The new <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/yarraville-green-42-stephen-street-yarraville-vic-3013">Yarraville Green</a> development in Melbourne's inner west is showing that landscaping can be just as influential as architecture, with buyers responding strongly to the garden-first approach adopted from the outset by developer Excelon Projects and the project's design team.

Excelon appointed Six Degrees Architects and landscape architects SBLA to work collaboratively on the development, with a brief to create "a sustainable, design-led building with a focus on community."

That approach has resonated with buyers. According to Next Chapter Director Tom Hirini, who is leading the sales campaign, the landscaped communal garden has become one of the project's defining features, alongside its boutique scale and European-inspired cluster housing concept.

Local downsizers, right-sizers and established families already living in Yarraville and surrounding suburbs have accounted for the majority of purchasers.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=144913 project_image_fid=297740]

Yarraville Green will comprise 53 homes, including apartments and townhomes, arranged around the shared central garden to maximise connections to the landscaped open space. Parking has been moved underground, allowing the ground plane to be dedicated to greenery, pedestrian movement and communal spaces.

The landscape extends well beyond passive planting. Productive garden beds, a pergola, communal gathering spaces, garden sheds and a pet wash have all been integrated into the masterplan, creating spaces designed to encourage everyday interaction between residents.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=144913 project_image_fid=297741]

The interiors continue Excelon's focus on craftsmanship, incorporating bespoke elements by Melbourne artisans including leadlight detailing by Adadaz, hand-turned timber hardware by Auburn Woodturning and blown-glass lighting by Ruth Allen.

Sustainability has also been embedded throughout the project, with Yarraville Green targeting an average 7-star NatHERS energy rating through passive design principles, rooftop solar servicing common areas and rainwater harvesting for landscape irrigation.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=144913 project_image_fid=297735]

Construction continues to progress at Yarraville Green, with structural works well underway and framing works approaching completion under builder Balmain &amp; Co. The project remains on track for completion in mid-2027.

Apartments at Yarraville Green are currently priced from $625,000, while townhomes start from $1.4 million.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=144913]

Joel Robinson

Garden-led design drives buyer demand at Yarraville Green

National diversified developer Fortis has officially launched Crest &amp; Walker, its latest Brisbane apartment development, with construction now underway on the 20-storey Newstead project.

Award-winning builder BINAH has commenced construction on the Bureau^Proberts-designed building, which will deliver a limited collection of 65 two and three-bedroom apartments on Kyabra Street.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145922 project_image_fid=373556]

The project marks Fortis' fourth active residential development in Brisbane, following River House, which is nearing completion, alongside projects in New Farm and Hamilton as the national developer continues to expand its South East Queensland pipeline.

Fortis General Manager – Development Queensland Dan Boman said Crest &amp; Walker reflects the developer's long-term commitment to delivering design-led residential projects in Brisbane's established inner-city suburbs.

"We're proud to be strengthening our presence in Brisbane with Crest &amp; Walker, particularly in such a sought-after lifestyle destination as Newstead," Boman said.

"Every Fortis project is shaped by its context, and we approach each one with the respect and care it deserves.

"Our focus is always on creating places that feel connected to their neighbourhood and elevate the everyday experience for residents. Newstead continues to evolve as one of Brisbane's most sought-after urban communities, and Crest &amp; Walker reflects our ambition to contribute meaningfully to that story."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145922 project_image_fid=373559]

Positioned between Gasworks Plaza and James Street, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/crest-walker-newstead-12-kyabra-street-newstead-qld-4006">Crest &amp; Walker</a> has been designed as a boutique residential address offering privacy and generous living spaces within one of Brisbane's most established lifestyle precincts.

The building features a contemporary brick podium softened by integrated landscaping, while the upper levels are characterised by restrained architecture and enduring materiality. Interiors have been designed to maximise natural light, acoustic performance and long-term liveability.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145922 project_image_fid=373583]

Residences comprise spacious two and three-bedroom floorplans, with two-bedroom apartments priced from $1.55 million and three-bedroom, half-floor residences from $3.95 million.

Residents will have access to a wellness-focused rooftop featuring a swimming pool, sauna, steam room, landscaped dining spaces and outdoor lounge areas overlooking Newstead and the Brisbane CBD.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=145922 project_image_fid=373571]

Sales are being managed by Slaite Projects, with Fortis expecting strong demand from owner-occupiers seeking a high-quality, design-focused apartment in one of Brisbane's most tightly held inner-city suburbs.

Completion of Crest &amp; Walker is slated for late 2028.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=145922]

Fortis expands Brisbane pipeline with launch of Crest & Walker in Newstead

The enormity of delivering a true skyscraper in Australia's new development market is often overlooked.

It has taken the best part of a decade since plans for Chevron One were first unveiled, but the 52-storey tower is now complete, with residents collecting their keys and moving into what has become one of the Gold Coast's most recognisable new landmarks.

Rising 127 metres above Chevron Island, Chevron One stands almost twice as high as any other building on the island. Its scale places it alongside the trio of towers at Jewel, arguably the last truly significant addition to the central Gold Coast skyline when they were completed around six years ago.

While there are several developments underway around a similar height to Chevron One, they are more concentrated within clusters of the highest towers in the city. The fact Chevron One sits within a developing precinct, looking back at the other high-rise developments in Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach, makes it a different proposition altogether. It will certainly become a reference point on the Gold Coast skyline.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=6515 project_image_fid=68833]

Developer Bensons Property Group is behind the 52-storey tower, which has just shy of 250 apartments, along with an exhaustive list of resident amenity spread across what is the largest development site ever assembled on Chevron Island.

The tower has been the talk of the town for years, says Ray White Projects Gold Coast agent Caitlin Rosenboom, who is selling the remaining apartments.

"People have been watching Chevron One go up for years," Rosenboom says, adding that many prospective buyers have been surprised by the scale of the views once they step inside.

"It's only when they walk through a completed apartment that they truly understand the position of the building," Rosenboom says.

"The views are jaw-dropping. Whether you're looking east over the ocean, across Surfers Paradise, along the river systems or out to the hinterland, every level offers something different but equally impressive."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=6515 project_image_fid=360215]

One of Chevron One's defining advantages is its location on the eastern side of Chevron Island on Stanhill Drive, a position which protects the views forever.

"There's only one row of houses between Chevron One and the water, and the height restrictions along the river means views from Chevron One can never be built out,"&nbsp;Rosenboom says.

While new apartment developments continue to emerge across the Gold Coast, Rosenboom says opportunities to secure a completed apartment with this level of outlook are becoming increasingly rare.

"The size of the site is something that would be incredibly difficult to replicate today," she says.

"That's allowed Chevron One to deliver the sort of amenity, open space and resident facilities that very few projects can offer. There are not many completed apartment buildings on the Gold Coast right now that can compete with the combination of scale, quality and amenity."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=6515 project_image_fid=68839]

There's around 2,000 sqm of amenity solely for the use of residents of Chevron One. Club One features a uniquely shaped swimming pool that mirrors the footprint of the building itself, set within a extensively landscaped gardens. There's also an indoor pool and spa, a fully equipped gym with a Pilates room, a yoga garden, a bookable private dining area and lounge that can host up to 30 people, and a 24-hour concierge service.

As for the buyers, Rosenboom is fielding enquiry from everywhere: Sydneysiders and Melburnians looking at the new and off-the-plan market following the changes in the Federal Budget, as well as those looking to relocate, through to South East Queenslanders seeking either a permanent home or a weekender bolthole.

"The Gold Coast lifestyle continues to resonate with people relocating from the southern states, and when they see the views and the quality of what's been delivered at Chevron One, it becomes very easy for them to understand the appeal," Rosenboom says.

A diverse mix of one, two and three-bedroom apartments remain available, with each offering "something a little different", be it the orientation and views, configuration, or level, to suit a wide variety of buyers.

The remaining apartments are ready to inspect in person, by appointment.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=6515]

A decade in the making: Residents to move into Chevron One as construction wraps up

A general rule of thumb in new apartment developments is that the penthouses get the rooftop.

It's a formula that's become commonplace across Australia's apartment market. Residents might have access to a pool, gym or barbecue facilities on a dedicated lower level, but the most desirable outdoor spaces are typically reserved for the highest-priced homes at the top of the building.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/sherpa-property-group">Sherpa Property Group</a> has taken the opposite approach.

Rather than dedicating the rooftop to a handful of buyers, the Gold Coast developer has made it the centrepiece of its Flourish collection, creating expansive shared spaces from the best vantage point in the building.

The philosophy has reached its most ambitious expression at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/flourish-soleira-palm-beach-1150-1160-gold-coast-highway-palm-beach-qld-4221">Flourish Soleira</a> in Palm Beach, where two rooftop precincts connected by a skybridge will deliver one of the most extensive lifestyle offerings seen in a residential apartment project on the Gold Coast.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150017 project_image_fid=374053]

"We're seeing a clear move toward developments that offer more than just an apartment," Sherpa Group founder Christie Leet said.

"People want spaces that support how they actually live, whether that's working from home, staying active, or spending time with family and friends.

"That's where amenity becomes critical. It's not just about what's included, but how those spaces are designed to be used every day."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150017 project_image_fid=374052]

The breadth of amenity has already attracted buyers across multiple demographics. Younger first home buyers have been drawn to Soleira's one-bedroom apartments, a product rarely delivered in Palm Beach, while families have responded to practical inclusions such as the shallow children's pool adjoining the main lap pool and the extensive communal recreation areas.

Instead of a single rooftop, Soleira delivers two distinct lifestyle zones.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150017 project_image_fid=372547]

The southern rooftop has been dedicated to wellness, featuring a gym, yoga and Pilates studio, work-from-home facilities, a wellness centre, spa, and hot and cold plunge pools.

The northern rooftop focuses on recreation and entertaining, incorporating a heated resort-style pool, private dining rooms, pizza ovens, barbecues, a golf simulator, children's recreation areas, and what is expected to be the Gold Coast's first rooftop basketball court, which will also double as a squash court.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150017 project_image_fid=374054]

Beyond the rooftops, Soleira will introduce 1,500 sqm of curated retail beneath the towers, creating one of Palm Beach's first genuinely mixed-use lifestyle precincts where cafés, restaurants and convenience retail become part of residents' everyday lives.

Sherpa has also retained management rights across the development, allowing it to oversee the long-term operation of the building through a 24-hour concierge model. The developer is also exploring additional revenue streams within the precinct aimed at helping offset ongoing body corporate costs for residents.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150017 project_image_fid=370962]

While Soleira is the largest project Sherpa has delivered, the rooftop-first philosophy has been evolving for several years.

It began with <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/amargo-6-12-sixth-avenue-palm-beach-qld-4221">Flourish Amargo</a>, the first project released under the Flourish brand. Rather than competing at the ultra-luxury end of the market with oversized half-floor and full-floor residences, Sherpa focused on creating lifestyle-driven apartments supported by resort-style shared spaces.

Amargo introduced more than 800 sqm of rooftop amenity, combining wellness facilities, heated pools, entertaining areas, cabanas, pizza ovens and private dining spaces into what was designed as an extension of residents' homes rather than a facility used only occasionally.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=146527 project_image_fid=366550]

That approach continued with Flourish Oasis, where the same amenity-led philosophy was refined into a more boutique development. Strong demand from Sherpa's growing VIP database saw much of the project sold before it reached the broader market, reinforcing buyer appetite for apartment communities centred around shared lifestyle experiences.

Flourish Amargo is slated for completion mid-way-through next year, with Oasis to be delivered by late 2027. Flourish Soleira is expected to complete in 2030.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=150017]

Sherpa takes amenity to the sky as Flourish Soleira captures booming Palm Beach demand

As apartment living continues to evolve across Sydney's growth corridors, the quality and distribution of shared spaces is increasingly shaping how residents experience home. Rather than functioning as add-ons, amenities are being embedded into the daily rhythm of a building, supporting everything from quiet retreat to social interaction, often within a single vertical community.

At <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/aeris-melrose-park-nursery-street-melrose-park-nsw-2114">Aeris</a> in Melrose Park, this approach is resolved through a layered amenity offering that unfolds from ground level through to its upper podium. Developed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/sekisui-house-australia">Sekisui House Australia</a> in partnership with Hankyu Hanshin Properties, the project introduces 468 apartments across two towers and a mid-rise building, positioned at the highest point of the broader masterplan.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=426 project_image_fid=359199]

The amenity experience begins at street level, where two courtyards sit within a landscaped setting that connects residents to the wider network of parks and green spaces. These green spaces are not isolated pockets but part of a wider pedestrian network that links Aeris to the surrounding <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/melrose-park-nsw-2114">Melrose Park</a> precinct, including Central Park, future schools, and the Town Centre opening in July 2026. The result is a transition that moves from public to private without abrupt boundaries, allowing residents to pass through shaded, tree-lined environments before reaching the building itself.

Moving upward, the focus shifts to the level five podium, where the primary communal facilities are concentrated. This space brings together a 16-metre swimming pool, outdoor seating areas, and a communal BBQ zone arranged to take advantage of elevated outlooks. Seating is positioned beneath pergolas, creating pockets of shade that extend the usability of the space throughout the day. The pool edge aligns with views toward the wider district, reinforcing the sense of elevation that defines the project’s positioning.

In the adjacent building, this is complemented by quieter, more contemplative spaces, including an outdoor cinema set within the same level. Positioned to operate primarily in the evening, it introduces a different tempo to the shared environment, shifting from daytime activity to after-hours use without requiring separate zones.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=426 project_image_fid=360299]

The podium also accommodates an intimate private resident gym. Located on the lower levels, it gives residents convenient access to fitness facilities without leaving the building.

Above, the elevated podium sky deck extends the amenity offering, providing additional open-air spaces with elevated outlooks across the surrounding landscape. While more restrained in program, this upper level reinforces the project’s vertical progression, from ground-level greenery to elevated outlook, allowing residents to move between distinct spatial conditions within a single address.

This distribution of amenities reflects a deliberate response to how residents use space across the day. Sekisui House Australia Sales and Marketing Director Peter Kalaf points to the role these shared areas play in shaping buyer demand. Aeris has been conceived as more than a collection of apartments, with the podium pool, gym and outdoor cinema forming part of a broader lifestyle offering that extends the home beyond each individual residence.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=426 project_image_fid=360300]

What distinguishes Aeris is not the inclusion of these elements individually, but how they are arranged in relation to one another. Active, social, and passive spaces are layered vertically rather than separated, allowing residents to choose between them without leaving the building or moving far from their apartment. This proximity supports both routine use, such as a morning swim or evening workout, and more occasional gatherings, whether around the BBQ area or within the cinema setting.

The amenity design also sits within a broader framework of connectivity across Melrose Park. The Melrose Park Town Centre, anchored by Coles and Dan Murphys, features a mix of retail, dining, health and lifestyle offerings, bringing everyday convenience closer to residents. By the end of the year, more than five hectares of parks and open space, equivalent to around seven football fields of green space on residents' doorstep, will further enhance the precinct, allowing the internal facilities at Aeris to operate as an extension of the wider neighbourhood rather than a substitute for it.

Construction at Aeris continues to gather momentum, with ground floor slabs expected to be completed in late 2026 before the first sections of the buildings begin to rise above ground.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=426]

Elevated amenity anchors daily life at Aeris, Melrose Park

Residential News

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The Real Property Amendment (Electronic Conveyancing) Act 2015 introduced a new section 12E into the Real Property Act 1900 which allows the Registrar General to make Conveyancing Rules. 
The Conveyancing Rules will largely parallel provisions in the Participation Rules for electronic conveyancing.
The Rules will align paper conveyancing practices and workflows with those developed for electronic conveyancing and will be implemented in stages.
Conveyancing Rules - Version 1 Version 1 of the Conveyancing Rules was published on the LPI website on 28 March 2016.
The rules in Version 1 standardise formal verification of identity and authority requirements across all conveyancing in New South Wales including:
• requirements for verification of identity
• requirements for verifying authority (right to deal)
• supporting evidence requirements
• provisions for certifications on paper transactions.
Verification of identity This rule applies to Australian legal practitioners, law practices and licensed conveyancers.
They must take reasonable steps to verify the identity of clients or their agents, and persons to whom certificates of title are given. The rule takes effect on 1 May 2016.
However, the Registrar General is allowing a transition period of three months with full compliance required from 1 August 2016 inclusive.
Authority (Right to Deal) This rule requires Australian legal practitioners, law practices and licensed conveyancers to take reasonable steps to verify that any client is a legal person and has the right to enter into a conveyancing transaction.
Similar requirements apply to mortgagees and representatives of a mortgagee. This rule takes effect on 1 May 2016.
However, the Registrar General is allowing a transition period of three months with full compliance required on and from 1 August 2016.
Supporting evidence From 1 August 2016, a party or their representative must retain the evidence supporting a dealing for at least seven years from the date of lodgment of the dealing.
Land and Property Information, a division of the Department of Finance, Services and Innovation, is officially registered in the Australian Business Register and for GST. Its ABN is 84 104 377 806. 
Certifications on paper dealings This rule applies to witnessing and execution of paper dealings.
 It replicates and continues unchanged the certification requirements that were previously set out in section 117 of the Real Property Act 1900 and Clause 22 of the Real Property Regulation 2014. 
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po-LsXgBTHBmX

Property 101: National verification in property paper conveyancing

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GUEST OBSERVER
Inter-generational arguments over affordability have again become salient in the media. Characterisations of moaning millennials were made by economist Stephen Koukoulas, prompting a response from young writer Osman Faruqi that baby boomers should choke on my soy flat white.
Confusion around the severity of housing affordability arises because dwelling prices change daily, yet the institutional papers and ABS data we look to are retrospective.
The Submission to the Inquiry into Home Ownership by the Reserve Bank of Australia in June 2015 explored ownership rates as a possible proxy for understanding the severity of housing affordability, and whether expensive housing was keeping young people out of the market. However, the home ownership rates referenced are only measured to 2012 – before the enormous housing boom of 2013 – and therefore the submission paper does not take into account the largest and longest housing boom we have seen in over 30 years.
Graph 2 shows the House Price Index for Australia’s eastern metropolitan markets over time. The increase in the HPI from 2013 (particularly in Sydney and other east coast markets) marks an unprecedented rate of growth in dwelling values.
Graph 2: House Price Index
<a href="/images/2016/04/28/Graph_2_HPI.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/04/28/Graph_2_HPI.jpg" alt="">
Source: Residex
Housing affordability is an undeniable problem in Australia today. It is measured using the ‘median multiple’, which is a measure employed by the World Bank. It is found by dividing median dwelling prices by gross annual median household income. An indicator of 5.1 or more is considered to be highly unaffordable.
We only have median household income data at a capital city level, up to 2012. To get a more accurate figure, I have indexed income by changes in average weekly earnings so I could work out the median multiples for each capital city. With the exception of Canberra, the median multiple is well above 5.1. In Sydney it is currently about 13.
<h1>The Interest Rate Debate</h1>
One of Koukoulas’ main arguments was that low interest rates have made it easier for young people to take out money to afford a home. He argues that baby boomers struggled with interest rates of over 17% in the 1980s.
While I don’t deny Koukoulas’ latter statement, it is important to get a better understanding of what low interest rates actually do to affordability.
Economics literature shows Australian’s have a high elasticity of demand for houses. This means that the more money people have access to, the more likely they are to buy houses. Low interest rates make the cost of borrowing money cheaper and access to money easier.
When interest rates are low, the cost of housing is bid up higher because more people are competing for housing. Graph 3 demonstrates the inverse relationship between interest rates and Australian median house values.
Graph 3: Interest Rates and Median House Values in Australia
<a href="/images/2016/04/28/Graph_3_Interest_Rates_Median_House_Values.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/04/28/Graph_3_Interest_Rates_Median_House_Values.jpg" alt="">
Source: Onthehouse.com.au &amp; ABS
Low interest rates have not worked in the favour of first home buyers. In fact, in 2014, for the first time in recorded history and while the cash rate was at historic lows, more money was lent to people who were buying investment housing compared to people who were buying something to live in (see Graph 4). This unusual phenomenon eased shortly after APRA placed higher risk weights and investment lending restrictions on banks, however it does show that owner occupiers, some of which are first home buyers, do not necessarily benefit from low interest rates.
Graph 4: Loans to Investors vs. Owner Occupiers
<a href="/images/2016/04/28/Graph_4_Investors_v_Owner_Occupiers-1.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/04/28/Graph_4_Investors_v_Owner_Occupiers-1.jpg" alt="">
 
Home owners also faced high unaffordability in the late 1980s when interest rates increased sharply and average home loans peaked at 17%. The cost of loans became extremely high and some were forced to sell their home or take on multiple jobs in an attempt to pay off their rapidly growing debt. On top of this, house prices fell, which left some people with mortgage debt even after they lost their home.
ABS data shows that the average loan size of owner occupiers in NSW over the 1980s was approximately $80,000, while the average interest rate increased to 17% in 1989. Assuming a 30 year mortgage on $80,000 taken out in 1989, the total repayments work out to be around $263 per week, at a time when the average person across NSW was earning between $359 and $620 a week depending on their job status and sex . The $263 home loan assumption represents between 73% and 42% of average weekly earnings at the time.
Today, standard home loan rates are at approximately 5.35%. In February 2016, the average loan size taken out by owner occupiers in NSW was $416,000 . With the same loan assumptions as above, weekly repayments work out at approximately $536 per week. In November 2015, the average weekly earnings across NSW ranged between $951 and $1,712, depending on labour force status and sex, making repayments between 56% and 31% of average weekly earnings.
This analysis is fairly ‘back of the envelope’, but looking at these numbers suggests that few owner occupiers today, nor many owner occupiers in 1989, could enjoy stress free and affordable weekly mortgage repayments – which is considered to be no more that 30% of income. Exorbitant home loan repayments persist 25 years on, but for different reasons. A surge in interest rates overwhelmed young home owners in 1989, whereas today many young people are lucky to overcome the deposit hurdle due to enormous dwelling prices. In the case of owner occupiers today, this is with the ‘benefit’ of low interest rates.
Ambiguity still exists in this comparison, for many reasons. For example, average weekly earnings is looking at individuals rather than households. Young people in the 1980s were more likely to have formed double income households than young people today. 1989 was a different world to 2016, particularly in terms of the nature of the economy, technology, job vacancies and the terms of employment.
However, a lack of affordability is not so much a generational problem as it is a socio-economic problem. Years of analysis could be done trying to understand ‘who had it tougher’, but this seems like a waste of energy. Low income households and single parent families will face tougher challenges than members of Generation Y who are in high income brackets.
 Eliza Owen is the market analyst for Onthehouse.com.au. She can be contacted <a href="https://www.onthehouse.com.au/" target="_blank">here.</a>
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

Baby Boomers vs. Gen Y on housing affordability: Eliza Owen

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GUEST OBSERVER
I recently undertook a month long tour of some major US cities in advance of Investorist opening their first US office in Miami in a few weeks’ time.  Here are some really interesting insights into the significant differences between the Australian and US property markets.
1. TWO AGENTS FOR EVERY SALE
In the US, every property sold has both a 'listing agent' and a 'selling agent’ (known as a buyer’s agent in Australia), and the vendor pays commission to both of them
2. CONJUNCTIVE LISTINGS
US real estate agents mostly work conjunctively and share commission 50/50. They also do not try to compete on commission or undercut each other.  
3. SHARING IDEOLOGY
Unlike Australia, the US property market operates on very much on a ‘sharing' ideology; everyone shares referrals, commission, information, support, advice, etc 
4. SENIOR WOMEN DOMINATE
Many women hold very senior roles in the property industry in the US. This is evident across the board and includes real estate agencies, associations, development companies etc.  It is not unusual to be in high level meetings where ALL the key decision makers are women, whereas in Australian property, it is still a very heavily male-dominated industry 
5. BUILD AND OWN
Developers often build apartment projects to ‘build and hold’, leasing out the apartments after completion rather than selling all as most Australian developers do.  The Australian strata title model is called  condominiums in the US
6. SHOPPING CENTRE LIVING
Whilst still very much a novelty in Australia, many US cities have embraced apartments built on top of shopping malls.  Miami in particular is a city which does this very well.  
7. SPEAKING THE LANGUAGE OF FOREIGN BUYERS 
It is well known that the dominant non-domestic buyers for Australian property are from China and SE Asia. In the US, buyers mostly come from Central and South America.  And many don’t speak English, so marketing to them must be in Spanish and Portuguese.
Jon Ellis is the founder of Investorist and can be <a href="https://www.investorist.com" target="_blank">contacted here</a>.
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Seven significant differences between the US and Australian property markets: Investorist's Jon Ellis

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The release of the 2013/14 financial year taxation statistics by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) will no doubt add further fuel to the ongoing debate over the who, what, where, and why of rental property ownership.
Since I work in the industry and view properties more or less all the time, I don't need to look at any stats to know that investment properties are owned by a wide range of Australian income earners, largely "middle Australia". 
I know, because these people include my clients, because I can see it for myself every time I go to viewings, and most significantly, because I'm a property market insider. 
The genuinely wealthy generally have better things to do with their cash then invest in low-yielding residential property. 
Nevertheless, I would hopefully call out others on their useless anecdotes, so I shall do so on myself. 
Here are the headline numbers!
<a href="/images/2016/03/29/ATO1.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/03/29/ATO1.jpg" alt="">
The figures show that 15.7 per cent of those lodging a tax return or 2,033,973 individuals owned a rental in FY2014, with the vast majority owning only one or two properties.
The long run numbers speak for themselves, with rental property ownership becoming increasingly popular and accessible, and showing a fivefold increase since 1980, or a near-fourfold increase as a share of the total number of taxpayers. 
So much for rentals only being for the rich - there are now, quite literally, millions of landlords.
Happily for landlords, fewer of them declared a net rental loss in financial year 2014. 
Rental market trends - how much?
Adding a bit more texture on what happened to the rental markets and negative gearing deductions in financial year 2014, the ATO Taxation Statistics for 2013/14 showed that net rental income losses fell by more than half from $7.9 billion to $3.7 billion over the last two years. 
<a href="/images/2016/03/29/NG.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/03/29/NG.jpg" alt="">
The total rental loss claimed fell from $12.04 billion to $10.97 billion, but remember that negative gearing losses are a timing difference only, and as such these are not amounts which could be "saved" from the budget. 
The share of those 2.03 million folk who own a loss-making investment property fell from 64 percent to 62 percent.
OK, so that's the summary data. 
But what does it actually mean?
In terms of what this means in reality for the typical individual owning a property, the average rental loss has declined from well over five grand at $5,096 in the 2008 tax year to just $1,828 by FY2014, a whopping decline of more than 64 percent. 
<a href="/images/2016/03/29/NG2.jpg" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2016/03/29/NG2.jpg" alt="">
Furthermore, with the cash rate falling several times further since 1 July 2013, average net rental loss will decline for the next two or three tax years to come (just ask any capital city based landlord about their 2015 tax returns).
Rental market trends - who? 
The Tax Office also served up some interesting data on who is recording net rental losses. 
In terms of additional investors in the financial year, the numbers of individuals with a rental interest and a taxable income between $37,000 and $80,000 increased, if only moderately, with those within this taxable income bracket racking up a total of 707,000 taxpayers with a net rental interest. 
However, the greatest increase in volume of overall investors was reflected in an extra 42,400 individuals in the taxable income bracket of $80,001 to $180,000.
By way of contrast there were only an additional 9,000 individuals with an interest in the $180,000 to $250,000 taxable income bracket, and an additional 5,000 individuals in the $250,000 to $500,000 bracket. 
Looked at another way by income, 767,000 of those declaring a taxable income of under $80,000 accounted for 61 per cent of total net rental losses. 
With the largest increase in net rental interest over the year, and it does confirm that to a substantial extent "middle Australia" is buying into residential investment property, and so doing is not only "for the rich". 
It is worth highlighting here, however, that the "taxable income" declared on tax returns is reduced by negative gearing losses.  
Thus for example it should be acknowledged  that a person declaring a net rental interest and taxable income of under $80,000 could theoretically have income of $81,828 before an average net rental loss is deducted.
The overwhelming majority of landlords continue to only own one or two rental properties. 
Naturally when analysing the figures by age younger investors remain the most likely to rely upon negative gearing, with 82 per cent of all property investors aged between 18 and 29 declaring a net rental loss.
As the population ages it is little surprise to discover that more than one fifth of investors are now aged over 60, a share that will likely increase over time.
It goes almost without saying that the top 20 percent of income earners owe the bulk of investment housing debt, a point highlighted by the Reserve Bank of Australia as favourable for economic stability, since these investors are also best placed to service their debt.  
Finally, one other interesting trend was the surge in sundry rental deductions, suggesting that with the rental market softening and becoming more competitive landlords have had an increasing propensity to spend on property improvements, which has been of significant benefit to the trades sector. 
The wrap 
Overall, the figures again showed that rental properties are owned by a broad range of Australians by income, comprising a total of well over two million taxpayers. 
The good news from a budget repair perspective is that net rental losses have declined by well over half over the past two tax years alone. 
What's more, with interest rates since falling to record lows, we can look forward to seeing further declines over the next few years of data.
 
PETE WARGENT is the co-founder of <a href="https://allenwargent.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">AllenWargent</a> property buyers (London, Sydney) and a best-selling author and <a href="https://petewargent.blogspot.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">blogger</a>. 
His latest book is <a href="https://www.bigskypublishing.com.au/Books/General-Interest/Four-Green-Houses--and-a-Red-Hotel/1015/productview.aspx" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Four Green Houses and a Red Hotel</a>.
 
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New rental market trends: Pete Wargent

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Record-low interest rates, strong demand and record sales volumes kept the Australian property market going strong in 2015.
In 2016, supply will continue to support demand, but will demand hold up in the long-term? 
The WBP Property Group has analysed the market and are out with forecasts and trends. Here's a breakdown and analysis of the national market:
In Sydney, the market is showing signs of cooling. Declining auction clearance rates were to be expected, indicative of an overheated market. Prices have increased significantly in the past 12 months, seeing Sydney transition from a local buyer market to an investor-dominated market. 
In 2016, greater supply will hit the Sydney market, specifically off the plan and new developments. 
For investing, buyers would be wise to avoid Campelltown and the south western area of Sydney, which are considered high risk due to the large number of off the plan sales over the last 12 months to two years, says the group.
In Melbourne, indications are that established houses within 10 kilometres of the city and in the middle ring might be the strongest property class for growth in 2016. Demand for these freestanding houses has increased considerably through the second half of 2015, with little signs of abating. 
Perth is experiencing an oversupply of residential property, especially apartments. Rental values have softened. 
If economic conditions continue to weaken property values could retreat further in the short to medium term. 
Statistics show there is now over 16,000 properties for sale and nearly 9,000 properties for rent in the Perth metropolitan area, a clear indication of a softening and that property should priced realistically for clearance. 
Adelaide remains stable when compared to Melbourne and Sydney. There is limited supply in the prestige market, which is likely to drive heightened demand in 2016. 
Queensland will also see greater consistency in property prices as population rises, exporter confidence grows and the tourism dollar affects local trading. 
According to the group, fewer than 5% of properties on the market are specifically suited for long-term investment, and some trends that emerged from the data are: 
1. Auctions are king: most popular sales technique in inner-city areas
2. Record low rates: Australia’s low interest rates had a distinct flow on effect for vendors and buyers
3. For auctions, winter months performed better than years prior
4. Two bedroom, one bathroom, one car space most popular investment-grade property type
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Will 2016 follow this year's property market? Valuers WBP breaks it down

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Darwin recorded a fall in asking rents of 20% for houses and 13.7% for units for the past 12 months, according to the latest SQM Research.
Yearly falls have also been recorded in Perth, with asking rents down 7.6% for houses and 7.8% for units.
In contrast, Hobart recorded 8% for houses and a fall of 1.3% for units. Asking rents in Melbourne and Sydney also recorded modest rises for the same period.
“We note that 2015 overall has recorded another year of modestly rising vacancies. It suggests the supply side has been running a touch ahead of underlying demand at the national level. As we predicted back in October, I believe rents in 2016 will record only modest rises with the outperforming areas likely to be the Gold Coast and Hobart," said Louis Christopher, managing director of SQM Research.
SQM’s calculates vacancies based on online rental listings advertised for three weeks or more compared to the total number of established rental properties. 
<a href="/images/2015/12/16/AskingRentsDec152015.png" target="_blank">Click to enlarge</a>
<img src="/images/2015/12/16/AskingRentsDec152015.png" alt="">
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Darwin houses, units suffer rental falls: SQM

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GUEST OBSERVER 
The Australian property landscape is nearing a significant turning point – as the Sydney and Melbourne markets start to run out of steam, two other cities are emerging as the next investment destinations of choice. 
Unless you’ve been living under a rock recently, you’ll know that house values in Sydney and Melbourne have skyrocketed. 
The average dwelling price in Sydney has spiked about 16% in the past year, while Melbourne prices have increased by about 14%.
However, the signs are that these markets are close to running out of steam.
This downward trend is expected to continue into 2016 as well, as investors continue to move their attention away from the overheated markets. 
So as these two markets begin to slow, where’s the next destination of choice for property investors?
There are two clear standouts in my view – Brisbane and Perth. Why? Because both of these cities are continuing to evolve into their own.
While I admit that much of the wealth created in Brisbane and Perth over the past decade has been through the resources boom, both cities are currently undergoing significant structural change.
While the resources sector will always provide valuable contributions to these cities, there is a concerted move by each state government to grow other industries, such as professional services, health, tourism and education, among others. 
With this transformation, both cities are developing strong, diversified economies, which will prove resilient in the long term and underpin property prices. 
Currently, both Brisbane and Perth represent great value for money for property investors. 
Housing affordability has improved in both cities in 2015. The average Perth household spends about 21% of their income on mortgage repayments, which is the lowest level since 2004. 
Similarly, Brisbane households spend about 23% of their income on mortgage repayments. 
These are among the most affordable capital cities in Australia, particularly compared to Sydney and Melbourne households, which spend 39% and 32%, respectively, of their income on mortgage repayments.
Given the strong long-term outlook for Brisbane and Perth and relative affordability, it makes sense for property investors to turn to these cities to gain exposure to these underrated markets. I wouldn’t expect significant gains in the next 12 months, but over the medium term I’m confident these two cities will outperform Melbourne and Sydney.
 
Damian Collins is the founder and managing director of Momentum Wealth and can be contacted <a href="https://www.momentumwealth.com.au/damian-collins/" target="_blank">here</a>.
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Shifting markets provide opportunities for property investors in 2016: Damian Collins

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GUEST OBSERVER - 2016 ANTICIPATORY YEAR IN REVIEW! 
The year started with markets successfully coming to terms with the first rate hike from the Federal Reserve since 2006.
The language from the statement on December 16 and associated speeches from various officials emphasised that markets were not to expect the style of the three previous tightening cycles which lasted around a year and saw rates lifted by 200-300 basis points.
However, it became increasingly clear that the US economy, led by the household sector, was beginning to gather some momentum. Accordingly, markets started to anticipate a more marked pace of tightening through 2016 and 2017 than had been anticipated in 2015.
In the early months, these anticipations proved to be prescient as the US household sector responded to strong jobs growth; low oil prices and an improving housing market.
In the event, the US economy seemed reasonably resilient to higher rates and a rising USD with the FED actually tightening on four occasions – the last move in December.
The US share market also responded to the improving growth outlook. The share market, which had been flat in 2015, reacted maturely, accepting that a modest uplift in interest rates right across the curve was really just consistent with the return toward more normal financial conditions (as opposed to the QE period) and bond rates more accurately reflected growth and inflation expectations. In turn, those growth expectations improved steadily through the year while inflation settled around the FED’s target of 2%.
Such an environment provided a gradual boost to the US dollar although markets had already boosted the US dollar strongly (up 25%) in the previous two years in anticipation of the FED’s first move. Further dollar strength of around 10% did not unnecessarily constrain the consumer led boost to the US economy.
However, in the first half of the year, this boost to US demand had not been sufficient to stabilise commodity markets. The volatile downswing in commodity prices continued through the first half of 2016, albeit at a slower pace than we had seen in the closing months of 2015. 
China’s officials continued to ease policy through lower interest rates; lower bank reserve ratios and some further direct assistance to the housing market. But unsold housing inventory remained formidable and construction and industrial production continued to slow. On the other hand, policies directed at boosting consumption were proving to be successful. The rebalancing of China’s economy progressed further in 2016. 
In the early months of 2016, low cost producers in iron ore; coal; oil and gas further boosted supply despite weak demand. Prices for these producers remained above production costs although profits were squeezed. The resulting weakness in commodity prices weighed further on the currencies and incomes of the commodity exporting economies. Those emerging economies like Brazil; Russia; Indonesia and Malaysia with high levels of dollar based borrowings and reliance on commodities were caught in the pincer effect of weakening incomes and rising costs of funding foreign debt. 
Those economies which relied on manufacturing goods (including other ASEAN; other East Asia ) and exports to the US consumer did much better seeing their currencies stabilise and interest rates relatively steady. Other emerging markets which relied mainly on domestic demand and were prepared to embrace reform, like India, boosted growth.
Europe stabilised at a better growth rate than had been expected at the beginning of the year. European households continued to embrace lower oil prices; record low interest rates and easier credit and the fall in the EUR to around parity with the USD boosted exports, particularly consumer based exports to the US and China. Fears about a break-up of the Euro system eased as the region’s growth momentum improved. 
Australia was dealt the following “hand” by the rest of the world: slowly rising interest rates particularly in the long end of the curve (courtesy of the US Federal Reserve); a weakening AUD (down around 10% in the first half of the year); further falls in commodity prices leading to another 10% fall in its terms of trade and an improvement in equity markets as US and European markets provided a positive lead – although in the first half of the year the resources sector continued to languish.
Markets were longing for a stabilisation in commodity prices and by mid -year some difficulties in supply chains in the oil sector and an unexpected moderation in supply from traditional producers; a sharp lift in closures of high cost Chinese iron ore mines and the on -going boost from the US consumer improved prospects of stability in the second half. Equity markets quickly seized on those prospects for stability.
The downward momentum in the terms of trade through the first half of the year constrained income growth for the third year in a row.
Australian households managed to maintain spending at a faster pace than expected by further lowering the savings rate given the services driven boost to employment growth and surprising stability in housing markets. Poorest housing performance over the year was centred around Western Australia and regional Queensland reflecting the ongoing stresses in those economies with the unwinding of the mining boom. The so called “overheated” markets in Sydney and Melbourne showed some pockets of weakness but generally disappointed the doomsayers. 
China continued to affect Australia through three channels – resource volumes and prices; services exports and capital inflows. As commodity supply adjusted to the weaker demand conditions the focus was gradually taken off the resources link to focus on services exports and capital flows. Developments in China continued to be favourable to those latter channels. Tourism and education continued to increase rapidly, especially in NSW and Victoria, while there was no slowing in direct investment interest in Australia by Chinese households and firms. 
Australia’s property markets stabilised. Offshore investment demand in residential and commercial property took up where it left off in 2015. House price appreciation slowed markedly but there was no sign of falls, except in some pockets directly affected by the mining downturn. Home owners and investors enjoyed a year of reasonable calm in the housing market.
The Reserve Bank of Australia, wary of the impact of the commodity cycle on Australia, held rates steady for the entire year. However, as markets began to observe some stability in commodity markets, prospects for an eventual rate hike in Australia started to firm with the most likely timing centring on mid–2017.  
2016 was a Federal election year. The new Liberal leadership aimed at boosting confidence which would mean a stronger spending response than might be expected given the income squeeze from the weaker terms of trade. There was no “big bang” in the Budget. Despite much talk about increasing the GST; cutting the company tax rate; and yet another overhaul of superannuation, the government steered a much more conservative course. 
The fiscal objective was not to target a “surplus” date but to demonstrate that the deficit was gradually shrinking, greatly assisted by reasonable anticipation of stability in commodity markets from around mid–year. Opportunities were taken to introduce “positive growth” packages such as more funds for infrastructure; innovation and education. Spending cuts were limited to funding new growth initiatives.
Markets were more focussed on policies and the election than some need for rapid Budget repair. 
Australia retained its AAA rating for another year particularly as it became clear through the year that the commodity cycle was stabilising. 
Sadly neither political party was prepared to address reform of the labour market , arguably Australia’s most pressing need. Local election forecasts are beyond the scope of even this report. 
The US election delivered an unsurprising result with the return of the Clinton dynasty. Hilary Clinton defeated a spirited Marco Rubio who was exhausted and financially drained by his campaign to stop Donald Trump in the Republican primaries. 
As we enter 2017, we acknowledge that, arguably, the three most powerful positions on the planet – US President; the Chancellor of Germany; and the Chairman of the Federal Reserve are now held by great women. 
 
Story teller Bill Evans is chief economist of <a href="https://www.westpac.com.au/" target="_blank">Westpac</a>. He wrote a one off anticipatory year in review suggesting just how 2016 might pan out.
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