One of North Sydney's best-known commercial buildings could become hundreds of new homes, with insurance giant Zurich Australia lodging a State Significant Development Application (SSDA) to transform 5 Blue Street into a mixed-use residential development above North Sydney Station.

Rather than demolishing the existing building and starting again, Zurich is proposing an adaptive reuse project that would convert the landmark office building into a 15-level residential development delivering 62 apartments, 86 affordable co-living dwellings, activated retail and significant upgrades to the Blue Street Plaza.

The proposal reflects a growing trend of commercial property owners repositioning ageing office assets into residential housing as Sydney grapples with housing supply shortages and changing workplace demand.

<img alt="Zurich" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="0bba7d12-06dc-4375-aad7-238c94b21ac5" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-22%20at%2010.42.05%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=NJl5oLAEBDGuPmY3RnyliKODjMc8lvRh" />

Located directly above North Sydney Metro and train station, the 3,051 sqm site occupies one of the most strategically positioned parcels of land on Sydney's Lower North Shore.

Designed by fjcstudio, the proposal seeks to retain and adapt much of the existing structure while creating a contemporary residential address that better connects with the public domain surrounding North Sydney Station.

The application proposes two basement levels, ground floor retail, affordable co-living accommodation across the podium levels, and apartments above, while preserving and enhancing the publicly accessible Blue Street Plaza.

Rather than pursuing maximum apartment numbers, Zurich has opted for a housing mix heavily weighted towards larger owner-occupier residences.

The proposal includes 62 build-to-sell apartments comprising 12 one-bedroom, 19 two-bedroom, 29 three-bedroom apartments and two premium penthouses. It also incorporates 86 affordable co-living dwellings, which would be managed in perpetuity by a Community Housing Provider.

That balance between traditional apartments and affordable housing reflects the NSW Government's push to increase housing diversity around major transport infrastructure.

The proposal has been lodged concurrently with a rezoning application, with Zurich arguing the site is ideally positioned to support additional housing given its immediate proximity to public transport, employment and services.

"The proposal aims to respond to the housing challenges facing Sydney through the delivery of diverse housing types in a highly accessible location," the design report by fjcstudio states. It also seeks to improve pedestrian amenity through upgrades to Blue Street Plaza while creating a high-performing residential building that responds to the surrounding context.

<img alt="Zurich" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="36082e15-c636-4481-bb68-5a5f6443fe39" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-22%20at%2010.41.36%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=5P6VD.fvmqjQfIG3TWWMRXxQWiQBjeFB" />

Rather than replacing the commercial building, fjcstudio has developed a design that works with the existing structural framework above the rail corridor, an approach that significantly reduces demolition while allowing the site to be repositioned as a mixed-use residential precinct.

The existing structural constraints have informed much of the building's design, including its relationship with Blue Street and surrounding public spaces.

The building has been designed as a slender tower rising above a clearly defined podium, with vertically expressed façades intended to reduce the perceived bulk while reinforcing North Sydney's emerging skyline.

According to fjcstudio, the architectural language responds directly to the surrounding commercial towers while maintaining a finer grain expression more closely aligned with the neighbouring Lavender Bay streetscape.

The tower incorporates articulated façade elements, landscaped podium edges and recessed upper levels to soften its appearance and improve pedestrian amenity below.

A significant component of the proposal is the revitalisation of Blue Street Plaza.

The existing public space has long served as one of the primary pedestrian connections between North Sydney Station, Greenwood Plaza and Blue Street, yet its role is expected to become even more important following the opening of Sydney Metro.

Zurich's proposal seeks to strengthen that role by improving landscaping, introducing new retail frontages, enhancing pedestrian permeability and creating more active edges throughout the day and evening.

Ground floor retail would wrap the plaza, while separate residential and co-living entries have been designed to improve wayfinding without reducing street activation.

Landscape design has been integrated throughout the podium and public realm, softening what is currently one of the most heavily urbanised parts of North Sydney.

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fjcstudio has carefully oriented apartments towards Sydney Harbour and the CBD while using privacy blades and articulated façades to minimise overlooking between neighbouring buildings.

Large framed openings along the western elevation maximise harbour outlooks, while the eastern apartments have been angled towards the south-east to improve privacy from neighbouring development.

The project forms part of the continuing transformation of North Sydney from a predominantly commercial CBD into a genuine mixed-use city centre.

Since the completion of Victoria Cross Metro Station, developers have increasingly shifted their attention towards residential projects capable of leveraging the area's unparalleled transport connectivity.

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FiveX recently lodged plans for a 61-storey, 490-apartment tower that would become one of the tallest residential buildings in North Sydney if approved.

Aqualand continues to expand its Lower North Shore presence following the completion of AURA on Walker Street and its recent St Leonards and Roseville proposals.

Developers are also progressing projects throughout Walker Street, Miller Street and the Victoria Cross precinct as demand for well-located owner-occupier apartments continues to strengthen.

Joel Robinson

First look: Zurich targets North Sydney office conversion with 148-unit proposal above Metro station

Busy developer Aqualand Prestige has formally taken the next step in its expansion across Sydney's Lower North Shore, lodging a State Significant Development Application (SSDA) for its long-held Archer Street site in Chatswood.

The application covers <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/51-55-archer-street-chatswood-nsw-2067">51-55 Archer Street</a>, a 1,767 sqm amalgamated site on the eastern edge of the Chatswood CBD, where the developer is seeking approval for a 45-level mixed-use tower delivering 114 apartments, including a significant affordable housing component, alongside retail, commercial space and six basement levels of parking.

The SSDA marks the latest milestone for a project Aqualand has been quietly progressing over the past two years. The developer first secured the site for its Aqualand Prestige platform before undertaking an alternative design excellence process with PTW Architects, ultimately avoiding a formal design competition through the Housing Delivery Authority pathway.

The proposal has evolved considerably from Aqualand's original concept. The revised scheme has been designed around larger owner-occupier product, with an unusually high proportion of three and four-bedroom apartments, targeting the more affluent buyer profile, and downsizer, emerging across the North Shore.

<img alt="Archer St" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="0171204c-5811-41b5-9b09-2335d1b7c3d0" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-22%20at%208.52.48%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=6YTuxfq.puZo7k2wbfgemcO5K3QfXYGQ" />

The 114-apartment mix comprises six studios, 27 one-bedroom apartments, 18 two-bedroom apartments, 50 three-bedroom residences and 13 four-bedroom homes. A quarter of the building will be dedicated to affordable housing, well above the mandated 15 per cent&nbsp;

PTW has structured the building vertically, with affordable housing across levels one to six, premium apartments through levels seven to 31, duplex skyhomes on klevels 32 to 43, a penthouse on level 44, and a rooftop plant level above. Six basement levels will provide resident parking and servicing.

The tower is proposed to reach approximately 154 metres, placing it among a growing collection of residential high-rises transforming Chatswood's skyline.

Rather than competing purely on height, PTW says the design has been driven by creating a slimmer tower capable of delivering significantly larger apartments.

"The primary objective of this project was to create a distinctive building that stands out from the recently approved or built structures in the Chatswood area," the design report states, noting the structural efficiency allows greater investment into apartment quality and resident amenity.

Residents would have access to more than 450 sqm of communal open space including landscaped gardens, swimming pool, rooftop entertaining areas, fitness spaces, community gardens, children's play areas and barbecue facilities.

A major focus of the design has been the public domain.

The ground plane has been opened up through landscaped terraces inspired by Willoughby's sandstone ridges, with native planting, public seating, artwork, retail activation and a series of gathering spaces intended to soften what has traditionally been a hard commercial streetscape.

The landscape strategy references Blue Gum forests once common throughout the area, while incorporating Indigenous storytelling, public art and lighting installations to strengthen the connection to Country.

Chatswood has been one of Sydney's busiest apartment markets over the past 12 months, with a steady pipeline of both new project launches and fresh development applications.

Hyecorp recently launched Celine, a 122-apartment development just along Archer Street, while Changfa and Huirong Group are progressing The Anderson, an 84-apartment project on Anderson Street.

Develotek recently secured approval for a 101-apartment tower on Pacific Highway, while Tian An LFD received the green light for Hammond Greens, its apartment development on the edge of the Chatswood Bowling Club.

Commercial property developer FiveX is also making its move into the residential market. Last month it lodged plans for a 61-storey tower with 490 apartments, which, if approved, would become one of the tallest residential buildings in Chatswood.

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-fivex-targets-chatswood-skyline-with-61-storey-tower-after-north-sydney-plans">First look: FiveX targets Chatswood skyline with 61-storey tower after North Sydney plans</a>

Aqualand is also expanding its development pipeline following the launch of its luxury residential brand, Aqualand Prestige. The developer has delivered a string of high-end apartment projects across Sydney's affluent suburbs over the past decade, most recently AURA by Aqualand on Walker Street in North Sydney.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=30959 project_image_fid=292863]

It has since quietly assembled its next wave of projects.

Earlier this year Aqualand launched Boronia in Roseville, a boutique 111-apartment development on Larkin Street. The project is one of the first significant apartment developments to launch in the suburb ahead of what is expected to become one of Sydney's most active new housing precincts under the NSW Government's Low and Mid-Rise Housing reforms, which allow greater density around train stations.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152095 project_image_fid=373685]

The developer has also lodged plans for a two-tower, 413-apartment development on Herbert Street in nearby St Leonards, further strengthening its presence across the Lower North Shore.

Beyond that, Aqualand remains behind the final stage of Barangaroo, where plans will deliver a five-hectare mixed-use precinct comprising new homes, retail, hospitality and community facilities, alongside a new Metro entrance and more than two hectares of public open space, completing the Barangaroo precinct.

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/central-barangaroo-development-takes-big-step-with-concept-proposal-approval">Central Barangaroo development takes big step with concept proposal approval</a>

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-aqualand-joins-st-leonards-apartment-party">First look: Aqualand joins St Leonards apartment party</a> 
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First look: Aqualand pushes ahead with Chatswood apartment tower as SSDA lodged for Archer Street

Mass timber is becoming an increasingly popular construction material in apartment developments, but Adelaide developer <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/otello">Otello</a> is taking the approach a step further.

At its new <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/flowe-bowden-18-gibson-street-bowden-sa-5007">Flowe Bowden</a> development, the exposed cross-laminated timber (CLT) structure isn't just about reducing the building's environmental footprint. It also forms the foundation of a broader wellness strategy, influencing everything from indoor air quality and natural materials to the way residents move through and experience the building.

The 115-apartment mixed-use development, designed by Melbourne-based architecture practice Fieldwork, will occupy a prominent island site opposite Bowden Village Reserve, combining one, two and three-bedroom apartments with retail and a dedicated wellness destination.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152022 project_image_fid=375528]

Wellness isn't confined to a gym or shared resident facility at Flowe. Instead, Fieldwork embedded the concept into the building itself.

The development has been split into two residential wings connected by a naturally ventilated central breezeway, replacing traditional enclosed corridors with open-air walkways that improve natural light, encourage cross ventilation and create more opportunities for neighbourly interaction.

"Rather than treating wellness as something that only happens on the ground floor, our response integrates it throughout the building, which led us to ask what it really means to design a healthy building," Fieldwork Director Quino Holland said.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152022 project_image_fid=375531]

The building's architecture also reflects Bowden's industrial heritage. The lower podium references the area's historic brick and sandstone buildings, while the upper levels transition to exposed CLT, allowing the timber structure to become a defining feature throughout the apartments and shared spaces.

The use of mass timber sits alongside a range of sustainability initiatives, including a fully electric, gas-free design, rooftop solar and a targeted 5 Star Green Star rating.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152022 project_image_fid=375524]

Inside the residences, the focus remains on natural, durable materials. Blackbutt engineered timber flooring, exposed CLT ceilings, porcelain surfaces and warm timber joinery create a calming interior palette, while low-VOC finishes and responsibly sourced materials have been selected to improve indoor air quality.

Kitchens have been designed as the centrepiece of each apartment, featuring porcelain island benchtops, timber-look cabinetry and brushed steel tapware, with layouts that maximise natural light and ventilation.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152022 project_image_fid=375530]

The more traditional interpretation of wellness comes in the form of Level Eleven, a two-storey wellness club spanning the ground floor, mezzanine and first floor.

The facility will include a gym, yoga and reformer Pilates studios, Finnish and infrared saunas, magnesium hot and cold plunge pools, and dedicated recovery spaces. Unlike many residential wellness facilities, Level Eleven will also operate commercially, allowing the broader Bowden community to access the venue while giving residents exclusive membership benefits.

The ground floor has also been designed around everyday living. A café overlooking Bowden Village Reserve will activate the street frontage, while a bike workshop with tool storage, co-working space and dog wash has been incorporated to support daily routines and encourage interaction between residents.

"Flowe brings together my two biggest passions, creating places and creating healthier lives," Otello founder Daniel Harris said.

"We wanted to create something Adelaide hasn't seen before, a genuinely healthy building, where the way you live is lifted without even trying."

Flowe is positioned directly opposite Bowden Village Reserve and within walking distance of Bowden Railway Station and the Adelaide Entertainment Centre, placing future residents just minutes from the Adelaide CBD while remaining connected to one of the city's most established urban renewal precincts.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=152022]

Otello launches wellness-focused Flowe Bowden with Adelaide-first mass timber apartment design

Not all apartment amenities are immediately visible.

Swimming pools, gyms, rooftop terraces and residents' lounges have long featured on buyers' wishlists, but as the way Australians live has changed, so too have the features that make apartment living more convenient.

Increasingly, buyers are placing value on the practical aspects of day-to-day life. Fast internet, EV charging, secure bike storage, flexible workspaces and parcel management are becoming just as relevant as lifestyle amenities, reflecting changing habits and expectations.

Online shopping has been one of the biggest drivers of that shift.

Australians spent a record $82.6 billion shopping online in 2025, with almost one in every four retail dollars now spent digitally, making parcel deliveries a routine part of everyday life rather than an occasional convenience.

For apartment residents, however, receiving those deliveries isn't always straightforward.

Without someone home to accept a parcel, deliveries can be redirected to a nearby Post Office, left in building foyers or common areas, or require building management to temporarily store packages. As apartment living continues to grow across Australia's cities, parcel management has become an increasingly important consideration for both residents and developers.

Australia Post's Parcel Locker network is one response to that shift.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/KPZ9j5FRdsQ?si=Qztc1dNP3ZvEIUhb" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

Rather than relying on home delivery, eligible parcels can be directed to a nominated Parcel Locker, where they're securely stored until collected. Once a parcel arrives, residents receive a notification through the AusPost app or SMS and can retrieve it using a one-time code or QR code at a time that suits them.

The network has expanded to more than 1,500 locations nationwide, with Parcel Lockers positioned at Post Offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, transport hubs and, increasingly, within or alongside residential developments.

That growing presence reflects a broader change in how apartment buildings are being planned.

Developers are increasingly considering the operational side of apartment living alongside traditional lifestyle amenities. Just as secure mailrooms, bicycle storage and EV charging have become more common inclusions, parcel management is emerging as another feature that supports everyday convenience.

It also helps preserve the arrival experience within a building. Carefully designed lobbies and communal spaces can quickly become cluttered when deliveries accumulate, while secure parcel solutions reduce the likelihood of missed deliveries or parcels being left unattended.

For buyers comparing apartments, these everyday details are becoming part of the decision-making process.

Location, floorplans and finishes remain fundamental, but the features that simplify daily life are carrying greater weight than they once did. As online shopping continues to shape consumer behaviour, secure parcel delivery is increasingly becoming another amenity worth looking for.

Parcel delivery is joining the apartment amenity checklist

Inca Property Group has lodged a State Significant Development Application (SSDA) for Dawn, a 53-apartment oceanfront development overlooking Mona Vale Beach.

The proposal, at 35-39 Darley Street East, would replace an existing 18-apartment strata building with a new owner-occupier-focused development comprising 53 two and three-bedroom apartments, including nine affordable built-to-rent residences delivered under the State's infill affordable housing scheme.

Positioned on a 2,679 sqm elevated site around 280 metres from Mona Vale Beach, the development has been designed to maximise panoramic ocean views while responding to the site's sloping topography.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/inca-property-group">Inca Property Group</a> Managing Director Josh Thompson said the State Significant pathway provided greater certainty for projects of this scale.

"This State Significant pathway gives the team real certainty to progress <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/dawn-35-39-darley-street-east-mona-vale-nsw-2103">Dawn</a> through to completion," Thompson said.

"It allows us to acquire a one-off site, design it carefully and deliver the right offering for the suburb, assessed by the NSW Government's planning department."

The project is one of the first developments in the area to be assessed under the NSW Government's Low and Mid-Rise Housing policy, with the site sitting on the edge of the policy's designated inner area.

The proposal includes three basement levels providing 124 car spaces, alongside a range of resident amenities including a swimming pool, gym, sauna, wellness facilities and private plunge pools for selected ground-floor and penthouse apartments.

<img alt="Dawn" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="fc1a1daf-0ce4-4f12-9076-b1fa553c7a91" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-21%20at%208.42.11%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=4GZ9h.gpNkTljbxyAET8Jfhv51XUamDm" />

Thompson said Dawn had been designed specifically for owner-occupiers and downsizers, a buyer profile that has driven demand across Inca's recent Upper North Shore developments.

"The majority of buyers in our recent North Shore projects have been downsizers, and we are learning exactly what this market is looking for. Beyond the location itself, we have included resort-style amenities to deliver a genuine lifestyle offering," Thompson said.

Located within walking distance of Mona Vale Beach, the town centre, Mona Vale Golf Club and the Royal Motor Yacht Club, Dawn represents Inca's first Northern Beaches project following the sell-out of Tara on Park in Waitara and Ellis Residences, currently under construction in St Ives.

Construction will be undertaken by Inca's in-house construction arm, GOP Constructions.

Dawn is the latest major apartment proposal for Mona Vale, with the suburb emerging as one of the key beneficiaries of the NSW Government's new Low and Mid-Rise Housing policy.

New developer One Living, led by industry veteran Joseph Scuderi, recently secured a site on Mona Vale Road, on the border of Mona Vale and Pymble, where it is planning around 140 apartments.

IPM is also planning its third project in Mona Vale, significantly increasing the scale of its previous developments with an 82-apartment proposal at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/159-167-darley-street-west-mona-vale-nsw-2103">159-167 Darley Street West</a>, opposite Bayview Golf Course and less than 800 metres from Mona Vale town centre.

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/one-living-enters-sydneys-new-apartment-market-with-northern-beaches-site-acquisition">One Living enters Sydney's new apartment market with Northern Beaches site acquisition</a>

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-ipm-plans-third-mona-vale-project">First look: IPM plans third Mona Vale project</a>

First look: Inca eyes Mona Vale with State Significant DA for Dawn apartments

Bushfires

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On many days Canberra has the worst air quality of any major international city. Even in the best buildings it’s not good.
In early December 2019, a Sheffield Shield cricket match between NSW and Queensland was played in bushfire smoke so thick that the ball was at times <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-12-10/sydney-smoke-haze-mars-nsw-sheffield-shield-win-over-queensland/11786280" target="_blank">invisible to the spectators</a>.
Since then, the rest of us have become far more aware of the hazards of bushfire smoke, and authorities have become more active in reminding us how dangerous it can be, <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2019-11-19/bushfire-smoke-health-managing-risks/11699894" target="_blank">especially during exercise</a>. A standard piece of advice is to “spend more time indoors”.
But does it work?
Up until this year, with bushfire smoke lasting only a few days, it was good advice, especially for buildings that rely on recirculated and filtered mechanical ventilation complying with Australian Standard <a href="https://infostore.saiglobal.com/en-au/Standards/AS-1668-2-2012-120207_SAIG_AS_AS_251941/" target="_blank">1668 Part 2</a>.
These buildings include shopping malls, cinemas, hospitals, larger offices and some of the buildings in some universities.
<h2>It’s fine in cinemas, for a while…</h2>
Unfortunately, if smoke is particularly thick or goes on for more than a few days, these systems get overwhelmed, which is why smoke detectors in many commercial and institutional buildings have been setting off fire alarms and why the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra was <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/galleries-grapple-with-climate-change-and-unprecedented-closures-20200106-p53p7r" target="_blank">closed</a> on Sunday and Monday.
Most houses or apartments are designed to be “naturally ventilated” under the <a href="https://ncc.abcb.gov.au/ncc-online/NCC" target="_blank">National Construction Code</a>, which means every habitable room has an openable window or a vent.
Closing the windows, vents and doors will reduce the “air change rate”, which is the number of times an hour the air in the room is replaced by outside air.
<h2>Less fine in homes</h2>
Regrettably, unless there is no wind, CSIRO research suggests most Australian houses are <a href="https://research.csiro.au/energyrating/wp-content/uploads/sites/74/2016/05/House-Energy-Efficiency-Inspect-Proj.pdf" target="_blank">quite leaky</a> by international standards, mainly because of leaky windows and doors.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/308916/original/file-20200107-107209-1vwrjkj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=237&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Wall ventilator. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Me256Tb1zq8" target="_blank">Source: GIYGreenItYourself</a>
Houses and apartments built before 1970 are the worst. Many have fixed ventilators just below the ceiling level, a hangover from regulations designed to ensure gas lighting did not cause asphyxiation.
These ventilators are now unnecessary and can be safely blocked off.
In normal times some leakage is not a bad thing, as it offers protection against internal air pollution from volatile organic compounds in furniture and building materials and cooking, smoking and heating.
But these are not normal times.
The length and severity of bushfire smoke appears to be <a href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/health-impacts-of-bushfires-won-t-be-known-for-years-experts-say-20200106-p53p87" target="_blank">unprecedented</a>.
With bushfire smoke persisting for days or weeks, the standard advice to be “indoors” is less effective. While houses and apartments might be useful for keeping smoke out for a few days or so, they become less effective over time, depending on how leaky they are.
<h2>Take care</h2>
Before embarking on a campaign to seal leaks with draft stripping and duct tape, please ensure your that your range hood is vented directly to outside (preferably with an automatic flap) that if you smoke you do it outside, and that your furniture and fabrics are low in <a href="https://soe.environment.gov.au/theme/ambient-air-quality/topic/2016/volatile-organic-compounds" target="_blank">volatile organic compounds</a>, which arechemicals that release vapor at room temperature.
If your house is sealed up, do not use a gas cooker without an externally vented range hood or use an unflued gas heater at any time.
Ensure your vacuum cleaner has a <a href="https://www.choice.com.au/home-and-living/laundry-and-cleaning/vacuum-cleaners/articles/hepa-and-asthma" target="_blank">HEPA</a> (high-efficiency particulate air) filter.
Remember duct tape or masking tape is likely to be very difficult to remove if you leave it on for more than a few days and may damage painted surfaces.
<h2>Air conditioners aren’t much help</h2>
Even if your house is well sealed, it’s likely the air in it will become similar in quality to the air outside over a period of several days. While the air change rate in your house might be low, it will not be zero.
A recirculating air conditioner, such as a split system, will make you cooler but most domestic air conditioning filters are not capable of removing the very small particles in bushfire smoke – the ones that most make it dangerous.
Evaporative air conditioners or window mounted air conditioners that draw air in from outside will actually make indoor conditions worse.
Some recirculating air purifier systems will remove bushfire smoke, but they can be expensive to buy and run.
<h2>Air purifiers can help, but they’re expensive</h2>
To be effective against bushfire smoke, the air purifier needs to be fitted with a HEPA filter.
The performance of many purifiers is less than stellar, but a <a href="https://www.choice.com.au/home-and-living/cooling/air-purifiers/review-and-compare/air-purifiers" target="_blank">CHOICE survey</a> published just before Christmas is a useful starting point.
CHOICE is preparing a bigger test of more models which it will publish in March 2020.
It brought forward the test of six of them because of the fires.
All six remove bushfire smoke particles with various degrees of efficiency, but their coverage area is limited. The <a href="https://www.choice.com.au/products/home-and-living/cooling/air-purifiers/blueair-205-air-purifier" target="_blank">Blueair 205</a> performed the best.
For people in an at-risk group, the use of an air purifier in a sealed-up house or apartment should help.
The only certain solution for someone suffering from smoke or concerned about its long-term impacts is to go to a building that has a recirculating HEPA filtered air conditioning system or move to a location where the air quality is better.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/129367/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
<a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/geoff-hanmer-90647" target="_blank">Geoff Hanmer</a>, Adjunct Lecturer in Architecture, <a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/unsw-1414" target="_blank">UNSW</a>
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/our-buildings-arent-made-to-keep-out-bushfire-smoke-heres-what-you-can-do-129367" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

Our buildings aren't made to keep out bushfire smoke. Here's what you can do

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EXPERT OBSERVER
As Sydneysiders start to feel the effects of the bushfires ravaging the state, blame is being thrown at their government for their past inaction. 
Ex-NSW Fire Commissioner, Phil Koperberg has the view that adding more resources to try and put the fires out is no longer enough and fears that we will end up in a situation similar to California, with wildfires burning the entire year.
Technically, the NSW fire season has not started, but we have already lost 1.5 million hectares of land, over 600 homes and tragically six lives.  Politicians don’t seem to be talking about the causes of the fires, or what measures they plan on taking to stop history repeating itself. 
The fires have been attributed to the amount of combustible fuel.  How we fix this is something that the government needs to start talking about and seeking help from farmers, scientists and land managers for solutions. 
Scott Morrison needs to stop ignoring climate change or risk a storm of activism that will make the Extinction rebellion look like a storm in a teacup.
The business community need to start factoring climate change into their planning, investment and statements. 
As a community, businesses need to let our leaders know that their lack of action is not okay.  All NSW and national businesses need to start thinking about what practical assistance they can offer to our community. 
Let’s follow the examples of what the locals are doing.  Small businesses, like the Hotel Motel 5 in South Grafton, are opening their doors to firefighters, evacuees and the general community with food and accommodation (even if its just some space to pitch your swag). 
The Turramurra Sikh Temple opened their doors and fed firefighters after they brought an emergency level fire back under control and locals in Nana Glen, NSW have opened their homes to help with food and a place to rest. 
Its great to see local support, but as the fires come closer to the capital, Sydney based businesses need to take a stand and start to see where they can help.  Its amazing what we can be achieved if everybody pitches in and provides support where they can straight away.   
Zaki Ameer, owner of <a href="http://links.erelease.com.au/wf/click?upn=5eYQ-2B9hvLjY4F2EakWBi1VNQAeGJ2PBZe-2BSGHchxLQ2rGhxzMnPlmtHbjinSnApa_8oxW4HKyAHmpsFLR5-2FCi0zLZoqi6m6swTYqWA9E8RqQzCkV5PsZ2l-2FGgLay-2FSXrmuYDN6mqfcTeSxB3SVH6aK89Ft-2FrJ7bdbO2T8ZTPY-2FjolESiy57gJaWcb5ECD6SvoWz027JgszSfH-2F6pGb8GpFM2-2B-2Bf7-2FnaVRi7KRpIMIU3pCq63M7rdehit5MQx8Agxrwbwu8Is9AKnsvFO-2BIJkoz-2BNJwRxYyCultKFMFBTdX21zVR0qH2-2FIRsqBXS9-2BA4uCSoFOckyXA-2Bo2f6fc1VgbhQ-3D-3D" target="_blank">Dream Design Property</a> (DDP), has pledged to donate $30 000 to help one of the bushfire victims rebuild their property.  
“Its about giving something back and showing our support.  Every little bit helps, which is why we are donating one of our $30 000 commissions to help a bushfire victim start rebuilding,” said Ameer.
While not every business has the same resources to donate as <a href="http://links.erelease.com.au/wf/click?upn=5eYQ-2B9hvLjY4F2EakWBi1VNQAeGJ2PBZe-2BSGHchxLQ2rGhxzMnPlmtHbjinSnApa_8oxW4HKyAHmpsFLR5-2FCi0zLZoqi6m6swTYqWA9E8RqQzCkV5PsZ2l-2FGgLay-2FSXrmuYDN6mqfcTeSxB3SVH6aKze7HSOc9njxTMmtLNSmzrGR3GfM0U7E4xH59OOxv4nU2ztlsEKWQhzv8yp-2ByeDyzIf-2Fwl5HMeEeDaWv7hXpgYqbWZIOi2hBn4k9qD-2FvsHVzgsWJk7Mg3QSGFG-2BLj0yrsYLr-2Fr0ZQ8rLUJVOlSFKtxYziYfpQoFfmRmeWsltu-2BZmrBWCcawUK3Pa5BYnau81Pg-3D-3D" target="_blank">DDP</a>, there are plenty of organisations that you can donate to, including the <a href="http://links.erelease.com.au/wf/click?upn=SfOYCTaG4gCrrf4kRWMgg-2Bc7h68PB00UxEzrRaBw8IQxP-2Bo1X1iuk7jvmKFGAVX5_8oxW4HKyAHmpsFLR5-2FCi0zLZoqi6m6swTYqWA9E8RqQzCkV5PsZ2l-2FGgLay-2FSXrmuYDN6mqfcTeSxB3SVH6aK3Dg8d8uCSSrzSEvm8GD-2F3RsVkXB-2FzeArzTRS4uxL1mmUNm1P7LEOFnIlwe8aVO4zTEYBidLREhHTCr56KuIU2-2FO0BZaiap24B5ip60w2zLwO-2FuqbniUjmTL5YFwqZovEIR0ab8-2Bur5xifx1hv3lPKPdgrZJOFD3kvd9wR2CNt3Iwu-2BRBowUXtxb0XwPqyg0ew-3D-3D" target="_blank">Rotary Club Appeal</a>, <a href="http://links.erelease.com.au/wf/click?upn=wZZnWHZWsJqffe5F-2BDsjCmB-2F0nd2Qc0O-2B64sYh1LUenxTasYx25y3X678tmdEygpY2L3hrbkq8z0oEL-2BvrfdS5hfUhu21V-2F70jhPCWsXXy-2FoIuxYR7SVQKUxMVQwNdNmtbyTeNPDEOWUUEg8XcHRS2lRAACo2ZY-2F2csvD5ck9JrBEjB4q5BEgt89IgY2JOmSrKLxyXJAFBQAcNupPDakQA-3D-3D_8oxW4HKyAHmpsFLR5-2FCi0zLZoqi6m6swTYqWA9E8RqQzCkV5PsZ2l-2FGgLay-2FSXrmuYDN6mqfcTeSxB3SVH6aKwvxt4o6Es615vGa21MCDxb7-2BrSl-2FIdxBVxO79ByW5u1FDXV2OPeIVkLohS1NIlFSTGC1DC-2BdtsBLFKU6cF-2BxYQ35pudWq-2FWadrrvjwloQ05rIRBArNk7VwdSNqxDi5-2ByDZb-2Bb1jp3tjl9U2Xt65Ctw-2FNYMQUjRJd8CI1-2FvunWzxfMB-2BfL6fKVn-2F5Eb9a5BsDw-3D-3D" target="_blank">NSW Rural Fire Service</a>, <a href="http://links.erelease.com.au/wf/click?upn=5eYQ-2B9hvLjY4F2EakWBi1Ts8w99odRI7RxHuHgJlWYL7Hw3O-2BPkir2VytdUKYF9YcRV9yX2ntFmv7KCcmWfheJx9-2FOpus5kozYYgeQ8WGzvXN8PsHMRlIqneM2wrWkyW_8oxW4HKyAHmpsFLR5-2FCi0zLZoqi6m6swTYqWA9E8RqQzCkV5PsZ2l-2FGgLay-2FSXrmuYDN6mqfcTeSxB3SVH6aK3vAYZsymacJkfwlEBZxd-2FOKBvefytZXoOfme8IazC8uAN1AnwohMx3WVHmGXLm1BnwWCabIxh4HSizSryLXQ27xsm7Zpt967UNG7rFPofTZpEF9vHlBdZeymyU2J0YqXAsszvJqr-2BRMURV2FfLkb2VVfjn43QPYALkERuLVI-2FzmI19vgSRdrBlurV41vLztLQ-3D-3D" target="_blank">Australian Red Cross</a>, <a href="http://links.erelease.com.au/wf/click?upn=5eYQ-2B9hvLjY4F2EakWBi1TwIjUc7xFT2F024JCxIHKBDyE3G7KEkY8X1tayx9thvkrLT0LXh9gz-2BDkr0nFADB3RRs8lVPM0CQgl3exTVGViNq2iimcd73HYmRf68htLLcqJCI5cOYXkunmyyskK6Cw-3D-3D_8oxW4HKyAHmpsFLR5-2FCi0zLZoqi6m6swTYqWA9E8RqQzCkV5PsZ2l-2FGgLay-2FSXrmuYDN6mqfcTeSxB3SVH6aK1qAQm3NQ8NaEsQM8-2BFbld28QzGSaHVjH6gKO43meGMVr-2FAfLTztKqHRTxri2YrN6cQFi-2FjR0PA7y0ju82PaDvXK5TB7je3twLRlz7N2t04dVEsSW1t6rYreHEI8vFda1uq9nKLcT638z-2BqfqywHrFXQE8-2FRSY-2BvlGld4wnYlRXK99c7Y4EqvcOUzodLp31Q3A-3D-3D" target="_blank">Salvation Army</a> and <a href="http://links.erelease.com.au/wf/click?upn=EV-2FGMCC2NwdodbE9J-2BZQJWxu6DUWP8BvbRRT6i69hLU-3D_8oxW4HKyAHmpsFLR5-2FCi0zLZoqi6m6swTYqWA9E8RqQzCkV5PsZ2l-2FGgLay-2FSXrmuYDN6mqfcTeSxB3SVH6aK0PCTzllnHWMp6StbTXMw71-2BYcbSy-2FgQaLi1ca1B7ETm70Jsfe3DzUmsvZCo-2F1jbgq1um-2B67wSDIQW0kJYQSBmH-2BJrJOrfavF-2FfvIa8mFwQ-2FG8u1W9w04zv7UTGKjrrTyfmdc1xUR-2B50ob0VKHQ3-2BoWxyqibN4xaMQ5E4RWC-2BMoW0EcudLnVIbtBIYSW64NC2A-3D-3D" target="_blank">St Vincent De Paul</a>. 
Zaki Ameer is the owner of DDP and <a href="https://www.ddpproperty.com.au/zaki-ameer" target="_blank">can be contacted here</a>.
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jrobinson-rf4aSBido9

DDP Property owner Zaki Ameer donates $30,000 to help a bushfire victim rebuild their home

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The most recent bushfires in November 2019 have had devastating impacts across NSW and QLD.
Looking back at the impact on property after previous catastrophic fire events shows some distinct trends:
<ul>
<li>The data shows that median house prices are affected by bush fires in many suburbs and regions, although it can vary significantly from one suburb to the next.</li>
<li>In the long term, house prices increase faster than the region and state median growth in part because new properties are built, improving the quality of stock in the areas.</li>
<li>Bush fire prone areas are often more remote and the properties are fewer and further between, so these factors play more of a part in the fluctuations in price growth, more than the risk of fire. </li>
<li>And, also, because there are few properties per suburb, the property data available is limited.</li>
<li>Property views in bush fire areas decrease initially but increase again as time goes by.</li>
<li>There is an increase in properties being listed for sale, following a bush fire, presumably because sellers want to leave the area. Although, there are often fewer properties listed in these areas anyway, due to lower population.</li>
</ul>
Below are some examples of where bush fires have played a part in median house price growth, using <a href="http://realestate.com.au/" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://realestate.com.au&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1575313750071000&amp;usg=AFQjCNHWGVPMI21fYMWCOxoFkks5Ip6rCw">realestate.com.au</a> data.
Black Saturday
Median house price growth in many of the towns affected by the Black Saturday fires has exceeded that of the state or regions growth.
For example, the towns below have nearly all seen price growth increases of over 100%, whereas the regions that these towns sit within have not seen anywhere near the same growth.
This is partly because of the rebuilding that took place and stock will now be newer and better quality than before.
Presumably, fire retardant materials and other preventative measures would have been built into the properties, making them more valuable.
It is also likely that many of these suburbs have become more desirable over time for other reasons (e.g., affordability, large homes on large blocks, etc).
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
Suburb
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
% growth in house prices over 10 years
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
Kilmore
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
66%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
Kilmore East
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
42%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
Murrindindi
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
146%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
Kinglake
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
150%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
Kinglake Central
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
113%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
Kinglake West
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
110%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
Strathewen
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
229%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="267">
St Andrews
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="195">
114%
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
 
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="330">
SA4 Region
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="125">
% growth in house prices over 10 years
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="330">
Melbourne - North East
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="125">
76%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="330">
Hume
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="125">
56%
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Bunbury fire of 2016
In January 2016, a bushfire affected the Harvey and Waroona areas of WA. It affected 10 towns and destroyed 162 properties.
Below, shows the median price growth the year before and the two years after the fire.
You can see that these towns were showing positive price growth until 2016, in contrast to the growth in Bunbury and WA as a whole.
Then prices were affected at a greater level than the rest of the state.
(data was available for eight of the 10 towns affected)
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="146">
 
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
2015
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
2016
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
2017
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
2018
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="146">
Bushfire affected Towns
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
2.95%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
0.46%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-6.18%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-6.07%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="146">
Bunbury SA4
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
2.56%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-2.50%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-2.56%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-1.32%
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="146">
WA
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-0.20%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-4.62%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-3.16%
</td>
<td valign="bottom" nowrap width="85">
-2.17%
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Property views for all of the Bunbury suburbs decreased in February, following the fires in January and although the volumes of properties for sale in these areas is always low, there was an increase in average listed properties after the fires.
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How do bushfires impact property prices: Realestate.com.au's Nerida Conisbee

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<img src="https://counter.theconversation.edu.au/content/63943/count.gif" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
GUEST OBSERVER
Bushfires in Australia can have a devastating impact on an environment and destroy homes and lives, so any effort to prevent them is a welcome move.
But the way that we have traditionally understood bushfires and forest flammability in Australia is not up to the challenges of our changing climate. Thankfully, a new approach is making sense of the confusion by looking at the plants themselves.
Unfortunately though, time is running out. Years ago I could stand on a ridge in the mountains as winter gales roared through the Alpine Ash forests on the slopes below me. There’d be black cockatoos on the wind and the first hard snow flakes rattling on my coat. It was a wildness that stung the eyes with raw beauty.
Sadly those forests are dying. They are being burnt so often that they may be gone by the end of the century. Like the tallest hardwoods in the world and the thousand year old King Billy pines of Tasmania, they are places we have no room for in our fossil fuel economy.
It’s not that fire is bad; our forests need it. But it’s coming so hard and fast in this changing climate. We fight the fires and we manage the fuels as best we can, but our best efforts are only as good as the science they are built on, and there are some hard questions to be asked about that science.
At the heart of our traditional approach are hand-drawn dots on a graph from a leaflet published by Australian bushfire expert Alan McArthur in the 1960s. Nine data points telling us that if we halve the fuel load – the leaf litter on the ground – we can halve the speed of the fire.
It has never been backed by evidence, but in the absence of something better it became the bedrock of Australian fire management. One rule for all forests: burn them.
But in the past two hundred years, Australian forests have been getting more fire than at any time in the tens of thousands of years before, and all of the controlled burning is not helping.
For 26 out of 30 bioregions in south-east Australia, there is no evidencethat prescribed burning has reduced bush fire sizes.
<h2>New thinking</h2>
Clearly, it’s time for a rethink. Can a few centimetres of leaf litter on the ground really give us enormous crown fires? Any fire fighter will disagree, saying you need tree crowns to get a crown fire. The issue then is not how much fuel you have, but whether flames will span the gaps to ignite those plants.
There are no mysterious black box equations to tell us the answer to this, so it needs sound science. The Forest Flammability Model we have developed is an attempt to join the dots and build a full picture.
How high will the flames be from a burning plant? How hot will it be above them at the next plant? How long will those leaves take to ignite? And will the first leaves stay alight long enough for that to happen?
The strength of this approach is that every part of it is open to question and improvement. If someone finds that the oils in leaves affect the way they ignite, or that they can better model the angle of a flame, we can build that in to our model.
<h2>Testing the model</h2>
If flammability is about surface fuel load, then old forests are always more flammable than young ones because fuel accumulates.
But plants change as fire germinates some, they then grow and others die. The pattern of flammability could be different in every forest. When I looked at snow gums, I found that our model recreated the same pattern of flammability that we could see from 53 years of mapped history. It broke the established rules as the regrowth was more flammable than the old forests.
Our team later looked at 58 sites across eight different ecosystems ranging from woodland to tall wet forest, all burnt under a wide range of conditions that gave everything from tiny flames to 30 metre crown fires.
Our model recreated the flame heights with an average error of only 40cm, and correctly predicted larger flames 12 times more often than the best available surface fuel model.
<h2>Fire predictions</h2>
The implications of this are significant. We can find where fire belongs and where it doesn’t. We can plan burn prescriptions around the plants they affect, find what the effects of logging or grazing might be and where it’s safe to build. We can see what will happen if more carbon dioxide changes leaves or more heatwaves dry some species.
Bushmen have long talked about “kerosene bush” – shrubs that go up in flame like a bonfire soaked with petrol – and ecologists have been studying individual traits that make leaves more or less flammable.
This model is the first complete picture of how it all fits together. It means that we are no longer limited to rules of thumb, that we can learn what we should have learnt long ago, the way fire should look in Australia.
Philip Zylstra is research fellow, flammability and fire behaviour, University of Wollongong and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/philip-zylstra-288456" target="_blank">here</a>.
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

New modelling on bushfires shows how they really burn through an area

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GUEST OBSERVER
Last week Victoria announced a new plan to manage bushfire risk by conducting prescribed burns.
Previously, Victoria had adopted a plan to burn 5% of the state’s area each year to manage bushfire risk. The 5% target has been criticised by scientists for damaging the environment without necessarily reducing risk. But, following a review, the state is shifting to a new “risk-based” strategy.
So, how does the new strategy work and what can we learn from it?
<h2>Targets: a blunt instrument</h2>
Immediately following the devastating Black Saturday bushfires there were many questions about whether the government could have done more to either prevent such an event or at least reduce the impact of the fires.
A Royal Commission considered a range of submissions from government, the public and scientific committees. Following careful consideration of the information, the commission handed down 67 recommendations. Recommendation 56 was to adopt a long-term program of prescribed burning with a rolling average of 5% per year on public land.
A range of research has since been conducted examining the role of prescribed burning in reducing the risk to people and property as well as the impact on biodiversity.
The key message is that a hectare target is not the most cost efficient way of reducing risk to people and property, and that such an approach can have negative impacts on biodiversity.
Therefore, an alternate approach is needed to achieve the two objectives in the Code of Practice for Bushfire on Public Land: To minimise the impact of major bushfires on human life, communities, essential and community infrastructure, industries, the economy and the environment. Human life will be afforded priority over all other considerations. To maintain or improve the resilience of natural ecosystems and their ability to deliver services such as biodiversity, water, carbon storage and forest products.
<h2>The risk of bushfires</h2>
The new risk-based approach means that the state government will be able to focus their efforts in strategic areas, such as places close to houses and infrastructure, or areas where due to landforms there is a high chance of fires starting or spreading quickly.
Reducing fuels in these areas can result in the greatest reduction in risk from wildfires to the assets, but have a much higher risk of damage if the prescribed burn escapes such as we have seen recently at Lancefield.
Risk to people and property will be measured through fire behaviour simulation using the PHOENIX RapidFire program. This allows the state to compare the risk of losing houses between maximum fuel load (and maximum risk) and fuel loads after burnoffs.
The difference between the two is known as “residual risk” and is expressed as a percentage of the maximum risk. Victoria has set a target of 70% residual risk which means that burnoffs will remove at least 30% of the maximum risk. While there may be debate about the actual value, adopting a risk-based metric represents a more outcome focused approach to developing fire management strategies.
Residual risk methods currently consider only the impacts on people and property, however equivalent methods are being developed for the environment.
As a researcher in the field, it would be remiss of me not to say that there is great scope for improving both the underlying fire behaviour model and the methods of calculating risk. There is a big difference between developing a model in the lab and applying it to public safety. In time, new methods will be developed and Victoria will need to consider whether these represent improvements over their current system before they are adopted.
<h2>Doesn’t remove risk</h2>
The new plan advocates a reduction in risk, but doesn’t entirely remove it. This is simply not possible.
Black Saturday fires could occur again in the future under either a hectares or a risk reduction approach to fuel treatment as these fires are driven primarily by catastrophic fire weather.
What is important to note is that a risk reduction approach aims to reduce the impact of such fires so that we hopefully do not see the same devastating loss of life and property.
Fire management on private land and the preparedness of communities for wildfire will remain vital. Communities in at-risk areas need to be actively involved in fire management decision making and preparedness. Some communities may elect to live with the risk while others may actively be involved in reducing risk. Regardless of the decision, it is important that all parties understand the risk they are exposed to and take actions accordingly.
Overall, Victoria’s new plan is a major step forward for fire management in the state and Australia. Explicitly adopting risk as a measure of success is a brave and positive step by the Victorian government. The success of the new policy will be assessed in time, but in my opinion, it will make fire management decisions more transparent.
Such transparency will allow for better community involvement in the planning and application of fire management. In time, the inclusion of other asset types in the estimation of risk will complicate the process, but also allow for better assessments of the extent to which both objectives for fire management can be met.
 
Trent Penman is lecturer, Bushfire Behaviour and Management, University of Melbourne and author for The Conversation. He can be contacted <a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/trent-penman-197032" target="_blank">here</a>.
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