A collection of just 25 large-format apartments and penthouses overlooking Goodwin Park is entering the Coolangatta market, with <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/marea-residences-coolangatta-27-27a-dixon-street-coolangatta-qld-4225">Maréa Residences</a> combining a low-density, residential-only approach with uninterrupted park and Pacific Ocean outlooks.

Located at 27 Dixon Street, Maréa comprises three and four-bedroom residences alongside a limited number of dual-level penthouses, with the project positioned between Goodwin Park and <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/coolangatta-qld-4225">Coolangatta</a>’s coastal precinct.

Construction has commenced, with completion currently estimated for late 2027. Three-bedroom residences are priced from $1.8 million.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150999 project_image_fid=374005]

The project has been designed around its northern outlook across the park, with the building’s architecture, landscaping and material palette intended to establish a connection with the neighbouring green space. The residences have been configured to maximise natural light and views across Goodwin Park towards the ocean.

Inside, the material palette incorporates timber, stone and brushed brass, complemented by curved detailing and ambient lighting. Kitchens and bathrooms carry the same natural material approach, while residences also include basement parking, storage and lift access.

Maréa’s penthouses are arranged over two levels and include private pools, adding another layer to the project’s focus on larger-format apartment living. Across the development, residences are configured with three or four bedrooms rather than the broader mix of smaller apartment types commonly found in larger projects.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150999 project_image_fid=374010]

Resident amenity is concentrated at rooftop level, where landscaped entertaining terraces and pools take advantage of elevated views across Coolangatta and the Pacific Ocean.

The project has so far been particularly well received by local owner-occupiers and downsizers, according to Urban Activation Property Sales and Marketing Director Matt George, with the residential-only format, construction quality and northern park outlook among the features resonating with purchasers.

“The uninterrupted northern aspect overlooking Goodwin Park has been a key point of difference, with buyers attracted to the sense of serenity and open space the park provides, while still enjoying easy access to the ocean and being within walking distance of the lifestyle and amenities Coolangatta has to offer,” George said.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=150999 project_image_fid=374002]

“The combination of high-quality construction, a residential-only building, park outlook and proximity to the beach has resonated strongly with the local downsizer market.”

The Dixon Street address is within walking distance of Coolangatta Beach and the broader southern Gold Coast coastline, including the surf breaks at Snapper Rocks and Kirra. Coolangatta’s cafés, restaurants and retail are nearby, while Gold Coast Airport is also within close proximity.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=150999]

Joel Robinson

Maréa Residences brings parkside apartments to Coolangatta

Melbourne developer PDG has secured Victorian Government approval for its $1.5 billion Southbank development <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/the-one-1-queens-bridge-street-southbank-vic-3006">The One</a>, clearing the way for the long-dormant riverfront site opposite Crown to finally be developed.

The Minister for Planning has approved the project at 1-29 Queens Bridge Street, with the Department of Transport and Planning issuing the planning permit following its assessment.

The approval will allow PDG to develop the prominent 5,059 sqm site with a major mixed-use tower comprising premium apartments, including branded residences, a luxury hotel and boutique office space.

PDG acquired the site in late 2024, with its position directly opposite Crown's main entrance and near Melbourne's Arts Precinct making it one of Southbank's most significant remaining development opportunities.

<img alt="PDG" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="3933013e-6332-4386-b9be-089df05caf17" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-08-27%20at%209.29.22%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=sITIgBqDL0N3VNSMwWEmF5UA.uvcsRyu" />

Designed by COX in collaboration with ODO and PDG, the tower's architecture draws on the movement of the Yarra River, with six vertical pleats running the height of the sculpted facade.

The project will also see the heritage-listed Queens Bridge Hotel restored and incorporated into the development&nbsp;with new hospitality and public uses, including a rooftop venue.

A significant component of The One will be its residential amenity.

More than 5,000 sqm of resident facilities will be delivered across a single level, making it one of the largest consolidated residential amenity offerings proposed in an Australian apartment development.

The planning approval also incorporates a major upgrade of Queensbridge Square, which PDG will deliver in partnership with the City of Melbourne.

<img alt="PDG" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="73167fcd-1031-4b6f-a408-a064cfe45ed1" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-08-27%20at%209.29.17%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=Pf1AEWxw6SNmBqR0zQW5lyEze.MtxgFp" />

The existing square will be revitalised as a new civic and pedestrian space along the Yarra River, strengthening the connection between the project, Southbank and the riverfront.

PDG Founder and Managing Director Vince Giuliano said the approval represented a major milestone for a site which has remained largely underutilised for more than 15 years.

“This is the most significant Planning Permit approval Melbourne has seen in recent years,” Giuliano said.

“For more than 15 years, this site has remained underutilised. This approval enables us to deliver a project that will contribute meaningfully to the revitalisation of Southbank, restore and reactivate an important heritage building, and create a new civic and hospitality destination for Melbourne.”

The latest approval follows an earlier planning permit issued by the City of Melbourne covering demolition works across part of the site at 9-29 Queens Bridge Street. Those demolition and early works are already underway.

PDG has also started generating early interest in the residential component from owner-occupiers ahead of a planned public launch in early 2027.

PDG secures approval for $1.5bn Southbank apartment development, The One

Local developer Harridan is seeking to turn its Woolloongabba apartment project into the first stage of a broader transformation of Burke Street, using a new 16-storey mixed-use building to establish a greener pedestrian connection toward the rapidly evolving Boggo Road transport and knowledge precinct.

The South East Queensland developer has filed plans for 154 apartments on the <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/4-burke-street-woolloongabba-qld-4102">southern side of Burke Street</a>, where its proposal has been designed alongside a wider vision by LatStudios for the street.

That vision positions the southern side of Burke Street for buildings of 15 storeys and above, while envisaging lower-rise development of up to five storeys on the northern side to transition into Woolloongabba's existing character housing. It also proposes wider pedestrian verges, deep planting, new street trees and upgrades to the pedestrian approach to Boggo Road Station.

The Harridan development itself has been designed by Brisbane-based Arqus Design and will comprise 154 apartments across 16 storeys. The mix is weighted heavily toward two-bedroom apartments, with 121 proposed alongside 10 one-bedroom and 23 three-bedroom residences. There will typically be around 14 units per floor.

A lower-ground car park and three podium levels will accommodate 156 resident parking spaces, along with visitor and commercial parking. There will also be 154 resident bicycle spaces and 40 visitor bicycle parks.

&nbsp;

Harridan is a family-owned developer and part of the Holmwood Highgate Group, with more than three decades of development activity across South East Queensland. Its portfolio spans residential, commercial and industrial property, with current residential projects including Riverbank on Byron in Bulimba, Esperance Residences in Carina and The Precinct at Kinross Road in Thornlands.

Wooloongabba has been popular for apartment developers, particularly since the announcement of the 2032 Summer Olympics games in Brisbane.

While there have been a lot of development applications, it has failed to materialize into real supply.&nbsp;

Sarazin has been the major player in the area. They are under construction at Murcia Residences, on the fringe of East Brisbane and Woolloongabba. They have just launched <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/the-stanley-residences-woolloongabba-8-trafalgar-street-woolloongabba-qld-4102">The Stanley Residences</a>, in Woolloongabba on Trafalagar Street. They also have Nuage coming soon on the nearby <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/nuage-woolloongabba-14-wellington-road-woolloongabba-qld-4102">Wellington Road</a>.

First look: Harridan plans Burke Street transformation beside Boggo Road transport hub

IN BRIEF

<ul>
	<li>
	Just three double-storey Sky Homes sit at the top of The Waterline, each with its own private marina berth and rooftop terrace.
	</li>
	<li>
	Construction on The Waterline is complete, with the first residents expected to move in from mid-October.
	</li>
	<li>
	Sky Homes range from 282 sqm to 367 sqm and are priced from $3.65 million.
	</li>
</ul>

<hr />
Lewis Land has opened the first completed sky home for inspection at Harbour Shores, giving buyers their first opportunity to step inside one of just three double-storey residences crowning The Waterline.

Each sky home comes with its own private marina berth, rooftop terrace and Broadwater views, combining the scale of a larger home with direct access to the boating lifestyle that underpins the wider <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/harbour-shores-biggera-waters-564-oxley-drive-biggera-waters-qld-4216">Harbour Shores</a> masterplan.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=113271 project_image_fid=366708]

Lewis Land Head of Development Michael Long said the inclusion of a berth with every Sky Home had become increasingly valuable as marina access across the Gold Coast tightened.

“Marina berths are becoming increasingly difficult to secure across the Gold Coast, so including one with every Sky Home makes this a genuinely rare offering,” Long said.

“The private 70-berth marina will accommodate boats up to 12 metres in length and is positioned just 2.5 kilometres from the Broadwater, placing the open ocean only 15 minutes away.

“Being able to step out of your home onto your boat is a rare luxury, and it’s something residents here can look forward to when it opens later this year.”

[smartcode_project:default project_id=113271 project_image_fid=366709]

The display opening comes as construction completes on The Waterline, with the first residents expected to move in from mid-October.

The three Sky Homes range from 282 sqm to 367 sqm and each feature three bedrooms, three bathrooms, multiple living zones, expansive kitchens with butler's pantries and large balconies taking in the Broadwater outlook.

Each residence also has three secure basement car spaces and additional storage.

“This is the first opportunity the Gold Coast has had to step into Harbour Shores and see, touch and feel what we’re bringing to life here,” Long said.

“There are only three Sky Homes within The Waterline, ranging in size from 282sqm to 367sqm, with each residence featuring three large bedrooms, three bathrooms, multiple living zones, expansive custom-built kitchens with butler’s pantry, and large balconies capturing Broadwater views.”

<img alt="Harbour Shores" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="bab65e10-4fab-45e1-92d8-fc56e2ab98ff" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-08-25%20at%202.00.16%E2%80%AFPM.png?VersionId=XT8q76LsPkw3cYTsvN3JfFDaPLud90PN" />

Residents of The Waterline will have access to a private pool, along with Harbour Shores' wider collection of amenity including a lagoon pool, social clubhouse, tennis court, gym, yoga facilities and sauna.

Lewis Land partnered with Studio Collective to furnish the completed display, with the interiors designed to demonstrate how the residences could function as permanent homes rather than simply as show apartments.

Studio Collective Director Melissa Park said the surrounding waterways informed the interiors, but in a more restrained way than a traditional coastal scheme.

“We drew inspiration from the canals and coastal surrounds, but our approach was to interpret that subtly through layered materials and a grounded palette of earthy tones, rather than literal coastal references,” Park said.

“We introduced hero moments of green and teal to reference the surrounding waterways, while mirrored elements help reflect natural light.

“The result is a residence that feels elevated yet comfortable, somewhere buyers can genuinely imagine themselves living, entertaining and unwinding.”

Sky Homes are priced from $3.65 million.

Lewis Land is also offering private marina berths with The Residences, its limited collection of three and four-bedroom villas positioned directly along the Harbour Shores waterfront boardwalk.

Three-bedroom villas are priced from $2.99 million, while four-bedroom residences start from $3.19 million.

Harbour Shores is being marketed by Colliers International.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=113271]

Lewis Land opens sky home display as The Waterline completes at Harbour Shores

St Vincent de Paul Society Housing Australia has filed plans for a major mixed-use housing precinct on the southern edge of the North Sydney CBD, adding another significant proposal to a pocket around North Sydn​ey Station that is quickly becoming one of the LGA's busiest development zones.

The State Significant Development Application covers a 5,990 sqm site at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/1-19-mackenzie-street-lavender-bay-nsw-2060">1-19 MacKenzie Street and 211 Blues Point Road in Lavender Bay</a>, immediately south of Nor​th Sydney Station and between the commercial core and the lower-rise Lavender Bay Heritage Conservation Area.

Designed by Wardle, the proposal would deliver a new residential tower comprising 88 build-to-sell apartments and 19 affordable apartments, alongside a separate co-living building with 57 rooms and a building manager's studio.

It would also see the significant restoration and upgrade of St Francis Xavier Catholic Church, the adaptive reuse of the former school building, new parish facilities, retail, a new public square and around 1,000 sqm of publicly accessible open space.

<img alt="Vinnies North Sydney" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="d5dd7f87-a617-463e-b577-17541e01f0e9" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-08-26%20at%209.10.13%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=4R8TsFN3P_LrrXO2HswTOIrx2blil8lh" />

The project is seeking a concurrent rezoning of the site to R4 High Density Residential and an increase in the maximum building height to allow a tower reaching RL120, or up to 20 storeys. The proposal was progressed through the NSW Government's Housing Delivery Authority pathway.

The build-to-sell component will be weighted toward larger apartments, with just six one-bedroom apartments compared with 31 two-beds, 43 three-beds and eight four-bedroom residences.

The 19 affordable apartments will comprise two studios, 15 one-bedroom apartments and two two-bedroom apartments, taking the total apartment component to 107 residences before the 58 co-living rooms are included.

<img alt="Vnnies" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="7d568ca5-cb90-4e18-96c6-d9795dba0c56" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-08-26%20at%209.10.05%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=GY2R5M9VtQh0EKy1vajaea19PSLOPuRD" />

Wardle's design for the Vinnies site has sought to negotiate that emerging high-rise context while retaining the lower-scale character of MacKenzie Street and the adjoining heritage conservation area.

The main building adopts a three-storey podium and tower arrangement, with the podium aligned to the ridgeline and front setback of St Francis Xavier Church.&nbsp;Wardle has designed the podium with colonnades, seating, recessed entries and active ground-floor frontages, with sandstone-toned precast concrete and face brick referencing the materiality of the existing church.

The tower then steps back eight metres to the south and six metres to the north before rising in a sculpted form comprising four interlocking quadrants. Wardle has also introduced rounded forms and chamfered corners to reduce the tower's perceived bulk and improve view sharing with neighbouring development sites.

Resident facilities and outdoor areas are planned at the separation between the podium and tower at Level 3, oriented toward Sydney Harbour and the CBD skyline.

The tower itself will feature a glass reinforced concrete facade, with recessed balconies and deep reveals used both to provide shading and privacy and frame views toward the harbour and city. The lower levels take a different architectural approach, using brick and sandstone-toned finishes intended to establish a stronger relationship with St Francis Xavier Church. The Church itself will be conserved and upgraded for its continued use, while the former school building will be adaptively reused as part of the co-living component.

<img alt="Lavendar Bay" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="2d4418ad-90aa-4d49-af93-c80b140aea80" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-08-26%20at%209.09.47%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=Kv4gzbsACaGvZSRuaqcfGC54jEJRXIDJ" />

&nbsp;

The proposal adds to an increasingly concentrated pipeline of residential development around Blue Street, MacKenzie Street and Lavender Bay.

Just west of the site, Central Element lodged plans earlier this year for one of the most significant residential developments proposed in Lavender Bay in recent years.

Central Element's SJB-designed scheme at 64-66 Lavender Street and 3-7 Middlemiss Street would deliver 163 apartments across two towers rising 23 and 32 storeys, replacing five existing apartment buildings containing 32 homes. The project also forms part of the Housing Delivery Authority pathway.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-central-element-reveals-lavender-bay-apartment-plans?utm_source=chatgpt.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">First look: Central Element reveals Lavender Bay apartment plans</a>

Immediately around North Sy​dney Station, another two significant proposals have emerged at 5 and 15 Blue Street.

Zurich Australian Insurance Properties is seeking to adaptively reuse its longstanding commercial building at 5 Blue Street, directly above North Sydney Station, rather than demolishing the structure.

Its SSDA proposes converting the building into a 14-storey mixed-use development with 62 apartments and 86 co-living rooms, together with ground-floor retail and a major refurbishment of Blue Street Plaza. The application is currently at the Response to Submissions stage.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-zurich-targets-north-sydney-office-conversion-with-148-unit-proposal-above-metro-station">First look: Zurich targets North Sydney office conversion with 148-unit proposal above Metro station</a>

&nbsp;

First look: Vinnies files for 20-storey Lavender Bay apartment tower as North Sydney housing pocket heats up

Australian Economy

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GUEST OBSERVER
A majority of Australians are optimistic about the state of the property market and will continue to invest in this space, new research has revealed.      According to new data from Mortgage Choice, 64.3% of Australians believe the housing market will continue to perform the same as it has in recent years, if not better.  This data makes it obvious that the majority of Australians remain upbeat about investing in property and will continue to buy and sell dwellings. Over the past few weeks, we have heard endless commentary about an ‘inevitable slowdown’ in the property market.  According to data from CoreLogic, property price growth has started to stagnate in recent months. Over the three months to November, property prices grew just 0.4% across the combined capital cities.  As a result, many market commentators have started to panic and are suggesting that this is the beginning of the end. Some commentators have even gone so far as to suggest we could soon see a property price crash across some of the bigger markets, notably Sydney and Melbourne.  The reality is, property prices are merely stabilising after a few years of runaway growth. This stabilisation is something we have long expected.  The fact is, significant changes have been made to investment lending policy in recent months. Moreover, interest rates have been sitting at historical lows for well over 12 months and will continue to sit at historically low levels for some time yet. Both of these things have combined to take some of the heat out of the market. And while the heat has started to come out of the market, Mr Flavell said there were no signs to suggest a property crash was on the radar in Australia.  For a crash to occur in the housing market, there would need to be a number of economic factors at play.
Firstly, supply would need to be significantly high enough that it exceeded demand. Secondly, the cost of borrowing money would need to rise rapidly in a very short period of time, and unemployment would also need to reach dramatically high levels.  Moreover, there would need to be a large number of people looking to liquidate their properties at the same time.  If all those factors were to occur, a crash could be a possibility, but based on how our economy is travelling at the moment, it is fair to say that we are not in for a crash.  According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australia’s population grew 1.6% over the year to March 2017 – which is significantly higher than other developed nations.  In total numbers, our population grew by 389,100 over the past year, and all of those people need somewhere to live. If we want to cater to our growing population, we need to build more properties, and that is exactly what we are doing.  So, supply and demand are working in good kilter with one another. At the same time, interest rates are low and we expect them to stay lower for longer. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate is trending downwards, with the latest data from the ABS showing that the unemployment rate fell 0.1% throughout September to 5.5%. When you consider all of the above economic data, there is nothing to suggest that a property price crash is in our near future.  In fact, the opposite is true. With interest rates sitting at all-time lows, lenders competing for business and property price growth stagnating across some markets, now was a good time for prospective buyers to achieve their property goals.  If you have plans to be in the property market, now is the right time achieve your goals.
John Flavell is the chief executive officer of Mortgage Choice.
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jrobinson-rf4aSBido9

What bubble? Majority of Australians ‘optimistic’ about property: John Flavell

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GUEST OBSERVER
Australia continues to grow jobs, but wages aren’t keeping up and policymakers are running out of options.
Let’s begin with an economy that is doing relatively well.
In the US, the data were both predictable and moderately positive.
Consumer prices (as measured by the CPI) were up only 0.1% in October, but this was in line with expectations. Recall that two major hurricanes drove up gasoline prices in September, and those increases rolled off (they were up 13.1% in September and fell 2.4% in October). The year-on-year CPI increase was 2.0% – again, in line with expectations.
The Producer Price Index (PPI) rose by a healthy 2.6% on a year-on-year basis – despite a drop in gasoline prices for producers of 4.6% (note the difference between wholesale and retail price changes). Perhaps most importantly, there were relatively strong increases in elements of the index that the US Federal Reserve cares most about (as they are less cyclical than, say, energy prices), like healthcare costs.
Less expected, but happy news, was the 0.2% rise in retail sales. That puts retail sales up 4.6% on an annual basis. This is further evidence of the solid rebound in the US economy.
And now to Australia.
On the plus side, a fair number of jobs are being created. As Treasurer Scott Morrison was eager to point out on Thursday, 296,400 jobs have been created this year; 236,000 of them full-time.
But the continued depressing news is about wages. The wage-price index was up 0.5% for the third quarter, below market expectations of 0.7%. That puts annual wages growth at 2.0%. With inflation running at 1.8%, that means real wages growth is effectively zero. And it has been like that for a long time.
This is causing enormous problems for Australian households and policymakers.
Recall that Australian households are among the most highly leveraged in the world – with debts at around 190% of GDP. So what is going to reduce that debt?
There are two possibilities: more inflation or more income. Inflation helps reduce the debt in real terms, and income helps for obvious reasons. Right now, both avenues look shaky.
On the former, the Melbourne Institute reported on Thursday that inflation expectations fell this month, providing further evidence that future inflation is likely to be low.
On the latter, there has been a continued run of low wages growth. This is an experience being felt in advanced economies around the world. That suggests it is something to do with technology, or global economic conditions, and therefore not all that amenable to policy.
That leaves us with heavily indebted households, with no obvious way out. This, of course, puts a strain on consumer spending, which in turn affects business investment and employment, and the whole (vicious) cycle loops back on itself.
What is the cut-through for policymakers?
The RBA could drop interest rates from their current 1.50% level – and increasingly some economists are suggesting that. The worry is that a rate cut might further fuel housing prices, making the problem worse, not better.
Federal income tax cuts would be another avenue, but with the budget in structural deficit, and with an economically illiterate crossbench, that looks unlikely.
The government could embark on a major infrastructure spending plan, which could rejuvenate regional employment in areas hit by the forces of globalisation. With interest rates at very low levels, for very long maturities, this seems like a good idea, as long as the projects are assessed on a rational basis.
The concern in this regard is politics. Both major parties have their predilections and bases to pander to. A bad outcome would be, for example, a big coal mine investment by the Coalition, and some uneconomic green-energy boondoggle by the opposition.
<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/87517/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">As I have said before in this column, the US seems to be navigating the post-2008 economic world relatively well, although caution is certainly warranted. Australia is doing much less well. And the narrative that we have “successfully transitioned from the mining boom” seems a lot more like wishful thinking than hard evidence.
Richard Holden, Professor of Economics and PLuS Alliance Fellow, UNSW.
This article was originally published on <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/vital-signs-australias-mining-boom-transition-is-on-shaky-ground-87517" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

Australia's mining boom transition is on shaky ground: Richard Holden

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Australia’s current expansion is its longest boom.
GDP growth has been continuous for 26 years, with no ‘technical recession’ during that period.
By some measures, Australia’s is the longest boom of any developed economy, although there is some debate about that. What it means can also be disputed.
For example, Australia has had contractions in per capita GDP, so part of the boom is due to strong population growth. Although the cycle is not dead, its amplitude has been tamed, at least for now. It is also important to understand how it happened. Luck and good management have both played a role. There may also be lessons that can help sustain growth in the future, as well as for other countries. Fiscal reform is a priority if the longest boom is to continue.
Recessions are nasty. They usually result in a rise in unemployment, which is highly positively correlated with ill-health, high crime rates, and other negative social and political outcomes. Recessions can also have lasting effects. Long-term unemployment can lead to skill atrophy, making it harder to find a job even once the economy recovers. Deep and long recessions, like the Great Recession, have had a lasting negative effect on a generation of workers.
Although not recent, examples from Australia’s recessions are still powerful and worth recalling. The impact of Australia’s early 1990s recession (1991) on the labour market was deep and damaging. The unemployment rate rose significantly and did not return to its pre-recession level for 14 years. It caused significant harm. For example, many middle-aged workers who lost their jobs in Victoria’s manufacturing industry, which was hard hit, never worked again. Designing policy to avoid recessions has been the macroeconomist’s ‘Holy Grail’.
Australia’s 26 years of growth are important and worth acknowledging. They will also hopefully yield lessons for the future. However, it is important to be clear about what Australia’s experience is not. It does not mean that the cycle is dead. The world has had a number of periods where sensible observers claimed that this was the case. In 2003, Nobel prize-winning economist, Robert Lucas, famously stated that the ‘central problem of depression-prevention has been solved’, ahead of the Great Recession in 2008. Harking back to earlier days, there was a strong belief in Australia in the 1960s that the Keynesian prescription of active demand management, using fiscal policy, had solved the macroeconomic problem of that time. This was before significant recessions in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. These accounts proved to be hubris.
Australia will almost certainly have a recession at some point. However, what is clear is that over the past 26 years, the volatility of Australia’s economy has been much lower than at any other time in the country’s history and most other countries experiences. This is worth studying. Australia has managed to dodge a number of global shocks, including: avoiding a recession during the Asian financial crisis in 1997/1998, the IT bubble of 2000, and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008/2009. Australia also avoided having a recession at the end of a housing credit and price boom in 2002/2003, during a drought of the early 2000s and at the end of the recent mining investment and commodity price boom, which peaked in 2011/2012.
Part of it has been luck. Australia’s geography has become a blessing. What Australian historian, Geoffrey Blainey, famously described in 1967 as a ‘tyranny of distance’ from Western markets has become the ‘power of proximity’ as global growth has shifted towards Asia. Australia has also been fortunate to have a large stock of high-quality resources, such as iron ore, coal, and gas that have been in high demand.
However, it is not all luck. A strong rule of law has helped. While many other large mining economies, with weaker institutional foundations, have suffered from the ‘resources curse’, Australia has managed to benefit from its large resource endowment. Market reforms in the 1980s and 1990s, including the floating of the Australian dollar, made the economy more flexible and better able to deal with global shocks. There may be lessons for other countries. Although the Global Financial Crisis raised questions about the ability of market-based systems to deliver widespread benefits, Australia stands out as a successful market-based economy.
Good economic management has also played a role. An independent central bank with a clear mandate to flexibly target inflation has proved to be an appropriate institutional arrangement for a medium-sized commodity-producer. The RBA has adeptly managed the cycle maintaining on- target inflation and financial stability and deserves significant credit for the long boom.
There have also been challenges. In recent times it has proved difficult to run balanced budgets, with the federal budget approaching its tenth consecutive year of deficit, despite the earlier boost to national income from the mining boom. Economic reform has also proved difficult, particularly of the tax system, which is becoming increasingly inefficient. Housing supply, energy, and climate policy also need reform and policymakers ought to continue to focus on ramping up infrastructure investment. The lack of reform may, itself, be a consequence of the long boom as policymakers and voters may have become complacent. It would be disappointing to think that Australia might need a recession, with all of its damaging effects to the economy and communities, in order to motivate reform.
Eventually, Australia’s long boom will end. The trigger will most likely be a negative shock from overseas. A sharp downturn in Asia, when one arrives, would prove harder for Australia to deal with than the Global Financial Crisis, which was centred on the developed world. Australia’s high levels of household debt would be likely to exacerbate any downturn.
Australia needs reform to support productivity growth and prepare for the next downturn. The priority should be fiscal reform, which leads to sustained budget surpluses. Measures should include, shifting the tax mix towards more efficient taxes, such as consumption tax, and cutting back on public spending commitments that do not deliver strong economic returns.
If there is one clear lesson from the long boom it is that Australia has benefited from a key part of the policy apparatus that is used for managing the cycle and securing the economy – the Reserve Bank of Australia – being independent from the political process. With this in mind, policymakers ought to consider ceding more authority for reform of other policy areas, such as transport and social infrastructure, energy and tax policy, to independent agencies. This could involve making recommendations by agencies such as the Productivity Commission, Infrastructure Australia, or Australia’s Parliamentary Budget Office, more binding. While politically challenging, the government could consider setting up an independent fiscal authority, akin to the RBA, but aimed at managing fiscal spending and taxation decisions.
As the global economy finally recovers from the lingering effects of the financial crisis, now is the time to focus on reform. It is clear that reform would help if the longest boom is to continue.
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Paul Bloxham is the <a href="https://www.about.hsbc.com.au/hsbc-in-australia/management-team" target="_blank">chief economist</a> of Australia and New Zealand for HSBC.
 
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Australia’s longest boom: How Australia did it and can it keep growing?

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Household debt and an increase in income-to-debt ratios add to macro-economic risks, suggests new research.
The study by researchers from the University of Sydney for the Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute reveals how the housing market is one contributing factor to these macro-economic risks. 
Titled ‘Housing prices, household debt and consumer spending’, the study examined the effects of house prices and house-price-induced increases in debt on general consumption spending in Australia, focusing specifically on how such links were affected by the GFC.
The study suggests that policymakers should consider the potential risks that high levels of household debt and rising household income-to-debt ratios bring to the economy.
It points to the dangers, saying a number of countries have regulations that “limit the growth of household indebtedness, while the need to ensure robust prudential regulation remains an important policy priority”.
The study identified the consumption patterns for homeowners and home owning investors at different ages and who had greater or smaller amounts of debt or equity in their properties. 
Before the GFC, a rise in housing prices were associated with increases in consumption (i.e. spending or borrowing) for homeowners, particularly because they borrowed a larger fraction of the property price (i.e. had a higher ‘Loan to Value’ (LTV) ratio). 
However, after the GFC households with high LTVs turned more conservative and were no longer increasing their debt to increase consumption as a response to increases in house prices, the research noted.
“Our findings are relevant for macro-economic stability in Australia,” says associate professor Stephen Whelan, from the University of Sydney," it said.
“In particular, the finding that households with higher levels of debt are most responsive to increases in house prices highlights a potential systemic risk. Financing higher consumption through taking debt among highly leveraged households exposes those households to the risk of significant loss if house prices fall or if interest rates rise. This is in contrast to a general belief in Australia that debt is held by those most able to service it, namely, higher income and higher wealth households.
"Before the GFC, for every $100,000 increase in house values old-aged households increased their consumption by $1,000 per year and middle-aged households increased consumption by $1,700. After the GFC, consumption by old- and middle-aged households dropped to $600 and $1,600 per year respectively.
"The significance of this is seen if we consider there are 1.69 million households aged 65 and over who are homeowners (90% of these households do not own another property), then just $400 less being consumed each year by each household means a loss to the economy of approximately $608 million when compared to pre-GFC household consumption."
The report also finds differences in the consumption responses of home owning investors with and without debt.
Following the GFC, home owning investors with no debt became more conservative, reducing their consumption response from around $3,000 to approximately $2,600 per annum for every $100,000 increase in house prices. Whereas investors with mortgage debt became more responsive as their consumption response rose from $1,700 per annum to almost $2,900 per annum for a $100,000 increase in house prices.
The conclusion of this finding was that these investors with mortgage debt are not as risk-adverse when compared to other homeowners.
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jonathanchancellor-7SQnKwU6yx

Soaring household debt poses risks to economy: AHURI

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GUEST OBSERVER
For the last two weeks, I have been in the US visiting investors; hedge funds; corporates and officials.
I still have more meetings to complete, including with other Fed officials, but I would like to set out some assessments so far.
One debate is whether current pricing for interest rates; the USD; and the stock market is dependent on a successful fiscal policy outcome for Trump. Alternatively, pricing might be factoring in some economic reform (particularly banking) and not much more. The answer is probably that the share market is more optimistic about a successful policy outcome than the bond market. Bank deregulation (freeing up bank lending) would be stimulatory as long as confidence holds and, with the Fed now proclaiming that the US economy is at full employment, the higher bond rates are justified. However, if the share market needs a successful fiscal plan (centred on tax cuts) to hold current levels, then equities would be vulnerable to a marked sell off in the share market should the plan prove to be elusive.
The problems with a significant tax cut are manifest. It seems that there are around five Republicans in the deficit hawk camp who are firmly opposed to any policy that is not "revenue neutral" and five are "soft no's". The current controversy over Russia will only harden opposition within the party.
Failure to deliver a package by the summer would expose the initiative to a Democrat filibuster. The Ryan/Brady Plan, which was laid out last summer when the Republicans appeared unlikely to win the Presidential Election, does deliver a revenue neutral result (after assuming a fairly optimistic growth response to the plan) but it requires the Border Tax (featuring no tax deduction for costs of import_s and no tax on export sales). This would be an effective tax on the trade deficit. Such a tax would be hugely disruptive and is encountering significant opposition, we understand, from within the White House. Other "nasties" in the Ryan/Brady Plan are to allow interest cost or state tax deductions and no real allowance for retaliating moves from trading partners.
Another possible funding channel might be to impose large tariffs to help fund the tax cuts and achieve some of Trump’s protectionist objectives. Tariffs can be introduced by Executive Order without the need to go through Congress, although they may be subsequently challenged in the courts and by the WTO.
Overall, arbitrary tariffs are likely to be a more distortive mechanism than the Border Tax. However, that option, linked with some unpopular entitlement reform, might be back-end loaded and more modest tax cuts might constitute a plan that could be manipulated to “look” revenue neutral.
In such circumstances, the USD would rise further but the inevitable response from other trading countries would likely trigger a disruptive trade war – the recent encouraging lift in global PMI's and global equity markets would soon dissipate.
It was disappointing to hear generally, that infrastructure reform was a low priority well behind dismantling the Affordable Care Act, tax cuts, banking deregulation and trade. For instance, Trump could establish an infrastructure bank capitalised with $150-$200 billion in Federal funds. That would be funded by the repatriation of deferred foreign profits (taxed at 7.5% - 10.0%) and geared at 6x1 with a Federal government guarantee (the impact on the deficit would only be the funding cost). That would deliver on a key promise and probably gain full Democrat support along with enough Republicans to pass Congress. Such an initiative would encourage growth optimism and, if well managed, boost productivity expectancy.
Alternatively, there could be a national effort to privatise current infrastructure (for example, most toll roads are state owned) with a commitment that funds would be reinvested in other infrastructure assets (not used to fund other contingent liabilities of the state). Complex issues between city/local/state/federal governments would need to be resolved with a likely solution being that the Federal government would need to provide incentives to the cities and states to sell the assets.
There are solutions to the successful implementation of an infrastructure plan. If markets saw genuine progress in banking and other sectorial deregulation along with an infrastructure plan, the inevitable shock to confidence that is likely to occur in the summer if trade and unfunded tax initiatives dominate the agenda could be avoided.
So where does the Fed stand in all of this uncertainty? I expect that it will be comfortable to "skip" a March move until we see more clarity on these issues and, more import_antly, the impact such developments have on confidence and markets. For example, the Fed sees that "financial conditions" have eased due to narrowing credit spreads and a rising stock market despite higher rates and a higher USD. A reversal in markets would tighten financial conditions and associated drop in confidence would force a review of the growth outlook.
I also expect that the "asymmetric" approach to policy-setting is still a key majority view amongst FOMC members - better to err on the side of higher inflation than risk entrenched low inflation. With the slow response from wages to "full employment", there is little risk of getting too far behind the curve. On the other hand, I assess that the Chair now believes that the US has reached full employment and, therefore, the normalisation process should proceed (but with two hikes not three in 2017).
I remain comfortable with the June/December call for Fed policy in 2017.
What do investors think of all these issues for Australia? In short, the key channel will be Trump’s trade policies. Any indiscriminate large tariff or Border Tax would pressure China's foreign reserves and growth outlook. This would likely trigger a protectionist response from China, which while not impacting our resource exports, would most likely threaten our services exports to China.
My central thesis is that the Australian economy is likely to slow in 2018 due to a construction downturn and falling terms of trade. Commodity prices are likely to fall sharply under the weight of a supply response from Australian and Chinese (private) producers; an unwinding of speculative positions in China; and a slow-down in growth associated with a resumption of reform in China following the November Congress.
Downward pressure on the AUD will only intensify in the event of Mr Trump taking the “trade option”. 
BILL EVANS is chief economist of <a href="https://www.westpac.com.au/" target="_blank">Westpac</a>. 
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