns Commercial; and </li>
<li>Unit 1 at 321-323 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, a ground floor space on the north-west side of approximately 173 square metre and three car spaces, which was bought for $1.135 million through DBRE Pty Ltd - Moorabbin. </li>
</ul>
 <img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/BURKE%20RD%202.jpg" alt="">
Properties for sale in the August 2018 update of Burke Road Cityscope include:
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/267%20Camberwell%20Road.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>267 Camberwell Road, Camberwell (pictured above), a single-storey brick retail building with brick one-car garage at rear, constructed in 1940 on a 257 square metre block, which is for sale by auction on 31 August, 2018 through Teska Carson Pty Ltd – Richmond; and</li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/694%20burke%20rd.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>Unit 1, a ground level retail space and unit 2, consisting of office space on level one and residential on level two at 694 Burke Road, Camberwell (pictured above), a brick building with three-storeys to the front and two and three-storeys to the rear, constructed 1890 and refurbished in 1997 and 2005 with a four-car garage at rear on a 184 square metre block; which is for sale together by auction on 31 August, 2018 through RT Edgar – Hawthorn.</li>
</ul>
Leasing opportunities listed in the August 2018 update of Burke Road Cityscope include:
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/693%20burke%20rd.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>693 Burke Road, Hawthorn East (pictured above), a four-storey commercial building with a ground floor car parking area and 24 basement car spaces, which has an office space of 336 sqm available through Gorman Commercial; </li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/691%20burke%20rd.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>Chiquita House at 691 Burke Road, Hawthorn East, a five-storey concrete building with parking for 17 cars on part of the ground floor and to the rear, built 1971  and building was renovated in 1990 and again in 1999, which has office space ranging from 214 to 329 square metre available through Gorman Commercial; and</li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/697%20burke%20rd.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>697 Burke Road, Camberwell, a seven-level concrete office building built in the 1970s and refurbished in 1999 which comprises office floors, an upper ground floor showroom/office and parking for 38 vehicles on the lower ground floor and an additional car space stacker for 16 vehicles, has an office space of 253 square metres for lease through JLL Glen Waverley and Colliers International Melbourne East. </li>
</ul>
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Burke Road, Camberwell commercial property sale values fall

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Investor Paul Holyoake was the under-bidder, pipped by a locally based Chinese buyer, when 487-495 Bridge Road, Richmond went to recent auction.
The $14.81 million price reflected a 2.09 per cent yield, well above its $11.6 million reserve.
The onsite lunchtime auction of the <a href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-retail-vic-richmond-502909238" target="_blank">Adairs showroom</a> reportedly attracted a crowd including George Saade, Nick Williams and Joel Freeman, who redeveloped the Dimmeys building in Swan Street.
The Chinese buyer was one of four Chinese parties making bids on the 1045 sq m single level building.
It is on a 1658 sq m site with 50 metres frontage with future development potential. 
It is leased to Adairs and Regal Sleep Solutions for 10 years, currently returning $422,282 a year and about $310,000 net.
The vendors were barrister Tony Kiel and Sandra Rush, who had paid $500,000 in 1984.
Meanwhile Beller Commercial have leased 236-238 Bridge Rd, Richmond to celebrated photography agency Blessed Vision for 3 + 3 years after only 2 weeks without a tenant.
The property was leased by Beller Commercial leasing agent Max Warren for $65,0000 net per annum at $144 PSM.
The highly visible shop-front was in great condition, which played a large contributing factor to it being snapped up in a flash.
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Max Warren advised Bridge Road Richmond was once a bustling shoppers paradise, however with a now roughly 18% vacancy rate the outlet-shopping mecca now feels a little sparse.
"Landlords need to be realistic if they are to start earning an income on their properties," he said.
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Paul Holyoake misses out on Adairs, Bridge Road Richmond showroom offering

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GUEST OBSERVATION
The Productivity Commission – the Australian government’s highly influential economic advisory body – released a report titled Rising Inequality? last week. The question mark indicates its scepticism about other research findings on rising inequality in Australia. The commission responded to its own question in the report’s very first heading: “Over nearly three decades, inequality has risen slightly in Australia”.
This conclusion has left commentators divided. Some have celebrated this finding. Others, such as Peter Whiteford and Ross Gittins, argued the true picture is more complex.
We wish to point out one major flaw in the Productivity Commission’s conclusion. It ignores the deeply polarising impact of the housing boom on Australia in recent years. Our analysis shows that, once rent and mortgage costs are deducted, the rate of increase in average equivalised disposable income of the top 10% of households was 2.7 times faster than for the bottom 10% between 1988 and 2015.
On average, capital city house prices have doubled since 2003. This has benefited affluent homeowners and has disadvantaged lower-income households, especially those in long-term private rental.
Housing costs undermine gains for low-income households
We examined changes in income inequality using the same method and dataset that the Productivity Commission used, with only minimal technical differences. From 1988 to 2015, average equivalised incomes for households in the lowest 10% of incomes increased by 54%, compared with 85% in the highest decile. Such a difference is by no means “slight”.
However, to reveal the full extent of rising inequality, we conducted further analysis, deducting housing costs from income. This included both rent and mortgage repayments. The results were striking: from 1988 to 2015, average after-housing disposable incomes increased by only 30% in the lowest decile, compared with 81% in the highest decile.
This analysis shows that income inequality between the highest and lowest deciles nearly doubled once housing costs are taken into account. These costs hardly affected rising incomes for the top decile. For the bottom decile, housing costs nearly halved any gains in income over the same period.
Between these extremes, as the chart below shows, there is a very linear pattern across the spectrum. Housing cost impacts on disposable incomes decline as household incomes rise.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/234735/original/file-20180904-41717-1e1h69e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Rising gap in disposable income, before and after housing costs, 1988-2015. Authors' estimates using:ABS Microdata: Household Expenditure, Income and Housing, 2015-16 (Cat. no. 6540.0, as at 3/08/18) and ABS HES Basic confidentialised unit record file for 1988-89 (as at 3/08/18)
Housing costs account for a much higher share of lower-income households’ income. Furthermore, at the bottom end of the distribution, renters have seen their rental costs increase. This has been fuelled by low vacancy rates and the absolute supply shortage of affordable rental housing.
In contrast, at the upper end of the distribution, home buyers have seen their mortgage repayments decline. This is thanks to lower interest rates and the slow but typically steady reduction in housing costs across the life course as owners pay out mortgage debt. Outright owners have not been impacted by housing costs either way.
House price growth boosts gains for wealthier households
The housing boom also played a key role in the rise of wealth inequalities, which are more extreme than income inequalities.
The Productivity Commission’s report shows that, since the early 2000s, the wealth of households in the top 50% grew faster than the bottom half. The upper deciles experienced average annual growth close to 3%. In contrast, the bottom decile experienced negative growth.
By 2015-16, those in the top 10% owned 45% of wealth. The bottom half of the distribution owned just 11%.
Property ownership rates are higher in the middle and upper deciles. For these households, house price growth made a major contribution to rising wealth.
In contrast, property ownership rates are relatively low in the bottom deciles. These households saw little or no wealth gains from the housing boom.
The report’s headline claiming only a “slight” rise in inequality over three decades seems to ignore this widening wealth gap as a crucial aspect of the story.
A national affordable housing plan is needed
Over nearly three decades of economic growth, living standards have improved for Australians across the board. This is good news.
But inequality has also risen significantly, which is bad news. Inequality creates unfair advantage for wealthier households and is deeply damaging for the social fabric, democratic stability and economic drive of our society.
Our analysis highlights the polarising impact of the housing boom, in two primary ways. Firstly, increasing housing costs undermined income gains for less affluent households. Secondly, house price growth increased wealth gains for more affluent households.
This analysis shows that rising inequality cannot be redressed without some redistribution of housing wealth and costs.
The Productivity Commission report commended the “equalising effect” of Australia’s progressive income tax. Including housing in our analysis, however, points to the polarising effect of taxation on wealth and housing. The tax system disproportionately benefits more affluent home owners and property owners.
An increased supply of affordable rental housing is crucial to reduce the gap in after-housing disposable income. Low-income private renters also need greater security of tenure, including more stringent controls on rent increases.
A renewed focus on affordable home purchase schemes for people on moderate incomes can help reduce the wealth gap. In addition, housing tax levers, used well, can help reduce both wealth and income inequalities over time.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/102581/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
Ilan Wiesel, Senior Lecturer in Urban Geography, University of Melbourne
Liss Ralston, Urban Statistician, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology
Wendy Stone, Associate Professor, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-housing-boom-has-driven-rising-inequality-102581" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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How the housing boom has driven rising inequality

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GUEST OBSERVATION
The question of which city is the most liveable is an annual hot topic. Competition is fierce, especially between Melbourne and Sydney. We have previously highlighted the limitations of The Economist Intelligence Unit Global Liveability Index. In this article we analyse the differences between Sydney and Melbourne using clearly defined liveability indicators based on objective spatial data.
Liveability is an important concept with implications for health and well-being that go beyond promotional material or the prestige of being named number one. As part of our Creating Liveable Cities project, in July we released a scorecard looking at the liveability of Sydney. The scorecard for Melbourne comes out today.
For this research, we mapped policies designed to create liveable cities. We found great variation in these policies. Both cities do well on some but not all aspects of liveability.
We also found inequities in the delivery of infrastructure relating to liveability policies in both cities. Some suburbs do better than others, but in both cities suburbs on the urban fringe are less liveable. These areas often have poor access to the basic amenities needed for daily living.
So, let’s take a closer look at the liveability of Melbourne and Sydney.
Public transport access
Melbourne has an ambitious policy for public transport access. This requires 95% of residences to be within a 400-metre walk to a bus stop, 600m to a tram stop, or 800m to a train station. At present, 69% of residences meet this target.
The policy we measured spatially for Sydney is even more stringent. It requires 100% of residences to be close to public transport – within 400m of a bus stop with a service every 30 minutes, or 800m of a train station with a service every 15 minutes. Only 38% of residences and 2% of suburbs meet this target.
To create a consistent comparison between Sydney and Melbourne, we developed a common national liveability indicator that measures access (within 400m) to frequent public transport (a 30-minute service frequency). Results using this indicator were very similar: 36% of residences in Melbourne achieved this, compared to 35% in Sydney.
In both cities, however, inner and more established suburbs have the best public transport access. Many middle and outer suburbs miss out (Figure 1).
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/235325/original/file-20180907-190665-qcajq0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Figure 1: Percentage of residences by suburb within 400m of a public transport stop with a service every 30 minutes. Author provided
Another important liveability indicator measures how people get to work. This is especially important with growing population, increased traffic congestion and longer commuting times. Our research shows cities are healthier, more liveable and sustainable when walking, cycling and public transport are more convenient than driving.
Residents of Sydney are more likely to use public transport (26%) than residents of Melbourne (18%). The proportions who walk or cycle to work in each city are similar (6% Sydney, 5% in Melbourne). Both Melbourne and Sydney are doing well relative to other Australian cities.
By international standards, though, we have a long way to go. For instance, 50% of people (and 63% of MPs!) in Denmark’s capital, Copenhagen, commute daily by bike.
Walkability
Coinciding with good access to public transport are walkable areas, which combine somewhere to walk (to local shops and services), population density (to support the services) and a way to get there (connected road network). Walkable neighbourhoods are the backbone of a liveable city.
Figure 2 shows that in both Sydney and Melbourne inner areas have the highest walkability. This declines dramatically towards the urban fringe. Yet neither city has policies in place to achieve walkable neighbourhoods in the suburbs.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/235326/original/file-20180907-190662-abpa8b.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Figure 2: Composite walkability indicator* for suburbs within each capital city. Author provided
Walkability is also unlikely to be achieved with population density requirements set at only 15 dwellings per hectare. That’s too low to achieve walkable neighbourhoods.
Higher residential densities ensure there are enough people and the associated demand to support the transport and everyday services that help make cities liveable. Research is now showing that this requires higher densities of at least 25 dwellings per hectare, and even higher around activity centres and transport nodes.
Suburban densities are higher in Sydney, at 19 dwellings per hectare, than in Melbourne, which has only 13 dwellings per hectare.
Better policies create better cities
So to the question: which is the most liveable city? The answer in turn depends on another question: liveable for whom? Both cities have areas performing well on some liveability domains and other areas where more could be done.
The findings of these reports show a need for more ambitious policies, research evidence linking liveability indicators to health and well-being, and investment in infrastructure and spatial planning to improve liveability, health and well-being for all residents of all cities.
Lucy Gunn, Research Fellow, Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, RMIT University; Billie Giles-Corti, Director, Urban Futures Enabling Capability Platform and Director, Healthy Liveable Cities Group, RMIT University; Julianna Rozek, Research Officer, Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, and Melanie Davern, Senior Research Fellow, Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/melbourne-or-sydney-this-is-how-our-two-biggest-cities-compare-for-liveability-102247">original article</a>.
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Melbourne or Sydney? How our two biggest cities compare for liveability

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A syndicate of buyers, including mortgage broker John Kolenda and his wife Milenka, have sold Emerald Cove, their Central Coast weekender for $3,225,000.
The 3200 square metre property last traded 18 months ago for $2,999,999.
It was renovated and landscaped last year by Kolenda, Jennifer Davitt and Adrian Lee.
It came with initial $3.5 million hopes.
The Hamptons-style house, with 125 metres of beachfrontage at Umina, was bought by Goldman Sachs managing director Nell Hutton.
It has been returning over $100,000 annually in rental income.
There are also architectural plans available for a substantial 10 bed, 12 bath, two pool residence with sky-garden, an abundance of living areas and tennis court.
Umina Beach last year had a $3.58 million purchase by wealthy businessman Tony Borg.
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Mortgage broker John Kolenda sells Umina Beach weekender

An entity directed by HSN's Rafi Assouline and Rebel Property's Allen Linz has filed plans for an impressive new precinct in Woolloomooloo.

The major mixed-use development would transform a prominent William Street site into a new residential village anchored by affordable housing and a large public park.

The proposal, submitted as a State Significant Development Application, covers 164-172 and 174-194 William Street, a 6,398 sqm site between Forbes Street and Dowling Street on the southern edge of Woolloomooloo.

Designed by fjcstudio in collaboration with Bangawarra, Studio Bright and Tribe Studio Architects, the scheme would deliver 227 apartments across four residential buildings ranging in height up to 18 storeys, alongside retail space, public domain improvements and a new publicly accessible park.

<img alt="Rebel" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="0eb59b7c-914a-4a5c-b849-3a56749f5e93" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-12%20at%2011.18.51%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=mxM6EEqeoLjrCiTlCzTKTvzpKuh6kSkH" />

It's another design scheme for Rebel, who took <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-rebel-property-group-takes-woolloomooloo-precinct-to-nsw-government">concept plans to the NSW Gov late last year</a>.

The latest plans will be a mix of 167 build-to-sell apartments and 60 affordable apartments, with the affordable housing component representing 15 per cent of the project's gross floor area. The apartment mix includes 12 one-bedroom, 53 two-bedroom, 89 three-bedroom apartments and 13 penthouses, while the affordable housing component would comprise 42 one-bedroom and 18 two-bedroom apartments.

<img alt="Rebel" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="3b3d4553-8a8c-4af5-aa8c-519ffb1e28c6" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-12%20at%2011.20.12%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=_Yb6ibN7eDnOtQjCNDK2eviORa4qzgv." />

Rebel Property is seeking to take advantage of the NSW Government's infill affordable housing bonus provisions under the Housing SEPP, which provide additional floor space and height in exchange for the delivery of affordable housing for a minimum of 15 years. The planning pathway allows a 30 per cent increase in floor space ratio and building height where 15 per cent of the development is dedicated to affordable housing.

&nbsp;

At the centre of the development is a 1,356 sqm sunlit public park designed to become a new community gathering space at the gateway to Woolloomooloo. The park would be complemented by a network of pedestrian laneways connecting William Street with the surrounding streets, improving permeability through what is currently a largely impermeable block.

<img alt="Rebel" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="257af931-a393-4007-8c6d-7219796df58d" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-06-12%20at%2011.20.51%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=KAHy94GrhaReFsWTGDKfy39EDJ8gEEv4" />

The design team says the public domain has been heavily influenced by the site's topography and Aboriginal cultural heritage, drawing on the escarpments, gullies and landscape characteristics that historically defined the area before urbanisation. The landscape design has been developed in partnership with First Nations consultancy Bangawarra.

The project would be delivered across four separate buildings. The William Street East and William Street West buildings, designed by fjcstudio, would contain the majority of the apartments. Melbourne-based Studio Bright has designed the Forbes Street building, while Tribe Studio Architects is responsible for the Dowling Street building.

Rebel had secured approval for the concept plans late last year.

Joel Robinson

First look: HSN, Rebel, advances Woolloomooloo precinct plans

A locally heritage-listed furniture showroom on Water Street is set to become the centrepiece of a new mixed-use residential development as local developer&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/keylin-group">Keylin</a> seeks approval for <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/lotus-on-water-street-290-water-street-fortitude-valley-qld-4006">Lotus on Water Street</a>, a 15-storey project on the Fortitude Valley side of Spring Hill.

The proposal spans 290 Water Street and 137-141 Warry Street, combining several properties into a 2,869 sqm site that sits between Fortitude Valley, Spring Hill and the rapidly evolving Victoria Park precinct. Keylin's plans would deliver 132 apartments alongside new retail, hospitality and commercial space, while retaining and repurposing the historic Brunswick Home Furnishers Showroom that fronts Water Street.

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/jackson-teece">Jackson Teece</a>, Lotus on Water Street comprises a 12-storey residential tower rising above a three-storey podium and communal rooftop terrace. The development includes 76 apartments classified as multiple dwellings and a further 56 units proposed as short-term accommodation, designed to be flexibly used as either accommodation or permanent residences. The apartment mix comprises six one-bedroom, 54 two-bedroom and 16 three-bedroom homes.

<img alt="First look: Keylin unveils heritage-led Lotus on Water Street tower in Fortitude Valley" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="9822bb79-6c49-49c9-95ba-319e8c8d81c3" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/fortitude%20valley%20front.png?VersionId=ioW8zbN4UVebbLetTFuv92t.HkdgfR5e" />

Residents would have access to an extensive rooftop recreation level spanning more than 1,200 sqm of communal open space. Plans include a pool, gym, sauna, infrared sauna, yoga area, library, private dining room, barbecue facilities and landscaped entertainment spaces, making the rooftop the project's largest shared amenity offering.

At street level, the proposal focuses on the adaptive reuse of the heritage buildings along Water Street, where 518 sqm of retail and commercial space is planned across shop, office and food and drink outlet uses. A permeable residential lobby would be positioned between the retained heritage buildings, creating a pedestrian connection between the historic streetscape and the new tower behind.

<img alt="First look: Keylin unveils heritage-led Lotus on Water Street tower in Fortitude Valley" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="269cf3e0-7d13-48bf-a318-05a00deb5c10" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/fortitude%20valley%20podium.png?VersionId=DLXmTCLsp6GOcLpQ0h.0z7wKCw59EhN_" />

The heritage retention strategy is central to the scheme. The development application notes that the Brunswick Home Furnishers Showroom and adjoining heritage buildings will remain, with only non-significant structures on the site earmarked for removal under a previously issued Heritage Exemption Certificate. Levels one and two of the new podium are recessed behind the heritage façades to maintain their prominence within the streetscape.

Jackson Teece has drawn inspiration from the site's manufacturing history when designing the podium. The planning documents state that the façade incorporates perforated metal screening that references the woven and rattan furniture historically produced on the site. Cascading and climbing plants are integrated throughout the podium to soften the building's presentation and screen parking levels behind. The landscape strategy also informs the project's name, Lotus on Water Street, drawing on the historic Spring Hollow waterholes that once ran through Spring Hill and the blue water lilies associated with Meeanjin, Brisbane's traditional name.

The proposal also incorporates the neighbouring property at 141 Warry Street, currently occupied by a healthcare service. The existing building would remain, with nine dedicated parking spaces allocated within the new development to support its ongoing operation. In total, Lotus on Water Street proposes 117 car spaces, including 110 resident spaces and seven visitor bays, alongside 100 bicycle spaces.

<img alt="First look: Keylin unveils heritage-led Lotus on Water Street tower in Fortitude Valley" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="70cf07bc-4fd8-4e70-92dd-be8b21c4e4f0" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/fortitude%20valley%20site.png?VersionId=txlxrJImM0Sm_vTzHVKh5DDUkyL_CiiA" />

The site sits within the Spring Hill East Precinct of the Spring Hill Neighbourhood Plan and is positioned around 650 metres from both Fortitude Valley Station and Exhibition Station. It is also within walking distance of the King Street precinct, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston Quarter and Victoria Park, which is earmarked to become a major venue precinct ahead of the Brisbane 2032 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Planning documents describe the location as a key gateway between Spring Hill and Fortitude Valley and highlight the area's increasing importance as new transport infrastructure and Olympic-related investment reshape Brisbane's inner north. The development team argues the project will contribute additional housing supply while activating a section of Water Street that has historically received less investment than other parts of the Valley.

Keylin has become increasingly active across Brisbane and southeast Queensland, assembling sites in strategic inner-city locations. They are currently selling and delivering <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/oria-spring-hill-447-gregory-terrace-spring-hill-qld-4000">Oria Spring Hill</a>, just over 140 apartments due for completion in 2027.

Keylin plans heritage-led Lotus on Water Street apartment development in Fortitude Valley

Roseville is poised for a wave of new apartment development following the NSW Government's rezoning of land around Roseville Station under its Transport Oriented Development program.

The new planning controls have unlocked significant development potential within walking distance of the station, with a number of sites expected to be amalgamated and redeveloped in the coming years as developers seek to take advantage of the increased density allowances.

One of the more restrained developments in the precinct, and set among the first to be delivered having commenced well before the recent changes, is Hyecorp's Juliet. The boutique apartment project is already well under construction and remains on track to welcome residents by the end of the year, offering a markedly different proposition to many of the larger-scale developments now likely to emerge across the suburb.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7395 project_image_fid=278194]

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/juliet-roseville-64-pacific-highway-roseville-nsw-2069">Juliet</a> will comprise just&nbsp;34 one-, two-, and three-bedroom apartments opposite Roseville Station. For Hyecorp, which has delivered projects across Sydney's Lower North Shore for more than three decades, Roseville presented a rare opportunity to address a growing gap in the market.

"<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/roseville-nsw-2069">Roseville</a> has long been one of the North Shore's most tightly held and desirable suburbs, offering a unique combination of village charm, established greenery, excellent transport connections, and proximity to some of Sydney's best schools and lifestyle amenities," Hyecorp said.

"We recognised a growing demand from local homeowners seeking to downsize without leaving the community they have built their lives around. The location presented a rare opportunity to create homes that cater specifically to that buyer profile."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7395 project_image_fid=278196]

The six-level development has been designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/pbd-architects">PBD Architects</a> as a collection of residences that feel more like homes than apartments. The brief centred generous floorplans, abundant natural light, quality finishes, and strong connections to outdoor space.

PBD Architects drew inspiration from Roseville's established garden suburb character, creating a building that sits comfortably within its surroundings rather than dominating them. The architecture incorporates natural materials, soft forms, layered landscaping, expansive balconies, and generous setbacks to strengthen the connection between residents and the suburb's leafy environment.

"The focus was on designing spacious, house-like residences for discerning owner-occupiers and downsizers who wanted to remain on the North Shore without compromising on comfort, privacy, or design," PBD said.&nbsp;

"Every apartment was to feel considered, timeless, and highly functional."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7395 project_image_fid=278195]

Inside, residences feature engineered timber flooring, stone kitchen benchtops and splashbacks, integrated Fisher &amp; Paykel appliances, ducted air conditioning, and large outdoor entertaining areas designed to take advantage of district and treetop views.

Residents will also have access to a rooftop barbecue and lounge area, alongside practical amenities including parcel lockers, EV charging capability, bicycle storage, a dog wash bay, and a basement car wash facility.

The majority of purchasers so far have been local owner-occupiers from Roseville, Lindfield, Chatswood, Killara, and the broader Upper North Shore, many of whom are transitioning from larger family homes.

"Buyers are looking for spacious, house-like apartments that allow them to downsize without feeling like they are sacrificing comfort or functionality," Hyecorp noted.

"They value large kitchens, generous living areas, ample storage, quality finishes, secure parking, lift access, and low-maintenance living."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=7395 project_image_fid=278204]

Juliet sits directly opposite Roseville Train Station and within walking distance of Roseville Village, while Chatswood's retail and dining precinct is only minutes away. The development is also surrounded by some of Sydney's most established schools, including Roseville College, Ravenswood, Pymble Ladies' College, and Knox Grammar, as well as nearby parklands and golf courses.

Juliet is currently more than 75 per cent sold ahead of its anticipated completion in late 2026.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=7395]

Juliet to sit quietly amid Roseville apartment boom

Sherpa Property Group has unveiled the third instalment of its Flourish series, securing full approval for the two-tower, $500 million Flourish Soleira development in Palm Beach.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/flourish-soleira-1150-1154-gold-coast-highway-palm-beach-qld-4221">Flourish Soleira</a> will rise from a prominent site in the commercial heart of Palm Beach, the long-time home of Cash Converters and a range of local retailers.

The project will introduce a new retail and dining precinct at ground level, beneath 286 apartments.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150017 project_image_fid=370959]

“We’re very committed to not only providing affordable residential offerings that are much needed in Palm Beach, but also delivering a vibrant new commercial heart that complements the extraordinary growth of the southern Gold Coast,” Sherpa Property Group founder Christie Leet said.

The development will sit under Sherpa's Flourish brand, which is aimed at providing a pathway into the beachside suburb for locals, first-home buyers and downsizers. In a move designed to assist first-home buyers entering the market, Sherpa has reserved all one and two-bedroom, one-bathroom apartments exclusively for eligible first-home buyers.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150017 project_image_fid=370964]

“Our vision through Flourish is to create a vibrant retail and lifestyle focal point within the Palm Beach centre zone, delivering thriving communities underpinned by lifestyle-rich locations,” Leet said.

“So far, Flourish has been an incredible success, and we hope to carry this momentum as we progress the next two Flourish projects in Palm Beach.”

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150017 project_image_fid=371430]

Located across 1150-1164 Gold Coast Highway and 3 Sixth Avenue, the development will comprise two towers. The northern tower will deliver 154 apartments, while the southern tower will add a further 132 residences, helping address ongoing demand for new apartments in the tightly held coastal suburb.

Flourish Soleira will also feature the most extensive rooftop amenity offering ever delivered in Palm Beach.

The two towers will be connected by a skybridge, with residents gaining access to a rooftop recreation deck featuring a full-width swimming pool, hot and cold plunge pools, wellness spaces, a gymnasium, private dining facilities, massage treatment rooms, barbecue areas, a basketball court, golf simulator, indoor and outdoor dining spaces, sun lounges and extensive landscaping.

LPS Group is expected to start construction later this year.

Sherpa is already well advanced on construction of its debut Flourish project, Flourish Amargo, located just around the corner from Soleira. Meanwhile, Flourish Oasis, positioned opposite Amargo, recently commenced construction and has nearly sold out its collection of 47 apartments.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=150017]

Sherpa unveils $500m mixed-use Palm Beach precinct, Flourish Soleira

Are mortgage holders set to get a reprieve from the RBA in 2026?

Big Four bank NAB believes so. They are now expecting the next move from the RBA to be a cut, rather than a hike, which they had pencilled in for August. They are unsure of the timing of the cut however, they note in their latest&nbsp;NAB Economics RBA Watch.

NAB Chief Economist, Dr Sally Auld, said recent data suggests the economy has lost momentum and the outlook for rates has shifted, noting that the broader economic backdrop has changed since earlier in the year.

“The next move in the cash rate is likely to be down, but the timing is uncertain," Dr Auld said.

"In February, growth was above trend, the economy was operating above capacity and there was uncertainty over the restrictiveness of rates. None of these conditions exist today,” she outlined.

Dr Auld said recent data pointed to softer momentum across the economy while acknowledging that at the same time, uncertainty remains a key feature of the outlook.

“Both Q1 GDP data and the NAB business survey suggest momentum in the economy has slowed, meaning that growth has likely peaked for the cycle. That said, we are cognisant there is still considerable uncertainty around the outlook, both with respect to activity and inflation.”

Dr Auld said inflation risks and labour market outcomes would be important to watch.

“On the prices side, we are still forecasting above target core inflation through to mid-2027. Margins will compress and weaker labour market outcomes are a risk.”

She said tighter financial conditions are expected to weigh on housing and activity.

“Tighter financial conditions will be reflected in a slowing in house price growth and housing credit growth. In summary, we have greater conviction that the next move in rates is down, but less conviction on the timing.”

Staff reporter

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