<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/consolidated-properties">Consolidated Properties Group</a> (CPG) is approaching the launch of its latest Brisbane riverfront development, Castile, on the dress circle Skyring Terrace in Newstead.

VIP buyers are now being engaged, with a full public sales launch coming later this year.

Positioned as the final opportunity to secure a new absolute riverfront residence on the East bank of Newstead, Teneriffe or New Farm, Castile at 47 Skyring Terrace has been designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/woods-bagot">Woods Bagot</a> as a timeless addition to the Brisbane skyline.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150489 project_image_fid=371113]

The name Castile draws on themes of permanence, sophistication and legacy, reflecting a broader vision centred on enduring architecture and timelessness in the rarest of riverfront positions.&nbsp;

CPG Chairman and CEO Don O’Rorke said the project had been envisioned as a future Brisbane icon.&nbsp;

“With 47 metres of direct river frontage and never to be built out views, 47 Skyring Terrace is the definitive address on the Brisbane River,” O’Rorke said.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150489 project_image_fid=371114]

“Rather than following trend-based apartment design, Castile draws inspiration from Brisbane’s great heritage buildings, reinterpreting classical architecture into a contemporary riverfront landmark designed to stand proudly for the next 100 years,” he said.&nbsp;

The approved development will comprise 227 apartments across a 25-storey tower alongside a boutique six-storey riverfront building of just 12 residences.&nbsp;

Construction is scheduled to commence in September 2026.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=150489]

Joel Robinson

CPG unveils Castile Newstead ahead of upcoming sales launch

Australia’s online shopping habits have shifted dramatically over the last decade. As eCommerce volumes surged, so too did the frustrations that came with traditional parcel delivery: missed deliveries, long Post Office queues, parcel theft and the challenge of being home during business hours.

Australia Post’s Parcel Lockers emerged as one of the more practical responses to that changing consumer behaviour.

What started as a relatively niche delivery option has evolved into a nationwide network of more than 1,400 self-service Parcel Lockers positioned at train stations, shopping centres, supermarkets and Post Offices across the country. The system allows Australians to send, collect and return parcels 24 hours a day, fundamentally changing how many people interact with deliveries.

The appeal is relatively straightforward: flexibility.

Instead of waiting at home for a delivery driver or rushing to a Post Office before closing time, users can direct eligible parcels to a Parcel Locker location of their choice. Once the parcel arrives, Australia Post sends a notification with a collection code or QR access through the AusPost app, allowing customers to retrieve their package at any time within the collection window.

For apartment residents in particular, the system has become increasingly valuable.

Higher-density living has created logistical challenges around deliveries, especially in buildings without concierge services or secure parcel rooms. Missed deliveries are common, while parcel theft has become an increasing concern as online shopping volumes continue to rise.

Australia Post itself has repeatedly highlighted the growing issue of “porch pirates” during peak shopping periods, encouraging customers to use Parcel Lockers as a safer alternative to unattended home deliveries.

That security aspect is one of the key reasons the Australia Post Parcel Locker network has grown so rapidly.

Parcel Lockers are positioned as secure, monitored collection points that reduce the risk of theft while also improving delivery efficiency for Australia Post. Instead of multiple redelivery attempts, parcels can be consolidated into a single secure destination.

The Parcel Lockers themselves are free to use through a MyPost account and support a range of parcel sizes up to 16 kilograms and dimensions of approximately 35 x 44 x 61 centimetres.

Beyond receiving parcels, the system has increasingly become integrated into the broader eCommerce ecosystem.

Customers can now use Parcel Lockers to return online purchases, while retailers have embraced the model as a way to improve delivery success rates and reduce friction in the shopping process. Australia Post has actively expanded partnerships with major retailers and promoted Parcel Lockers as part of a broader out-of-home strategy.

The timing of that expansion aligns with broader changes in Australian shopping behaviour.

The acceleration of online retail during and after the pandemic placed enormous pressure on delivery infrastructure. Parcel volumes reached record highs, particularly during Black Friday and Christmas periods, with Australia Post delivering more than 100 million parcels during peak festive seasons.

That growth forced logistics providers to rethink the “last mile” of delivery, widely regarded as the most expensive and operationally difficult stage of the process.

Parcel Locker systems have increasingly been viewed as part of the long-term solution.

The concept itself is not unique to Australia. Parcel Locker networks have become common globally, particularly across Europe and Asia, where dense urban environments and apartment living create similar logistical challenges. But Australia’s geography and suburban sprawl made adoption slower initially.

Now, however, the convenience factor is driving mainstream usage.

For commuters, Parcel Lockers near train stations allow parcels to be collected on the way home from work. For apartment dwellers, they remove the uncertainty around access and missed deliveries.

The rise of the AusPost app has also streamlined the experience, centralising notifications, tracking and Parcel Locker access into a single platform. Australia Post has increasingly pushed customers toward app-based delivery management, partly as a way to combat phishing scams and fake delivery notifications, which have become more sophisticated in recent years.

The Parcel Locker model is also beginning to influence property development itself.

Parcel management has become a growing consideration in apartment building design, particularly as online shopping becomes embedded in everyday life. Many new residential developments are now incorporating dedicated parcel rooms or Parcel Locker systems into foyers and communal spaces.

For developers, parcel management is increasingly viewed as part of the broader resident amenity offering, alongside gyms, wellness spaces and communal work areas.

That reflects a wider evolution in how residential buildings are designed.

Apartment buyers are placing greater emphasis on convenience, security and operational functionality, particularly in higher-density urban environments. Parcel delivery, once considered a minor operational detail, has become an increasingly important part of that equation.

Australia Post’s Parcel Locker network sits at the centre of that behavioural shift.

What began as a simple alternative delivery option has evolved into a key piece of infrastructure supporting Australia’s growing eCommerce economy and changing urban lifestyles.

And as online shopping continues to expand, the role of Parcel Lockers is likely to become even more embedded in how Australians live, shop and receive goods.

How Australia Post Parcel Lockers changed parcel delivery convenience in Australia

Perth’s new apartment market recorded its strongest quarter of sales since Q4 2021, with 412 apartments sold in Q1 2026 and a record quarterly sold value of $537 million, according to Urbis’ latest Apartment Essentials results.

Urbis said the March quarter result reflects strong, highly product‑specific demand across both ends of the market, from more attainable projects delivering at scale, through to premium stock being absorbed by equity‑rich downsizers.&nbsp;

David Cresp, Partner at Urbis, said the key story in Perth is not demand, it is the market’s ability to convert demand into delivered housing.&nbsp;

“This is the strongest sales quarter since Q4 2021, and it reinforces that demand in Perth is real and it’s local,” David Cresp said. “But the task now is delivery, turning that demand into projects that can actually be built and completed.”&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=110291 project_image_fid=302785]

<h2>Affordable product leads, premium demand remains resilient</h2>

Sales in Q1 were led by more affordable projects, with The Boulevard (SKS Group) recording 115 sales in the quarter, the presentation noting this is only the second time a single project has surpassed 100 quarterly sales. The project was able to offer more affordable housing product right next to a train station.&nbsp;

Palmyra West (Finbar) also delivered strong results with 28 sales in Q1, following 84 sales in Q4, with an average price of under $800,000, underscoring depth of demand for well‑located, attainable new stock.&nbsp;

At the premium end, Urbis said downsizer demand is continuing, with the results highlighting Romeo (Applecross, Finbar) recording 75 sales and reaching almost 50% sold in one quarter.

Jual (Shenton Park, Celsius Property) also posted a strong quarter with 28 sales, reaching 39% sold in one quarter.

Urbis noted that Perth apartment demand is not speculative, not investor‑led, and not uniform, describing it as localised, often equity‑driven and highly product‑specific, a pattern reflected in the polarisation between strong “attainable” performers and premium downsizer product.&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=148957 project_image_fid=364102]

<h2>Prices underpinned by costs, and the delivery risk is growing</h2>

Urbis said pricing pressure is cost not demand‑driven: construction costs and delivery risk are now a central constraint, with the results noting build costs remain elevated and volatile, and that energy, fuel and labour uncertainty weigh on feasibility.

David Cresp said a growing challenge for private Build‑to‑Sell developers is simply securing a builder in the current environment.

“Developers are really feeling the pressure from a building market that was operating at capacity and securing a builder is challenging,” David Cresp said, adding that even where a builder can be secured, “trying to get to the price that makes the development financially viable is incredibly challenging in the current market.”&nbsp;

Urbis’ broader WA commentary also notes that industry remains at or above capacity with lot and housing creation, and that many builders are limiting new sales to manage stretched workforces and fixed‑price contract pressures, conditions that flow directly into apartment feasibility and delivery timing.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=108869 project_image_fid=317905]

<h2>Supply: improving later, but still constrained, and Perth lags eastern benchmarks</h2>

While near‑term supply remains constrained, Urbis’ forecast shows completions lifting “Supply is forecast to be back above 1,500 apartments per annum for the first time since 2019”, with 1,775 completions forecast for 2026, and volumes remaining above that level over the following years.&nbsp;

Looking further ahead, completions are forecast to reach 2,500 in 2028, with the report noting 32% of that total is social/affordable, reflecting the role of government‑supported delivery in rebuilding the pipeline.&nbsp;

However, Urbis said Perth remains behind comparable markets on pipeline scale. In a national comparison of projects under construction, the report shows under construction Perth Build‑to‑Sell (BTS) at 3,446 apartments versus the Gold Coast at 7,922. Mr Cresp said “The challenge for Perth is how to we grow the delivery pipeline”.

Urbis’ conclusion is that Perth’s market is increasingly defined by product discipline and delivery certainty, with the research identifying “delivery certainty is key” and calling out builder risk and procurement models as core success factors, alongside “timing and staging”.&nbsp;

Perth apartment sales hit strongest pace since late 2021 as builder capacity tightens

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/sammut-developments">Sammut Group</a> has secured development approval for its latest Brisbane apartment project, marking the Sydney developer’s next step in expanding its Queensland pipeline following the success of its debut Gold Coast development, Coast.

The approved project at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/44-glen-road-toowong-qld-4066">44 Glen Road, </a><a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/toowong-qld-4066">Toowong</a> will deliver a 15-storey riverfront apartment building with 42 residences, significantly increasing the scale of the site’s previous approval for a smaller luxury scheme. Designed by Bureau^proberts, the development will comprise a mix of predominantly four-bedroom and two-bedroom apartments positioned to maximise Brisbane River and city views.

Sammut Director Julian Sammut said the group had been actively searching Brisbane for several years before identifying Toowong as the right fit.

“Brisbane was the right step for Sammut,” Sammut said.

“With the success of Coast we thought we should definitely look to do more in Queensland alone. We then pushed up to look at Brisbane. We've been looking for I'd say two to three years actually and it was hard to find the right location.”

<img alt="Sammut makes Brisbane apartment play" data-entity-type="" data-entity-uuid="" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/f_auto,c_limit,w_1440,q_75/https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/field/image/Screenshot%202025-12-23%20at%203.27.14%E2%80%AFPM.png?VersionId=dYAVIL7qdcGA8ojvkslSrLjczXFejSSx" />

Sammut said suburbs including New Farm and Teneriffe were considered before the group ultimately focused on Toowong due to its strong downsizer demographic and limited supply of developable riverfront land.

The site was acquired off-market after what Sammut described as a lengthy negotiation and planning process, with the developer pursuing an uplift to the original approval.

“We are DA approved now which is very exciting,” Sammut said.

“We've had our change approval come through and we've obviously doubled the height, 15 storeys plus rooftop. We've got 42 amazing apartments that are going to be coming to market soon.”

<img alt="Sammut makes Brisbane apartment play" data-entity-type="" data-entity-uuid="" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,dpr_2.0,q_auto:good/https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202025-12-23%20at%203.27.26%E2%80%AFPM.png?VersionId=ohkRkY0dIZlqdfME2EZePsCQavRiBadE" />

Bureau^proberts said the design responds to Toowong’s evolving urban character, balancing contemporary apartment living with the area’s established residential identity.

“A place where traditional Queensland living has taken place for centuries; Toowong is seeing a shift of contemporary influence, commercial and retail hubs mixed with well-considered residential offerings – all the while maintaining its character and charm,” the architect noted in planning documents submitted to Brisbane City Council.

The architecture practice said the project’s form was shaped by its riverfront setting, flood considerations, neighbouring building scales, and view corridors.

“They said the mix of four and two-bedroom apartments capture the ‘fundamental qualities of Queenslander living,’ translated into the context of a contemporary subtropical building.”

The development sits just off Coronation Drive within walking distance of Toowong’s retail precinct and the upgraded Regatta ferry terminal, while also benefiting from proximity to the incoming green bridge connection to West End. Sammut said the accessibility and amenity offering were central to the site’s appeal.

The approval adds to growing residential activity along the Toowong riverfront, joining nearby projects including Consolidated Properties’ Monarch Residences and Spyre Group’s ARC Residences.

Sammut secures approval for debut Brisbane apartment development in Toowong

Developer Lanevick is heading back into Sydney’s apartment market after focusing more heavily on the luxury townhouse and terrace sector in recent years.

Lanevick, founded and directed by Steve Maroun, is expecting to receive approval in the coming months for a new apartment development in Gladesville, with the aim to launch it to the market later this year.

The 51-apartment project, designed by Studio Johnston, will comprise a mix of one-, two-, and three-bedroom apartments positioned toward the Hunters Hill downsizer market.

“Traditionally it’s been difficult for people in that market to downsize because there just hasn’t been the right product available,” Maroun said.

“We’re targeting buyers who might have 30 to 40 per cent of their house value sitting in the bank after downsizing.

“They still want good spacious entertaining areas, they still want quality design, but they also want flexibility and the ability to enjoy life a bit more after working hard for a long time.”

The project sits near Boronia Park and within close proximity to the Parramatta River foreshore, an area Maroun says offers more of a Hunters Hill lifestyle than a traditional apartment precinct.

“From a lifestyle perspective, it’s really more Hunters Hill than Gladesville,” Maroun said. “You’re close to the foreshore, close to parklands, and still connected back into the village precinct.”

From level four and above, apartments will capture water views&nbsp;toward Sydney Harbour. Communal amenity will include rooftop entertaining areas, wellness spaces, and a gym tailored toward owner-occupier buyers.

“We’ve really designed these apartments around that buyer coming from the Hunters Hill LGA and what they’re actually looking for in their next chapter.”

The proposed development has also been designed to respond to the changing character of the broader Gladesville town centre, where a growing number of mixed-use and residential proposals are expected to emerge over the coming years.

“Gladesville presented a rare opportunity to deliver a genuinely design-led residential project within an evolving lifestyle precinct, just moments from the growing Gladesville town centre, and we’ve approached the project with a strong focus on architecture, liveability and long-term community value,” Maroun said.

Maroun said Lanevick saw a first-mover advantage within the precinct as planning controls continue to evolve to accommodate greater housing density.

“We think there’s a real opportunity there that hasn’t really been serviced properly yet,” he said.

“There’s going to be a broader evolution of the whole Gladesville village precinct over time, particularly with more activation and mixed-use outcomes.”

The Venus Street proposal will include a commercial and retail component at ground level designed to contribute to that evolving streetscape activation.

“A big part of the thinking was how do you activate that area properly and create more vibrancy and amenity, which is what Hunters Hill has been looking for,” Maroun said.

Lanevick’s focus since 2020 has largely been on smaller-scale luxury townhouse and terrace developments. The developer recently completed Royale Randwick, also designed by Studio Johnston, where prices reached $3.65 million. The project was featured in the UDIA NSW 2026 Professional Development Prospectus and was also named a finalist for Development of the Year.

&nbsp;

Lanevick to cater for Hunters Hill downsizers with new Gladesville apartment development

Homeless

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For the first time in NSW, the Government and non-Government sector will combine to conduct large-scale street counts in regional and rural areas, to help inform the state’s homelessness investment.
Minister for Families, Communities and Disability Services Gareth Ward said the initiative would complement the $10.7 million expansion of assertive outreach services to Newcastle and Tweed Heads.
“This week is National Homelessness Week and I’m proud to be part of a Government that is leading the charge on this important issue,” Mr Ward said.
“We are committed to halving rough sleeping by 2025 and these street counts will assist with planning and investment around this ambitious target.
“We are supporting people at risk of homelessness by putting more boots on the ground in the form of assertive outreach teams, which engage directly with rough sleepers and help them into stable homes.”
Assertive outreach already operates in Sydney’s CBD, Parramatta and on trains at night. They work in partnership with health services, general practitioners and NGOs to provide a targeted response and case management approach.
Recent figures reveal that more than 455 people previously sleeping rough on Sydney streets have been housed since 2017, with 92 per cent sustaining their tenancies.
“The NSW Government’s assertive outreach program is achieving great outcomes for some of the most vulnerable people in our State,” Mr Ward said.
“However, we recognise that homelessness can also be hidden. Our $1 billion investment includes initiatives to address all forms of homelessness, including programs to increase the supply of social and affordable housing.”
In 2019, Sydney became the tenth city, and NSW the first state, to join the Institute for Global Homelessness Vanguard City program. The first trial street counts will take place in Newcastle, Tweed Heads and Western NSW in coming months with a statewide count planned for February 2020.
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

Efforts ongoing to shed light on regional homelessness

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GUEST OBSERVATION
People experiencing homelessness and poor mental health are among Australia’s most vulnerable citizens. Without secure housing and an accessible mental healthcare system, recovery from mental illness is seriously compromised.
And the upcoming <a href="https://rcvmhs.vic.gov.au/" target="_blank">Royal Commission</a> into Victoria’s Mental Health System will be judged by how it responds to this crisis of mental health and housing.
In recent weeks, we conducted a <a href="https://www.launchhousing.org.au/site/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Appendix3_Cooccurentmentalhealthhomelessness.pdf" target="_blank">census of data</a> from the Melbourne-based community agency, Launch Housing, and found 44% of the 2,023 clients were experiencing mental illness. Only half of these clients were receiving support from a mental health service.
Our interviews with these clients show how the Victorian mental health system repeatedly fails this group. Without exception, these clients emphasised the significance of safe and long-term housing to mental health stability and recovery.
One person told us:
"you’re homeless and that’s the most important thing […] your mental state, it’s just got to be put on hold […] you don’t want to go and see anybody about your mental state because you need housing and that’s all you’re really concentrating on: where am I going to sleep tonight?"
People often cycle through the mental healthcare system. This system includes primary health care services, and specialist community based and inpatient services in hospitals. Many then exit this system into homelessness, only to return repeatedly to hospital-based care, and sometimes the prison system.
In Victoria, for instance, more than 500 people are being <a href="http://chp.org.au/five-reasons-why-victorias-mental-health-royal-commission-must-examine-the-role-of-housing-and-homelessness/" target="_blank">discharged from acute mental healthcare</a> each year into rooming houses, motels and other forms of homelessness. And discharging someone into <a href="https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/homelessness-services/specialist-homelessness-services-2017-18/contents/contents" target="_blank">homelessness</a> is unacceptable.
Tragic consequences
These failures of the mental health and housing systems sometimes lead to tragic consequences.
A review of Launch Housing’s client <a href="https://www.launchhousing.org.au/site/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Appendix7_Adverseeffectsonclients.pdf" target="_blank">death register</a> shows there were 45 known deaths of current or former clients for the period of June 2018 to June 2019.
Not all deaths are directly attributable to mental health. But of the 45 people who died of different causes in this period, mental health was a contributing factor to many of them. Thirty-seven people had a self-disclosed mental illness and 18 were in contact with mental health services at the time of their death.
These are not new problems, and past reviews of Australia’s <a href="http://www.mentalhealthcommission.gov.au/media-centre/news/national-review-of-mental-health-programmes-and-services-report-released.aspx" target="_blank">mental health system</a> have resulted in missed opportunities for action. Fortunately, there are known solutions.
Here are three steps Australia can take to <a href="https://www.launchhousing.org.au/housing-is-good-mental-healthcare/" target="_blank">significantly improve</a> the mental health of people experiencing homelessness.
1. Sustain rental tenancies
Programs such as those sustaining a rental tenancy when someone has a mental health episode are immensely valuable.
They help households with people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness by providing financial and practical assistance to establish and maintain their private rental tenancies.
With a persistent shortage of affordable private rentals and a gross under-supply of social housing in Victoria, sustaining tenancies is critical.
<a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/283442/original/file-20190710-44453-1kh594d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/283442/original/file-20190710-44453-1kh594d.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt=""></a>
Akemi, a Launch Housing tenant who is living with a mental illness, says accessing mental health services while he was experiencing homelessness was virtually impossible. Author provided
2. Improve support from hospital with appropriate housing
During the transition away from hospital after a mental health episode, people should be supported with appropriate housing.
It’s common for adults experiencing homelessness and mental illness to be hospitalised and then discharged without a safe place to live, such as the hundreds of Victorians who left mental healthcare and landed into a form of homelessness.
What’s more, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144194" target="_blank">American research</a> from 2013 into intermediate care for people experiencing homelessness showed that medical respite programs reduce future hospital admissions, inpatient days, and hospital readmissions. They also result in improved housing outcomes.
Medical respite programs provide a supportive, home-like environment and services to people who are at risk of or experiencing homelessness, such as The Sister Francesca Healy Cottage (<a href="https://stvincentsmelbourne.blog/2016/08/03/the-cottage-2/" target="_blank">The Cottage</a>) in Melbourne. Sadly in Australia, such important services are in short supply.
3. Provide permanent supportive housing
Currently, people’s housing needs are “invisible” to the mental health system and there’s a presumption that patients are adequately housed.
So it’s important to boost the number of permanent supportive housing for people experiencing episodes of mental illness, and who are also heavy users of health and criminal justice services, crisis-related homelessness services and emergency housing services.
It also makes financial sense for the Victorian government to evaluate the need for permanent supportive housing.
This was recently shown by the Brisbane Common Ground <a href="https://issr.uq.edu.au/brisbane-common-ground-evaluation" target="_blank">initiative</a>. They found that each year, governments can save more than A$13,000 per person if the chronically homeless had access to secure, long term housing and relevant support services.
Launch Housing provides a Common Ground service in Melbourne, but it warrants expansion, as <a href="https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/lord-mayoral-frontrunner-proposes-lockers-and-housing-in-homeless-plan-20180404-p4z7s5" target="_blank">promised</a> by Lord Mayor Sally Capp in 2018.
The Royal Commission has the opportunity to recognise the research evidence showing homelessness and poor mental health outcomes are connected, and to recommend to the state government solutions that are known to work.
Such recognition will provide the Victorian state government with policies to make housing a feature of a reformed mental health system.
Without a place to live it’s nearly impossible to take care of your mental health needs.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/119883/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
Tony Dalton, Emeritus Professor, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University
Andrew Hollows, Senior Industry Fellow, RMIT University
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/from-hospital-to-homeless-victorias-mental-health-system-fails-the-most-vulnerable-119883" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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From hospital to homeless: Victoria’s mental health system fails the most vulnerable

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The national level of homelessness increased by 14% from 2011 to 2016, with the increase most pronounced in NSW, up 37% to 37,715 persons. 
In 2008, the Federal government committed to an ambitious strategy to halve national homelessness by 2020.
But as successive governments regrettably abandoned the 2008 strategy and commitment, homelessness in Australia has been on the rise.
There are several levels of homelessness, but concerningly the numbers sleeping rough have been growing even faster.
This, the most visible and distressing form of homelessness, grew nationally by 20% between the 2011-2016 Census periods.
Academics point to policy failures within these trends. These include social security system changes, such as shifting welfare benefit recipients onto lower payments with more conditions of eligibility.
This week the Daily Telegraph reported one in 10 homeless people sleeping rough in NSW is a military veteran who has failed to get help from the Department of Veterans’ Affairs.
These and other policy failures have been critical in a housing market where, by international standards, subsidised social housing provision is minimal.
The geographical pattern of the homeless surge confirms the housing market is in part driving these changes.
An Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI) report found increases in homelessness have generally been much more rapid in capital cities. Non-metropolitan areas have recorded much lower growth rates, or even reductions.
So, overall numbers were up by 53% in inner Sydney suburbs (2011-2016), but rose by a more modest 21% in Hobart, and fell in remote South Australia and Western Australia.
The vast majority of Australia’s lower-income population depend on an increasingly stressed private rental sector where the stock of low-cost homes is dwindling.
ABS statistics show the proportion of low-income tenants in rental stress has risen from over the past decade in New South Wales from 43% to 51%. 
Despite these stark trends, recent Australian governments, while footing the bill for homelessness services, have presided over cuts in social and affordable housing. An increasingly underfunded social and affordable housing system leads to a burgeoning cost of emergency services for those lacking homes. On its current path, the cost is set to exceed $1 billion by 2020.
Of course, mental health and homelessness are strongly associated. Some 30% of Specialist Homelessness Services (SHS) consumers had a current mental health issue, according the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare in 2018.
Academics noted this is significantly higher than the rate of mental illness among the general population of 16%. Mental ill-health captures issues, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder.
The interplay between mental health and housing pathways is the subject of a current national study being undertaken by Mind Australia and the AHURI.
It aims to identify failure points in the housing and mental health systems—failure points represent missed opportunities for early intervention and are potential key points for system improvement. A 2016 study found the significant share of rough sleepers with a mental health issue are not receiving any treatment, and their homelessness perpetuates their mental health issues.
The long term structural trends in the Australian housing system - falling rates of home ownership, an increase in private rental, declining stocks of social housing and lack of affordable housing for low-income households—combine as the backdrop in the housing issues facing the homeless.
This article first appeared in The Daily Telegraph. 
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

Homelessness: Australia's policy complacency continues

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The property industry, united through the Property Industry Foundation have rallied together to complete a $9 million redevelopment of Melbourne City Mission’s Frontyard Youth Refuge at 19 King St.
In excess of $1.5 million in services have been donated pro-bono to the redevelopment by a large consortium of top-tier consultants. 
The pro-bono consultant team include Ashurst, Case Meallin, Slattery, Fender Katsalidis, Norman Disney Young, Built, Hendry Group, Equitable Access Solutions, Irwinconsult, Wood and Grieve Engineers and Urbis.
Frontyard, Victoria’s largest youth homelessness service provider, has been transformed into a four-storey building with two floors of new crisis accommodation and connected services.
Chairman of Property Industry Foundation Victoria, Peter Inge says, “We’re proud that our industry has come together to partner with Melbourne City Mission and successfully design and deliver the redeveloped Frontyard facility, which will service the most severely marginalised and disadvantaged youth in our city."
"Our committed team of pro-bono consultants from some of the largest players in the industry, have worked tirelessly to deliver this project on time and on budget.”
“It’s encouraging to see the property industry donate their time and expertise to a physical facility that will assist at- risk and homeless young people,” he added.
The redeveloped Frontyard is the first in the country to combine crisis accommodation with multiple support services 24/7, 7 days a week.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2019/5/30/180924%20L1%20Lounge.jpg" alt="">
“Only a fully-integrated service will effectively meet the needs of our most marginalised young people with complex needs who are currently falling through the cracks of siloed service systems,” says Vicki Sutton, Chief Executive Officer, Melbourne City Mission.
“Without appropriate interventions, young people can become further entrenched in long-term homelessness and disadvantage. The pioneering Frontyard model aims to break this cycle by supporting young people to create a future where they can experience all the benefits of life we often take for granted.” Ms Sutton said.
City of Melbourne Lord Mayor Sally Capp said Council has been supporting Frontyard Youth Services since 1990.
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“Homelessness is one of the biggest issues facing our city right now. That’s why we’re providing support for young people experiencing homelessness by investing $480,000 in Melbourne City Mission and their new Frontyard Youth Service,” the Lord Mayor said.
A large consortium of consultants and suppliers in the property industry, have donated their services and resources to the Frontyard redevelopment. 
Alongside the pro-bono consultant team, suppliers who have generously donated materials to this project include Harvey Norman, Highbury Plumbing, Haydens Ceiling and Partitions, Signorino Tiles, Taubmans Paint, Apec, AMP and AGL Energy.
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Property industry completes $9 million youth homeless refuge pro-bono

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GUEST OBSERVATION
On the night the 2016 <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0" target="_blank">census </a> was taken, more than 116,000 Australians were homeless. This was a 30% increase from the decade before.
What has driven this increase is difficult to pin down, but research points to a lack of affordable housing, poverty and personal vulnerabilities such as trauma, mental illness and substance misuse as key factors.
We recently published a paper in the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10940-019-09407-y" target="_blank">Journal of Quantitative Criminology</a>, exploiting a rich dataset derived from tracking 1,600 disadvantaged respondents over approximately three years.
And we found people who have been incarcerated are at a greater risk of becoming homeless. But interestingly, the reverse isn’t true – homeless people are not at greater risk of incarceration.
Identifying similarities
Like the homeless population, Australia’s prison population has increased by <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4512.0?OpenDocument" target="_blank">56%</a> in the past decade, from 25,968 to 40,577 people.
Social researchers and policymakers have long been aware of a strong association between incarceration and homelessness. Local and international <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1375/acri.39.1.20" target="_blank">studies</a> consistently report the homeless are over-represented in prison and ex-prisoners are over-represented among the homeless.
That such a strong association exists should come as no surprise.
Both populations share many similar characteristics – lower education levels, high rates of mental and physical illness and substance misuse, as well as high rates of economic disadvantage.
Yet, despite numerous studies, the question of whether this association reflects causal relationships has proven surprisingly difficult to answer.
One reason for this is that researchers have had to rely on samples of either prisoners or the homeless, and these samples are not suited to addressing questions of causality.
Are homeless people more likely to be imprisoned?
Our paper used data from <a href="https://melbourneinstitute.unimelb.edu.au/journeys-home" target="_blank">Journeys Home</a>, a study uniquely suited to shedding light on the relationship between incarceration and homelessness. Launched in 2011, Journeys Home not only tracks people exposed to homelessness and housing insecurity over time, but also it captures important information on their housing circumstances and contact with the justice system.
There is no universally agreed definition of homelessness, so we tested two different approaches – broad and literal.
Our broad definition included people sleeping rough, people in emergency accommodation, in boarding houses, couch surfing and people staying temporarily in a hotel or caravan park. This aligns with the way homelessness is commonly defined in Australia.
We found that homelessness, broadly defined, does not increase the risk of incarceration.
Being “literally” homeless is a more limited definition commonly used in the USA. It restricts the definition to those who were on the streets, in squats or staying in emergency or crisis accommodation.
Based on <a href="https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1118&amp;context=spp_papers" target="_blank">previous research</a>, we expected this form of homelessness would be linked to a higher risk of incarceration.
To our surprise, it wasn’t. Being literally homeless also has no effect.
Why might this be the case?
When we examined forms of contact with the justice system, we found being homeless does not increase the risk of being apprehended or held overnight by the police or sent to court.
This suggests homelessness does not lead to incarceration because it does not increase any type of contact with the justice system usually preceding incarceration.
Are ex-prisoners more likely to become homeless?
The answer is yes, but the immediate effect is modest.
Our research shows the risk of ex-prisoners becoming homeless increases significantly six months after release, and this increased risk persists for nearly another year.
Responding to the delayed and persistent effect of incarceration is important.
Policy interventions such as <a href="http://www.corrections.vic.gov.au/home/release/transition+programs/" target="_blank">Reconnect</a>, a transition and post-release support program, provide assistance for a short period (up to 12 weeks) following discharge. While this is clearly warranted, our results suggest the need to broaden and extend existing interventions.
Many ex-prisoners rely on family and friends in the immediate period following release. Many appear to enjoy a “<a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J076v43n01_05" target="_blank">honeymoon</a>” period of six months or so.
At that point, ex-prisoners’ housing starts to breakdown. Many start to couch surf or live in boarding houses, where there is limited housing security and they are exposed to poor living conditions.
Clearly, families provide important social support to ex-prisoners, but they often have limited resources. Based on our research, we feel that policy initiatives should consider ways of engaging and supporting ex-prisoners’ families, as well as funding extended settlement support programs delivered through a range of supported housing arrangements.
A focus on assisting families and extending settlement support programs is the next step in developing policy approaches. These would more effectively mitigate the extended risk of homelessness and housing instability that our research shows ex-prisoners experience.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/113570/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
Guy Johnson, Professor, Urban Housing and Homelessness, RMIT University
Julie Moschion, Senior Research Fellow, Melbourne Institute, University of Melbourne
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/ex-prisoners-are-more-likely-to-become-homeless-but-the-reverse-isnt-true-113570" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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Ex-prisoners are more likely to become homeless but the reverse isn’t true

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GUEST OBSERVATION
A <a href="http://www.nightwingenterprises.com/downloads/nXqKw/YDA_Report_Card_WEB.pdf" target="_blank">National Report Card on Youth Homelessness in Australia</a> says government action over the past decade would earn no more than two stars under its four-star rating system. There has been under-investment in most areas. Promises made have been only partially delivered.
The report identifies the lack of a coordinated national strategy as an obstacle to achieving goals that were set a decade ago. The report card will be presented at the <a href="https://youthhomelessnessconference.org.au/" target="_blank">National Youth Homelessness Conference</a> being held in Melbourne today and tomorrow.
It’s the first national conference focused solely on homeless youth in Australia in 20 years. It will consider four proposed strategic reforms:
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<li>early intervention</li>
<li>rapid rehousing</li>
<li>engagement in education, training and/or employment</li>
<li>extending state care to the age of 21.</li>
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Losing our way even with a roadmap
The report card assesses progress since the <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://apo.org.au/node/8435" target="_blank">2008 report</a> of the National Youth Commission (NYC) into youth homelessness, the second of two landmark inquiries.
Following the rigorous procedures of the 1989 Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission <a href="https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/childrens-rights/publications/our-homeless-children" target="_blank">Inquiry into Youth Homelessness</a> headed by Brian Burdekin, the NYC’s independent community inquiry held hearings all over Australia. There were 21 public hearings, 319 people gave evidence, and 92 written submissions were received.
The inquiry’s 400-page report, <a href="https://www.theoasismovie.com.au/pdfs/Homeless_report.pdf" target="_blank">Australia’s Homeless Youth</a>, made 80 recommendations and included a widely publicised ten-point Roadmap for Youth Homelessness. The NYC argued that implementing this roadmap could transform the face of youth homelessness in Australia.
In December 2008, following this report, the federal government released a white paper, <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://apo.org.au/node/2882" target="_blank">The Road Home: A National Approach to Reducing Homelessness</a>. Prime Minister Kevin Rudd made a bold public <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/rudds-2020-homeless-pledge-welcomed-20081221-72rw" target="_blank">commitment to halve homelessness by 2020</a>. This involved three key policy strategies:
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<li>“turning off the tap” – early intervention</li>
<li>“improving and expanding services”</li>
<li>“breaking the cycle”.</li>
</ul>
How was the report card compiled?
The report card references the ten points of the NYC roadmap. It is a review of responses to youth homelessness over the past decade from a national perspective, and of what still needs to be done.
The 2008 white paper and all subsequent state and territory plans and strategy documents were systematically reviewed against information about what has been done for young people.
Progress under each point was rated using a four-star assessment. Experts and experienced leaders in the various areas then reviewed the preliminary assessments to finalise the ratings.
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The National Report Card on Youth Homelessness ratings. Author provided
So what happened to the roadmap?
After the white paper, work began on a national strategy to tackle homelessness, but that project was shelved. The states and territories have issued their own plans and strategies, which are, despite some common features, somewhat divergent. The overall national response to homelessness would be hugely strengthened by working to an agreed national strategy like in other high-priority social policy areas.
The roadmap highlighted affordable housing for young people as a priority. This need has hardly been addressed. Young people make up a significant proportion of the homeless population, but <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://apo.org.au/node/63479" target="_blank">they are only 2.9% of tenants in social housing</a>.
Domestic and family violence is a known <a href="https://www.ahuri.edu.au/policy/ahuri-briefs/what-is-the-link-between-domestic-violence-and-homelessness?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIusH7_9iC4QIViIqPCh19QQC4EAAYAiAAEgKGevD_BwE" target="_blank">cause of homelessness</a>. Only in recent years has there been a significant effort to make this a high social policy priority. A recent increase in funding for a range of services and initiatives is promising but overdue.
The white paper proposed “turning off the tap”, or early intervention, but little has been accomplished. <a href="https://www.launchhousing.org.au/australianhomelessnessmonitor/" target="_blank">More Australians seek help from homelessness services now than in 2008</a>. This is arguably the single biggest policy failure. An early proposal to expand <a href="https://www.dss.gov.au/families-and-children/programmes-services/reconnect" target="_blank">Reconnect</a>, the early intervention program that has existed since 1997, came to nothing.
Some effort has been made to reform state care and protection, especially the inadequate support for young people leaving care at 18. They are particularly vulnerable to homelessness. The idea of extending state care to at least 21 years of age is not new, nevertheless it is still not well resourced nor securely established nationally.
Some repair and expansion of the crisis system of homelessness services has been achieved. However, many communities complain they do not have even basic crisis capacity.
The roadmap called for improvement of specialist services for homeless youth such as mental health, drug and alcohol services, and employment services. Little progress has been made on drug and alcohol and employment services. Youth-specific mental health services is one area that has had significant development.
The roadmap also called for a new form of housing that linked supported accommodation with education, training and support into employment. These were foyers and foyer-like facilities <a href="http://foyer.org.au/foyers-in-australia/" target="_blank">modelled largely on the UK foyers</a>. Over a decade, some 15 foyers have been developed in Australia. This can be acknowledged as an achievement.
Lastly, the roadmap argued that support after homelessness (“post-vention”) is important for young people. The passage to independence should not simply be expected, but rather they need extended support (the kind of support most families provide their children) to “break the cycle” of homelessness. In policy terms, Australia has come late to this understanding and little has been achieved on this issue in the past decade.
In making an overall assessment of progress since the NYC roadmap, the report card acknowledges some positive initiatives and progress but also neglect and underachievement. The existing crisis-focused service systems are not reducing youth homelessness; proven early intervention approaches remain critically underfunded and underdeveloped. What has been done, or rather not done, over the past decade continues to fail young people who are at risk of homelessness or experiencing homelessness.
Overall, the report card gives a two-star rating – “developing – some progress under way” – to efforts to reduce youth homelessness over the past decade. As a nation, we cannot be satisfied with a below-average response to youth homelessness. The next decade needs to be a very different story.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/113118/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
David MacKenzie, Associate Professor, Department of Social Science, Swinburne University of Technology
Tammy Hand, Research Fellow, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/youth-homelessness-efforts-get-a-lowly-2-stars-from-national-report-card-113118" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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Youth homelessness efforts get a lowly 2 stars from national report card

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ANZ has joined forces with the Property Industry Foundation to combat youth homelessness, with the bank committing to a three-year partnership worth $150,000 to support the Foundation’s PIF House Program.
The Property Industry Foundation works with the property and construction industry to build homes for disadvantaged youth and is set to deliver 125 bedrooms by 2021 under its PIF House Program.
ANZ’s support will contribute to the program’s development pipeline of 44 new bedrooms across several states, including an 18-bedroom crisis accommodation in Melbourne’s CBD, a seven-bedroom house in Orange, NSW and a six-bedroom house in Clayton, Victoria. 
ANZ’s head of property, Jason Cannock said: “The foundation has played a pivotal role in delivering housing outcomes for at-risk youth over the last two decades. 
“We want to play our part in supporting them, so it’s important we partner with our clients across the industry to help deliver more transitional housing to those most in need.”
Kate Mills, Chief Executive Officer, Property Industry Foundation, said ANZ’s commitment will create a long-term legacy.
“Homeless young people typically live in these PIF Houses for up to 12 months until they have the skills to live independently,” she said.
“It means each year, ANZ’s investment will give even more young people a new start. That’s the real value of the contribution.”
The program has completed construction of 32 bedrooms since 2016, with those rooms located in three PIF Houses where carers and counsellors provide support and mentoring to rebuild young lives. 
For 20 years, the Property Industry Foundation has used the resources of the property and construction industry to build bedrooms for homeless young people. 
Companies and people from across the sector in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland donate their time, expertise, resources and money to help reduce youth homelessness.
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ANZ joins Property Industry Foundation to build homes for disadvantaged youth

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Property professionals have joined the Property Industry Foundation (PIF) for the 6th annual Melbourne Corporate Charity Cycle Day, raising in excess of $100,000 to support at-risk and homeless young people.
The Charity Cycling Day, held in partnership with Event Sponsor Secure Parking and Principle Sponsor TM Insight, began from Cape Schanck along the Mornington Peninsula.
More than 180 riders from the property industry rode two cycling courses – 55km or 80km.
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Peter Inge, Victorian chairman of the Property Industry Foundation, said "we are doing our part to help rebuild young lives with much-needed funds,” says 
“Our members’ determination to raise awareness for these young people and help to give them a way out of their situation and into a new future is truly motivating.”  
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“Funds raised from the ride are distributed to beneficiary charities, Chatterbox Bus an outreach service, and PIF Housing Program with industry members of PIF constructing these homes,” Inge said.
The 2016 census data reveals homelessness has jumped 14% over the last five years, with 42,000 young people now sleeping rough every night across Australia. 
Tour de France rider Koen de Kort, who is passionate about tackling the issues of youth homelessness, is the PIF Event Ambassador and led the Charity Cycling Day. 
He was joined by fellow professional cyclists Nathan Elliot and Mark O’Brien.  
Matthew Keenan and Sophie Smith, cycling commentators and journalists, also joined the Tour de PIF. 
PIF partners with its charity beneficiaries and the property industry to build homes to reduce youth homelessness. Over the last 6 years they have invested $12.6 million into vital programs, helping their Charity Partners to rebuild young lives.
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jrobinson-rf4aSBido9

Property Industry Foundation ride raises $100,000 for youth homelessness

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They’re best known for putting roofs over heads when selling multimillion dollar homes, but last night real estate professionals, lead by auctioneer Damien Cooley of Cooley Auctions, hit the sack on chilly Bondi Beach to help youth in need.
The Real Estate Sleep Out was again well supported, and expanded this year to Melbourne and Brisbane.
Sydney had the coldest temperature getting down to around 8 degrees. Agents slept out at Reddacliff Place, Brisbane and St Kilda Beach in Melbourne.
It was organised to raise money and awareness for Father Chris Riley’s Youth Off The Streets, a charitable community program aimed at helping homeless and troubled youth.
2016's inaugural event chalked up more than $134,000 with over 100 attendees.
Last year that tally exceeded $278,000 with 180 attendees.
The preliminary tally last night was some $170,000.
Some of last night's top fund raisers included Frank Colacicco, David Gray and Gordon Macdonald.
Passionate about Father Riley’s community work, Damien Cooley (pictured below at this year's sleepout) has a longstanding relationship with the youth specific agency.
<img src="https://www.urban.com.au/images/2018/7/27/Cooley%20Sleepout.JPG" alt="">
“Events like the Real Estate Sleep Out go a long way to keeping organisations like Youth Off The Streets alive.
“They rely on people like us.
“The sleep out is as much about raising money as it is spreading awareness of the incredible work Father Chris and his team do,” said Mr Cooley.
The tally stood at $150,000 when the sunset on a cold night across the east coast.
It was around $170,000 by dawn.
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<div>Cooley Auctions raised close to $50,000 lead by Damien Cooley.</div>
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<div>The BradfieldCleary and Cobden &amp; Hayson each raised around $20,000</div>
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<div>Domain raised around $10,000 lead by Jon McConkey, the senior sales director.
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Property Observer donated webspace for the marketing campaign of the charity initiative. 
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Fundraising success for Real Estate Sleep Out for Youth On The Streets

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EXPERT OBSERVER
New housing supply is simply not expanding affordable housing opportunities for the poor in a way that reduces the homelessness count. We <a href="https://cloud.3dissue.com/122325/122578/143598/WhyNewSupplyisnotExpandingHousingOptionsfortheHomeless/index" target="_blank">argue that</a> this is due to certain barriers that prevent new supply from filtering down to low-income groups.
Politicians and economists often claim <a href="http://sjm.ministers.treasury.gov.au/speech/005-2017/" target="_blank">a housing supply crisis</a> is to blame for the lack of affordable housing in Australia. They say increases in housing stock are failing to keep pace with population growth.
In a 2017 address to the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute, Treasurer <a href="http://sjm.ministers.treasury.gov.au/speech/005-2017/" target="_blank">Scott Morrison said</a>:
"… for certain Australian households, housing affordability is an issue regardless of where they live due to economic reasons … However, in Sydney and Melbourne where supply has failed to keep pace with rising demand, the problem is far more acute… The principal cause of declining housing affordability is the failure of housing supply to adjust to increased demand…"
Yet housing approval data from the Australian Bureau of Statics show the growth in housing stock has actually outpaced rates of population increase in all Australian capital cities.
<iframe src="https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/WGWnh/1/" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" width="100%" height="400"></iframe>
Between 2005-06 and 2014-15, housing stock has expanded by over 22% while population growth has lagged behind at 19%. Despite this, <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08111146.2017.1374945" target="_blank">median residential property prices nearly doubled</a> in the same period.
How it should work in theory
Increasing housing stock only works to make housing more affordable if certain <a href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674543430" target="_blank">filtering processes occur</a>. This is how it looks if the number of new homes increases while the number of households stays fixed or increases at a slower pace.
Those in higher-income households may wish to upgrade to a newer, more expensive house. The established home they vacate would be more appealing to other households if it falls in price. This would then make it affordable to a middle-income household. And the home this middle-income household will vacate would then also fall in value and become affordable for a lower-income household.
Eventually, affordable housing opportunities would trickle down to the homeless, and the homelessness count would decline. But, in Australia, <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/2049.0" target="_blank">homelessness is on the rise</a>. Back in 2006, fewer than 90,000 people were homeless. Within a decade, that number has climbed by nearly one-third, to more than 116,000 people – a 10% increase.
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The number of homeless people in NSW has increased more than any other state. 
New South Wales has fared the worst. The number of homeless people in NSW has soared by 70% between 2006 and 2016. With the exception of the Northern Territory, all other states and territories witnessed an increase in homelessness in this period.
So, despite the rise in housing stock, most states and territories have failed to contain, never mind reverse, the rise in homelessness over the last decade. Why are the filtering processes not working?
Barriers to affordability
Deregulation of Australian financial markets and tax concessions have combined to make residential property an attractive investment, especially for higher-income households. So a higher-income earner would gain an additional property rather than swapping one for the other and leaving the vacated one affordable for the next in line.
And if a substantial share of new housing is being purchased as holiday homes or investments, this can stifle the trickle down of affordable housing opportunities.
The recent growth in net overseas migration is a likely barrier as well. Between 2004 and 2015, net <a href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3412.02015-16?OpenDocument" target="_blank">overseas migration climbed</a> by 30%, from 138,800 to 181,050. This has outstripped the 22% housing stock growth rate over roughly the same period.
While migration is included in overall population numbers, in this case, the houses migrants are vacating to move to Australia remain in their home country. So this doesn’t contribute to the filtering process.
Transaction costs (mainly high stamp duties) can deter people from trading up, or downsizing. Transaction costs are a <a href="https://www.taxinstitute.com.au/australian-tax-forum/stamp-duties-land-tax-and-housing-affordability-the-case-for-reform" target="_blank">drag on resident movements and suppress housing stock turnover</a>.
Finally, land and building regulations can play a role. Elderly people who may wish to downsize from a family home to an apartment usually <a href="/news">want to live in the same neighbourhood</a>. Yet planning interventions may prevent the construction of units in the suburbs downsizers would prefer.
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/95926/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">Until these barriers are lowered, simply increasing new housing supply cannot be the silver bullet that fixes homelessness and the housing affordability concerns of the Australian population.
Rachel Ong, Professor of Economics, School of Economics and Finance, Curtin University 
Gavin Wood, Emeritus Professor of Housing and Housing Studies, RMIT University
This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com/au" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>. 
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