The residential transformation of St Kilda Road is set to continue into with more new apartment plans for the sought-after boulevard.

Wing Tai Asia has lodged plans for a major residential tower at 464-466 St Kilda Road, replacing the former VACC House with an 18-storey mixed-use development designed around a retained heritage podium and a sculpted contemporary tower.

The proposal, prepared under Victoria’s Significant Residential Development with Affordable Housing pathway, would deliver 325 apartments and ground-floor retail across the prominent 4,653 sqm boulevard site in Melbourne’s St Kilda Road North Precinct.

The project centres on the adaptive reuse of the site’s heritage-listed VACC Building, an eight-storey office designed by Bernard Evans that has occupied the address for decades. Planning documents state the development would involve “carefully dismantling and conserving off-site the original metal fabric of the podium visible from St Kilda Road,” before reinstating it as the defining frontage of the new scheme.

Above the restored podium, Wing Tai is proposing a curvilinear residential tower. The scheme includes 172 one-bedroom apartments, 63 two-bedroom apartments, 66 three-bedroom apartments, and 24 four-bedroom apartments, alongside two ground-floor food and beverage tenancies fronting St Kilda Road.

The tower has been designed with substantial articulation and variable setbacks to minimise perceived bulk and maintain view corridors along the boulevard. Urbis, which prepared the planning report, said the design “has been significantly articulated through a curvilinear design” with “an interplay with materials, façade expression and depth” to create visual separation and visual interest.

The proposal also includes 254 basement car spaces, landscaped pedestrian links connecting St Kilda Road and Queens Lane, and a biophilic landscape strategy featuring canopy trees, raised planters, cascading greenery and a glass oculus pool overlooking the eastern frontage.

Planning documents confirm the $270.1 million development will contribute 3 per cent of project costs to the Social Housing Growth Fund as part of the application process.

Wing Tai acquired the St Kilda Road property in 2018 alongside Abacus Property Group for $95.38 million, before later consolidating ownership of the site. The property previously served as the Victorian Automobile Chamber of Commerce headquarters for around 60 years.

The transformation of the St Kilda Rd boulevard is already beginning to materialise, with a number of high-profile projects recently completed, launched, or approaching launch as developers continue to back the long-term appeal of the precinct.

Among the most notable recent completions is Louise by Samuel Property Group, just off the strip on Queens Lane, the same pocket Hirsch &amp; Faigen recently launched The Queensbury. Mirvac is too on the same street with The Albertine, which is approaching completion.

Dexus recently secured approval for its slice of St Kilda Road, while Gurner also has approved plans for the precinct.

Joel Robinson

Wing Tai unveils 325-apartment St Kilda Road tower on former VACC House site

Malaysian developer <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/s-p-setia">SP Setia</a> is the latest to jump into St Leonards booming Transport Oriented Development precinct.

The developer, which has previously delivered Sapphire by the Gardens apartment development in Melbourne, identified the Atchison Street site in 2023. It filed a Scoping Report around 12 months ago, and now has revealed the designs for the new&nbsp;40-storey mixed-use tower.

The State Significant Development Application covers <a href="https://next-portal.urban.com.au/projects/14650/summary">20-22 Atchison Street</a>, a 1,374 sqm site positioned between St Leonards Station and the new Crows Nest Metro station.

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/cox-architecture">COX Architecture</a>, the project would deliver 181 apartments, above a four-storey commercial podium, five basement levels, and new public domain works along Mitchell Street. The apartment mix comprises 35 one-bedroom apartments, 39 one-bedroom-plus-study apartments, 85 two-bedroom apartments, and 22 three-bedroom residences.

The proposal has been lodged as a shop-top housing development under the NSW Government’s TOD planning pathway, which allows increased density around key transport infrastructure. The site sits within the recently rezoned Crows Nest Accelerated TOD Precinct.

<img alt="First look: SP Setia targets St Leonards skyline with 40-storey TOD tower" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="b799673d-48e2-46b0-801a-0e33a9330100" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/atchinson%20site.png?VersionId=dPh0UfwfaHpbFL1R7H1cbZNbIW0CHbCC" />

SP Setia acquired the Atchison Street site as part of its continued expansion into the Australian apartment market. In comments made to City &amp; Country (The Edge Malaysia) in 2023, SP Setia President and CEO Datuk Choong Kai Wai described the acquisition as “a strategic move” aligned with the group’s post-pandemic market recovery strategy.

“Our target for this exceptional development is local and overseas buyers, including first-home buyers, downsizers and investors,” Choong said.

The tower has been designed as a slender vertical form rising from a mixed-use podium, with COX Architecture positioning the development as a response to the evolving St Leonards and Crows Nest skyline.

“The purpose of the project is to facilitate the delivery of high-quality housing at a strategically located site and deliver a built tower outcome that is consistent with the desired future character of St Leonards and aligns with the TOD controls,” the design report stated.

<img alt="First look: SP Setia targets St Leonards skyline with 40-storey TOD tower" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="b1a85eee-76f7-436c-a6da-73ba827b9b13" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/atchinson%20entry.png?VersionId=dA9jHGPMcm.dDbwk4QfxqWiY5bfh3UVt" />

The podium would incorporate retail uses fronting Atchison Street, commercial tenancies, landscaped communal areas, and pedestrian improvements along Mitchell Street. Vehicle access and loading would be consolidated via Atchison Lane.

Residents would have access to more than 665 sqm of communal indoor and outdoor spaces, while the development proposes 96 parking spaces across five basement levels.

The proposal also includes a commitment for 10 per cent of residential floor space to be allocated toward affordable housing through a monetary contribution.

COX said the tower form responds directly to the emerging high-density character of the precinct while seeking to maximise solar access, cross ventilation, and outlook from apartments.

<img alt="First look: SP Setia targets St Leonards skyline with 40-storey TOD tower" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="2163f85c-f63b-4be3-aafa-f8763976cec5" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Article%20Feature%20Image%20%28Grid%29_5.png?VersionId=WiAmtIKJ6.ZQ41EtYEQ1fol7AeorKBlL" />

“The building is orientated towards north,” the Apartment Design Guide compliance report noted, adding that the tower’s slim form was driven by the constrained inner-urban site dimensions.

The design also incorporates landscaped setbacks and communal open space at podium level, intended to soften the interface with surrounding streets and improve pedestrian amenity.

The project adds to a growing wave of redevelopment proposals reshaping St Leonards and Crows Nest following the opening of the Sydney Metro City line and the NSW Government’s push for higher-density housing around major transport nodes.

Last week Stockland filed plans just down the road. They want to build a <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/601-pacific-highway-st-leonards-nsw-2065">52-storey tower on Pacific Highway</a>.

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/first-look-stockland-plans-52-storey-538-apartment-st-leonards-tower">First look: Stockland plans 52-storey, 538-apartment St Leonards tower&nbsp;</a>

First look: SP Setia targets St Leonards skyline with 40-storey TOD tower

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/urban-property-group">Urban Property Group</a> has revealed plans for a new mixed-use tower at 10 Dangar Street, Wickham, advancing a proposal that would reshape the southern gateway to Newcastle’s city centre with one of the city’s tallest residential buildings.

The State Significant Development proposal, now on exhibition, seeks approval for a <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/bowline-10-dangar-street-wickham-nsw-2293">43-storey tower</a> immediately adjacent to the Newcastle Interchange. The project would deliver around 200 apartments, including 42 affordable housing dwellings, alongside 99 co-living units, a 171-room hotel, retail space, and new public domain integrated through the site.

The scheme marks a significant escalation of plans previously approved for the site. Urban Property Group took over the prominent 2,904 sqm parcel, where excavation and demolition had already commenced under an earlier consent for a 14-storey mixed-use development.

<img alt="First look: Urban Property Group unveils Newcastle’s next supertower at Wickham interchange" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="58a96dd9-407f-4d20-86b4-94e4bfeef74b" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/wickham%20podium.png?VersionId=LGlf08pdFGAZDzvx_CXC4XakHNZRuEE0" />

Designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/sjb-architects">SJB</a>, the tower has been conceived as a landmark transit-oriented development anchored to the Newcastle Interchange precinct. The proposal includes 245 build-to-sell apartments across a mix of one, two, and three-bedroom residences, as well as two penthouses. Fifteen apartments and one operational unit are earmarked for NDIS housing. The co-living component would add a further 99 units, while the podium would accommodate retail uses and hotel facilities.

SJB said the site presents “a valuable opportunity to anchor the precinct by setting the standard for design, active ground planes and character at the key southern gateway.”

The architecture responds directly to the site’s position beside major transport infrastructure and within one of Newcastle’s fastest-evolving urban renewal precincts. The tower form sits above a sculpted podium designed to frame new public spaces, including a through-site pedestrian link connecting Station Street to Hannell Street, landscaped plazas, and activated retail edges.

<img alt="First look: Urban Property Group unveils Newcastle’s next supertower at Wickham interchange" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="a7bd6ff0-f7db-4ce8-a6dc-ea56e72c6149" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/wickham%20lanne.png?VersionId=xzf39VADyhj7zBQY2I9fx9vI62u2tuSb" />

The design report describes the project as part of the broader transition of Wickham into “a vibrant, high-quality mixed-use urban precinct” that leverages proximity to the station, open space, and regional connectivity.

A detailed public art strategy has also been prepared for the development. The strategy positions the project as “a transit-oriented development of state significance at the gateway to Newcastle’s city centre” and outlines a series of integrated artworks responding to Newcastle’s industrial and transport heritage.

Creative Road’s curatorial framework for the project, titled Unveil, draws on “stratified surfaces, carved volumes, and light-filled apertures” while referencing Newcastle’s transformation from an industrial city into a contemporary education and technology hub.

<img alt="First look: Urban Property Group unveils Newcastle’s next supertower at Wickham interchange" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="77a882bb-14b1-4d28-99ff-9438e39508c0" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/wickham%20site.png?VersionId=cevgo_vN0eKPK78P8YcEu3mKPLkpFqE7" />

The proposal is being advanced through the NSW Housing Delivery Authority pathway after being declared State Significant Development in June 2025. The accompanying scoping report states the development aims to “maximise the site’s proximity to the Newcastle Interchange by delivering transit-oriented development” while increasing housing supply and affordable housing provision within the Newcastle LGA.

Urban Property Group’s plans align with the long-term strategic vision established under the Wickham Master Plan, which identified the interchange precinct as suitable for substantial uplift in height and density. The current proposal would significantly intensify that vision, positioning the tower among the tallest developments proposed for Newcastle.

The site sits immediately north of the Newcastle Interchange, bounded by Dangar Street, Hannell Street, and Charles Street. It is surrounded by a rapidly growing cluster of residential towers and mixed-use projects that have emerged following the completion of the light rail and transport interchange.

First look: Urban Property Group unveils Newcastle’s latest tower at Wickham interchange

Bottega House has completed settlement of a landmark riverfront site in Macquarie Street, St Lucia, representing its first major Brisbane development.&nbsp;

Positioned on the banks of the Brisbane River, the <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/180-macquarie-street-st-lucia-qld-4067">premium site at 180 Macquarie Street</a> features uninterrupted river frontage in one of Brisbane’s most tightly held residential precincts.&nbsp;

The proposed development, currently under assessment with Brisbane City Council, has been designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/plus-studio">Plus Studio</a> with interiors by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/interior-designers/mim-design">Mim Design</a> and will deliver a boutique collection of premium residences positioned specifically for owner occupiers and downsizers.&nbsp;

The residences are set to redefine luxury apartment living in the area, with a focus on architectural quality, refined finishes, landscape integration and elevated amenities including curated wellness facilities, resort-style pools and recreation spaces rarely seen in the local market.&nbsp;

Exclusive sales for the project will be led by Keenan &amp; Byrne, ahead of an anticipated launch later this year.&nbsp;

Bottega House Managing Director Nick Malloch said the project reflects the group’s ambition to deliver a highly curated residential offering within one of Brisbane’s most tightly held precincts.&nbsp;

“This is an incredibly rare riverfront opportunity and one we have approached with a long-term perspective,” Malloch said.&nbsp;

“Our vision from the outset was to create a boutique collection of residences that feel more like private homes than traditional apartments, with generous proportions, refined finishes and exceptional amenity throughout."

Malloch says there is a&nbsp;lack of premium owner-occupier stock of this quality in the market, particularly for downsizers wanting space, privacy and a true lifestyle offering without compromise.&nbsp;

"Demand is expected to be strong given the scarcity of premium riverfront opportunities of this nature within Brisbane’s inner-west."&nbsp;

Bottega House secures landmark riverfront site in St Lucia 

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The arrival of the first piling rig officially marks the commencement of construction at SIERA’s new beachside apartment development, Exhale, in Northcliffe.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/exhale-surfers-paradise-8-enderley-avenue-surfers-paradise-qld-4217">Exhale</a>, a glass-encased tower featuring 54 large-scale apartments at 8 Enderley Avenue, is SIERA’s third Gold Coast development. It follows the recently completed PIPIS Bilinga beachfront project, which achieved suburb-record prices, and the soon-to-be-completed Chevron Island development, Tapestry.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=112661 project_image_fid=359603]

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/siera">SIERA</a> Founder and Managing Director Brent Thompson said the arrival of the piling rig represented a significant milestone for the development, which is scheduled for completion in late 2028.

Over the next month, around 260 piles are expected to be installed as work progresses on the basement structure. The building is anticipated to rise above ground level early next year, before unveiling its sculptural glass curtain wall, developed in collaboration with specialist façade engineers.

“The façade was designed to maximise panoramic coastal views while creating a distinctive architectural identity,” Thompson said.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=112661 project_image_fid=355935]

Designed by BDA Architecture, Exhale will comprise just 54 two- and three-bedroom residences across 26 levels, a level of low-density living rarely delivered in this beachside pocket between Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach.

The project has been conceived as a resident-only building, with no short-stay accommodation permitted. SIERA says the model is intended to appeal to long-term owner-occupiers rather than transient holiday demand.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=112661 project_image_fid=361052]

Residences have been designed with large-format layouts and expansive glazing, with most apartments featuring more than 30 metres of glass frontage to maximise natural light and ocean views.

The amenity offering spans two levels and centres on wellness and lifestyle, including a heated magnesium pool, sauna, yoga and Pilates studio, gymnasium, private dining facilities, cinema lounge, and dedicated surfcraft storage.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=112661 project_image_fid=359607]

More than half of the apartments have already sold. SIERA has also opened a sales gallery for Exhale at its Chevron Island commercial premises, near its Tapestry tower and the site of its second Chevron Island apartment development, which is slated to launch in early 2027.
</section>
</section>

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=112661]

SIERA kicks off construction at Northcliffe tower Exhale

Queensland

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GUEST OBSERVATION
"We are in the coal business. If you want decent hospitals, schools and police on the beat we all need to understand that." – <a href="https://www.news.com.au/national/unesco-slams-great-barrier-reef-management-youve-got-eight-months-to-fix-it/story-e6frfkw0-1226381188474" target="_blank">Queensland Premier Campbell Newman, June 2012</a>.
It was a rare moment of unscripted truth in Australian politics, which summed up decades of national policy.
The Premier was responding to United Nations report on the health of the Great Barrier Reef, warning that it could be listed as a World Heritage site <a href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/danger/" target="_blank">“in danger”</a> unless Australia stepped up its protection of the reef, particularly from increased port development. (The World Heritage Committee is due to discuss it again at a meeting <a href="https://theconversation.com/australia-courting-danger-with-the-great-barrier-reef-20411" target="_blank">in June this year</a>.)
Newman was not just articulating Liberal National Party policy; keeping Australia in the coal business has also been core to Labor’s economic policy for many decades, going back to the “no regrets” approach of <a href="https://apo.org.au/commentary/our-lost-history-climate-change" target="_blank">the Hawke/Keating years</a>.
<img src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/43769/area14mp/pdr4v67g-1394673302.jpg">
Australia has massive coal resources, as this 2012 map shows. <a class="source" href="/news" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Geoscience Australia</a>, <a class="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">CC BY</a>
It’s not hard to see why the bipartisan consensus on coal persists. Coal is the <a href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/tradematters/qld" target="_blank">biggest export earner for Queensland</a> and <a href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/tradematters/nsw" target="_blank">New South Wales</a>, and our second biggest nationally, worth <a href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/trade/trade-at-a-glance-2013/trade_performance_at_a_glance/part03_australias_trade_and_economic_statistics" target="_blank">A$41 billion in 2012</a>.
So here’s the surprising part. Over the past year, Newman has been asking Queenslanders to come up with a 30-year vision for the state, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nM1rYlhjGVg" target="_blank">beyond politics, and beyond the next 10 elections</a>. It will be a genuine reflection of our collective aspirations for the future.”
Nearly 80,000 people have had their say – and in the draft plan currently under review by the state government, coal doesn’t rate a mention.
By the people, for the people
The Queensland government’s <a href="https://queenslandplan.qld.gov.au/">Queensland Plan</a> is significant because it’s among the most extensive public consultation processes ever undertaken by an Australian or state government. A leading American planning consultant and adviser to the Premier, <a href="https://www.nxtconsulting.com/team">Steven Ames</a>, describes the effort being made to hear views from across the state as a “virtuous circle”:
"Bottom line, the more engaged the public, and the more aware the government of public perceptions, the more effective and long-lasting outcomes that can be expected." – Ames, correspondence with the author.
Launched early last year, there have been major summits in Mackay and Brisbane, dozens of workshops and <a href="https://queenslandplan.qld.gov.au/journey/">hundreds of meetings across the state</a>, as well as online surveys and discussions, all feeding into a <a href="https://queenslandplan.qld.gov.au/journey/public-review-working-draft/assets/qld-plan-working-draft.pdf">draft 30-year plan</a>. The final plan will be <a href="https://queenslandplan.qld.gov.au/next-steps/">released in mid-2014</a>.
Subtitled “Our working draft created by Queenslanders, for Queensland”, the <a href="https://queenslandplan.qld.gov.au/journey/public-review-working-draft/assets/qld-plan-working-draft.pdf">44-page draft plan</a> distills all that community consultation into nine key subjects: education, community, regions, economy, health and well-being, environment, people, infrastructure, and governance.
More thorough than any public opinion poll, the draft Queensland Plan shows that Queenslanders want regional development and livable communities, but importantly they want these to be innovative, sustainable, and supportive of emerging industries.
Surprisingly, “coal” is nowhere to be found in the draft Queensland Plan. Instead, people have expressed a clear preference for developing agriculture, ecotourism, education, research and development, and alternative energy.
Among the top 35 goals outlined are that “We protect the environment” and “We invest in and adopt sustainable and renewable solutions”. Asked “What does success look like?” in achieving that latter goal, Queenslanders have said “Renewable energy will be the norm.”
An animated summary of the draft Queensland Plan and what Queenslanders say they want.
Article continues on next page. Please click below.
<hr class="system-pagebreak">
Envisaging a different future
For so many people from such a coal-reliant state to envisage a generational shift away from coal is remarkable.
<img src="https://62e528761d0685343e1c-f3d1b99a743ffa4142d9d7f1978d9686.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/files/43771/area14mp/8f84wdp6-1394673904.jpg">
Coal mines operating in Queensland (shown in red) and coal deposits (shown in yellow). Map created using interactive tools on 13 March 2014. <a class="source" href="https://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Australian Mines Atlas</a>, <a class="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">CC BY</a>
But it mirrors some other shifts in public sentiment and behaviour, in which ordinary Australians have moved ahead of politicians – sometimes catching federal and state governments off-guard.
Even a few years ago, who would have confidently predicted the recent trends in rooftop solar power? Certainly not major power companies like AGL, which have <a href="https://reneweconomy.com.au/2014/massive-losses-hit-energyaustralia-as-demand-falls-solar-soars-67443" target="_blank">reported hits to their profits</a> as more Australians try to control their rising power bills by going solar. Between March 2011 and the end of 2013, the proportion of Australian homes with solar panels more than doubled <a href="https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/latest/three-million-sleep-under-solar-rooftops/story-e6frg90f-1226852425006" target="_blank">from 7.5% in March 2011 to 16%</a>, representing more than 3 million people.
However, imagining a future without significant coal export revenues will be harder for political leaders from both major parties.
For instance, even while the Gillard government was introducing a carbon tax, it went to great lengths to reassure its heartland about the future for coal, with Climate Change Minister <a href="https://www.climatechange.gov.au/ministers/hon-greg-combet-am-mp/media-release/gillard-government-supports-coal-mining-jobs" target="_blank">Greg Combet declaring in 2011</a>: “I can assure coal miners that their industry has a bright future under a carbon price.”
Will politicians listen?
Campbell Newman has shown himself to be a commendably unorthodox political leader in conceiving and championing such an inclusive, forward-thinking process as the Queensland Plan.
Campbell Newman invites Queenslanders to have their say on the state’s future.
So now the question is whether both sides of politics will heed the sentiment so strongly articulated in this bold 30-year community vision for Australia’s leading coal state.
Ultimately, it is a vision that neither the Liberal National Party nor Labor can ignore.
The alternative, as the people have rightly identified, leaves us dependent on the hope that Asia’s major coal consumers will never clean up their own industries. It’s <a href="https://www.smithschool.ox.ac.uk/research/stranded-assets/Stranded%20Down%20Under%20Report.pdf">a risky strategy</a>, as <a href="https://reneweconomy.com.au/2013/iea-casts-doubt-future-queensland-mega-coal-mines-51236">more analysts</a> are warning, particularly as our region’s economic powerhouse and main Australian market, China, has announced its own <a href="https://www.bna.com/china-outlines-environmental-n17179882762/">“war on pollution”</a> – much of it generated by burning coal.
John Cole is executive director, Institute for Resilient Regions at University of Southern Queensland.
John Cole is a member of the finance management committee of the Queensland Trust For Nature, a not-for-profit organisation that buys private property to protect at-risk ecosystems and secures management solutions through commercial contracts on privately-owned land. He was a delegate at the Queensland Plan Brisbane summit in November 2013, participated in a recent online "webjam" as an expert on balancing environmental protection and economic development, and remains actively involved in the Queensland Plan process. However, all opinions in this article are his.
This article was originally published on <a href="https://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a>.
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po-LsXgBTHBmX

Queensland, Australia’s biggest coal state plans for life beyond coal

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It's becoming increasingly popular - renting out an unused parking space or garage and cashing in on your vacant space.
In inner city areas, and areas where parking is tight, this can be potentially lucrative.
However, it might also be illegal in some areas - with Brisbane City Council warning against it, suggesting that fines and even a court visit might be in order for those doing it.
The Courier Mail recently reported that a council spokesperson said that there had been eight complaints about 'black-market car parks' in the past year, but that enforcement notices had rectified the problem.
“If a car park is not used for the primary purpose of the property – for example, a home or an office – and the space is being charged for use, under the Brisbane City Plan 2000 a car park application is necessary,” the spokesperson told The Courier Mail.
However, despite this, it isn't actually a new revelation.
In 2012, in the Brisbane Times, they looked at the same issue. A Brisbane City spokesperson also said that it's cut and dry "illegal".
“If a resident is charging someone to park their vehicle on private property, they are essentially operating a business," they were told.
“This business would be defined as a car park under the City Plan [and] all commercial carparks require city planning approval.”
Despite this, car park renting continues to swell in Brisbane with many believing that they do not have to notify anyone of the arrangement.
In 2012, ParkingMadeEasy.com.au start-up founder Daniel Battaglia was in <a href="https://www.startupsmart.com.au/legal-matters/sydney-start-up-in-bizarre-car-parking-fight-with-wa-mayor/201208247357%20" target="_blank">a similar argument with a mayor in Western Australia</a>.
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jduke-EHk3XBmHkn

Renting out a car space without approval? It may be illegal

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Toowoomba has a lot going for it, real estate-wise.
<a href="https://matusikmissive.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Picture3.png"><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-7422" src="https://matusikmissive.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Picture3.png" alt="Picture3"></a>
The good news
The city has just entered a residential recovery.  It is Australia’s largest non-capital inland city. It is the ‘service town’ of the Surat Basin, which is expected to become Australia’s largest energy province.
Yet the city has a diverse economic base and now, a secure water supply.  Toowoomba already holds significant regional infrastructure and several new projects have just been announced.
The challenges 
The city, however, does face some challenges.
The largest is its changing demographics.  Toowoomba’s age structure is polarised, on one hand a significant proportion of its population is aging, whilst on the other a younger buyer and rental group is emerging.
<blockquote>
Toowoomba’s age structure is polarised, on one hand a significant proportion of its population is aging, whilst on the other a younger buyer and rental group is emerging.
</blockquote>
Yet with this demographic shift comes opportunities.
Market recovery
The ingredients that characterise a market recovery are all in place in Toowoomba.
A major regional city
Few realise how big Toowoomba already is, holding 160,000 permanent residents, with its population expected to exceed 200,000 within the next two decades.
The City services a much bigger area, acting as the ‘hub’ for much of the production which occurs west of Brisbane.
In a typical year for example, over half of the trade moving through the Port of Brisbane travels to or emanates from the Toowoomba area. 
Matusik Property Pulse™
Our modelling suggests a growing need for more residential construction in Toowoomba.
This, in turn, will further help increase employment.
Bottom line 
We do expect prices and rents to increase, and maybe sharply, over the next 12 to 14 months as Toowoomba’s recovery gains momentum.
Investors today can anticipate some price growth.  Rents should continue to grow, and most likely strongly in Toowoomba into the future.
But demographics drive the property market and Toowoomba’s twin age peaks (young and old) mean that price growth post 2016 is likely to remain subdued.
Be careful not to pay too much.
Visit Michael's <a href="https://www.matusik.com.au/" target="_blank">website</a>, read <a href="https://www.matusikmissive.com.au/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">his blog</a>, follow him on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ThinkMatusik?fref=ts" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Facebook</a> and <a href="https://www.twitter.com/michaelmatusik" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Twitter</a>, or connect via <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/michaelmatusik" rel="nofollow">LinkedIn</a>.
<a href="https://matusik.com.au/products/toowoomba-market-outlook-report/" target="_blank" style="line-height: 1.3em;">Go here</a> for the full Matusik Market Outlook Report on Toowoomba.
Photo courtesy of Alan Henderson/Flickr/<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons</a>.
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michaelmatusik-49YzLvdmNv

Toowoomba's shifting demographics an opportunity for investors

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Koongal, Queenslander renter Joel Adams recently went to Queensland’s The Morning Bulletin saying that a Rockhampton real estate agency denied his tenancy application “because I am fat”.
The agency has since responded, although not identified by The Bulletin, quoted as saying they acted appropriately and the reasons for not approving his application had nothing to do with his weight.
Fifty-three year old Adams contests that the agent called him after he went to a Park Avenue open home inspection earlier this month saying that he would have trouble with the cleaning due to his size.
He said the agent told him he would have a similar problem with other real estate agents in Rockhampton.
Considering that three in five Australian adults are classified overweight or obese based on their BMI, or more than 12 million people, Property Observer suggests that property managers may find tenants thin on the ground if they start holding them to weight standards. Monash University suggests that by 2025, this figure could be close to 80% of Australians.
In remote and outer regional areas, this number shoots up by more than 30% compared to the cities, according to the Government’s Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Late last year The Morning Bulletin reported themselves that Central Queensland (Gladstone/Rockhampton) is one of the regions with the highest obesity rate – at 39% as recorded for 2011/2012.
Property managers and investors must abide by the Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 (Qld) that warns against unlawfully discriminating based on a personal attribute.
Tenants have the right to contact the Anti-Discrimination Commission of Queensland (ACDQ) if they believe they have been discriminated against unlawfully.
Not all discrimination is against the law, even if it unfair, explains the ADCQ.
Discriminating based on the following is certainly against the law:
<ul>
<li>Family responsibilities 
</li>
<li>Sexuality 
</li>
<li>Gender identity 
</li>
<li>Sex (whether they are female or male) 
</li>
<li>Relationship or parental status (whether they are married, single, widowed, divorced, separated or living with someone as if they were married (de facto, including same sex de facto), and whether they have children or not) 
</li>
<li>Race 
</li>
<li>Age (whether they are young or old) 
</li>
<li>Impairment (whether they have or have had a physical, intellectual, psychiatric or mental disability, injury or illness, including whether they are HIV+, or use a guide dog, wheelchair or some other remedial device) 
</li>
<li>Religious belief or activity 
</li>
<li>Political belief or activity 
</li>
<li>Trade union activity 
</li>
<li>Lawful sexual activity (a lawfully employed sex worker) 
</li>
<li>Pregnancy or breastfeeding 
</li>
<li>Association with or relation to someone who has any of these listed attributes or personal characteristics</li>
</ul>
“Real estate and property agents have the right to select the most appropriate tenant or purchaser provided that the decision is not based on unlawful discrimination. Tenants, potential tenants and property buyers should be assessed on their individual merits rather than on the basis of bias or prejudice. Unfair assumptions about people because of their age, sex, race, parental status etc can result in unlawful discrimination. Real estate agents and property owners therefore have the right to select a tenant primarily on the basis of the tenant’s ability to fulfil basic tenancy responsibilities such as paying the rent on time and maintaining the premises,” notes the ADCQ.
For more information, you can <a href="/news">read a booklet from the ADCQ here</a>.
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Renter claims tenancy application rejected for being “fat”, agency denies claim

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The Australian Government Actuary’s latest strata title pricing report has the Insurance Council of Australia saying that the system in Queensland is efficient and that intervention cannot be justified.
This comes after the <a href="/expert-insights/north-queensland-strata-property-owners-slugged-with-massive-insurance-premium-increases">Strata Community Australia Queensland branch president Simon Barnard said that strata insurances had skyrocketed</a> – up 200% over the last five years in some instances.
This is the second report on Strata Title Insurance Price Rises in North Queensland, and ICA’s CEO Rob Whelan said that the conclusion is that North Queensland has much higher risk compared to other markets, and that pricing is “reasonable”.
“The Australian Government Actuary conducted a thorough and independent investigation using claims data going back to 2005-6. The report provides the facts about strata pricing in east coast and northern Australian insurance markets, and explains the complex pricing factors in play in the volatile North Queensland market,” said Whelan.
He said that the report notes insurers are not gouging and are instead providing appropriate risk-priced products after a period of underpricing, which now reflects the region’s exposure to cyclones.
“The report supports the evidence that insurers have provided to the Federal and Queensland governments since 2011, and also demonstrates that pricing is reasonable,” he said.
Despite noting that the prices are reasonable, Whelan said that they are looking into developing affordability initiatives looking to show the relationship between risk, available data and premiums.
“Market driven responses are the only practical and appropriate solution, and we implore governments to take this report into account before considering any form of intervention,” he said.
“The greatest risk for governments in market intervention is reduced competition and consequently further negative pricing pressures for consumers.”
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North Queensland strata insurance prices are reasonable: Insurance Council of Australia

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Just over a year ago I started pushing an argument for investment in Queensland regional centres <a href="/expert-insights/buying/change-is-the-only-constant-in-real-estate-terry-ryder">like Cairns, the Sunshine Coast and Hervey Bay</a>.
It seemed like a big call because those locations – and others with similar CVs – had been poor performers in the previous three, four or five years.
But with hotspotting the future is the most important thing and the past is often irrelevant – because, in real estate, things change.
Cairns, the Sunshine Coast and Hervey Bay had several things in common. They had struggled in recent times because their economies were dependent largely on tourism, which is volatile at the best of times and had been through a rough patch. Their property markets had suffered badly from oversupply and prices had gone backwards.
But it was apparent in the early part of 2013 that important changes were happening. The previous surpluses had been largely soaked up. Tourism was improving. Local councils were working hard to diversify their local economies and find ways to attract new business.
And, most importantly, big money was being directed into significant new infrastructure. Growth was on the way back to these coastal cities.
The latest quarterly Market Monitor from the Real Estate Institute of Queensland confirms that these locations, and a couple of other coastal cities, are back on the growth path.
In the March quarter the median house price for Cairns rose 5.6%, the Fraser Coast (Hervey Bay) was up 3% and the Sunshine Coast rose 2%. Other growth was recorded in Rockhampton (3%), Townsville (2%) and the Gold Coast (4%).
As I have often pointed out, median prices can be a dodgy way to gauge markets. But when all data is pointing in the same direction, you can start to believe it. Particularly when other research arrives at the same conclusion.
That other research is our charting of sales volumes, which show that many <a href="/expert-insights/investing/forget-the-gold-coast-its-regional-queensland-leading-the-charge">Queensland regional markets have strong forward momentum</a>, headed by Cairns, the Sunshine Coast and the Gold Coast, and followed by Hervey Bay and Townsville.
Another Queensland regional market that’s had my vote in recent years <a href="/expert-insights/buying/regional-hotspot-toowoomba-shows-great-investor-potential">is the inland city of Toowoomba</a>, and this is another location moving in a positive direction.
In many ways, Toowoomba has been the success story of Queensland real estate in recent times. Market Monitor published data on the percentage of recent sales which made a profit and Toowoomba led the state for houses with a 95% success rate, ahead of Brisbane at 95% and Rockhampton on 87%. It also led the field for units, with 92% of sales making a profit.
Toowoomba also has a low vacancy rate, at 1.4%, is the fastest-selling region in terms of average days on the market and recorded an 8.2% rise in its median house price over the year to the end of March, with the unit median up 6%.
These regional Queensland cities are poised for a sustained period of growth, boosted by population growth, growing economies and, above all, infrastructure spending.
You can contact Terry via   <a href="https://mailto:ryder@hotspotting.com.au" target="_blank">email</a> or on <a href="https://www.twitter.com/hotspotting" target="_blank">Twitter</a>.
Photo of Hervey Bay courtesy of Greg Schecter/Flickr/<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" target="_blank">Creative Commons</a>.
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terryryder-YECXbqmri2

Regional Queensland back on the growth path with sustained momentum

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Concerns about building approval lapses in the Mackay region has prompted the Queensland Housing and Public Works Minister Tim Mander to review certification requirements in high wind areas.
A compliance audit by the Queensland Building and Construction Commission inspected 112 properties and identified 11 which failed to meet acceptable framing requirements.
“Those results are unacceptable which is why we need to take a close look at the certification system as a whole,” Tim Mander said.
There are currently approximately 409 licensed building certifiers in Queensland, which represents about one third the number of certifiers registered within the states of New South Wales (1,298 certifiers) and Victoria (1,206 certifiers).
Due to the lower numbers, it has been suggested that Queensland’s certifiers are on average subjected to higher workloads than those practising within New South Wales and Victoria. The lower numbers have raised concerns about the capacity of Queensland certifiers to adequately undertake their legislative responsibilities, such as on-site inspections. 
Mander said the review would examine probity, conflicts of interest, quality and accountability for private certifiers to ensure the certification system was responsive to the needs of consumers and the industry.
“As well as looking at certification the review will examine potential improvements to the Building Act that will further cut costs and reduce delays,” he said.
The review will be led by construction-law barrister and licensed builder Andrew Wallace.
<a href="https://www.hpw.qld.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/ReviewOfTheBuildingAct1975AndBuildingCertificationInQueenslandDiscussionPaper.pdf" target="_blank" style="line-height: 1.3em;">A discussion paper is available</a> with comments being sought until 25 July, 2014.
About 40% of the complaints about private certifiers received by the Commission relate to building development approvals being given without the prerequisite planning approval or in ways that are inconsistent with planning scheme provisions. 
There are approximately 409 building certifiers currently licensed in Queensland. Of these, around 347 are private certifiers. Australian Bureau of Statistics data suggests there were up to 108,877 building approvals issued last year in Queensland. The majority of these approvals are believed to have been issued by private certifiers as most local governments have withdrawn from providing in-house certification services. 
Private certification has reduced the income of local governments. 
The Commission currently receives 56 complaints about private certifiers per year (40% of total complaints received) related to planning matters, mostly from local governments. The matters are usually related to a certifier allegedly misinterpreting a local government planning scheme.
The discussion papers noted a perceived flaw with the system of private certification as the potential for conflicts of interest.
"As private certifiers perform a regulatory role, they must act in the public interest.
"However private certifiers usually have ongoing commercial relationships with individual builders who engage them to provide certification services.
"A potential conflict of interest may arise where a certifier may be tempted to enforce the building standards less strictly in order to preserve that commercial relationship."
Despite the potential for some improvements, there appear to be comparatively few complaints about certifier conduct in Queensland.
Article continues on the next page. Please click below.
<hr class="system-pagebreak">
While there were up to 108,877 building approvals issued last year in Queensland, the Queensland Building and Construction Commission receives on average 140 complaints per year about building certifiers. 
Of the total average complaints received, only 35% (or 49 per year) resulted in a negative decision and disciplinary action being taken against the certifier. This broadly equates to one complaint per 2,222 approvals per year.
The building legislation provides that buildings must be inspected throughout construction at the stages generally stated within the building development approval. It is usually the building certifier who decides what inspections will be required for any given project.
However, for detached houses, sheds, carports (class 1a and 10 buildings and structures) the building legislation prescribes minimum inspections to be conducted at certain stages. These mandatory, or “critical” inspections must be conducted at footing, slab, frame, and final stage. There is also a mandatory inspection for temporary fence stage inspections (swimming pools only).
Inspection guidelines assist certifiers to fulfil their legislative obligations regarding the critical inspections.
"Despite the existing inspection regime, the Commission encounters recurring building defects relating to wet area waterproofing, waterproofing of exterior decks and balconies and fire-separating wall construction. With the recurring nature of these defects, consideration may be given to increasing the number of mandatory inspections," the discussion paper noted.
The Building Act 1975 was introduced in Queensland in 1975 and prescribed, for the first time, standard building by-laws for all building work in Queensland. It commenced on 1 April, 1976.
The Building Code of Australia (now known as the National Construction Code) was introduced in the early 1990s and replaced the standard building by-laws. It introduced a nationally consistent set of minimum building standards.
In 1998, the system of private certification commenced in Queensland with the aim of improving efficiency and flexibility within the construction industry, and introducing competition into the choice of service providers. The system also reflected National Competition Policy reforms at the time.
There have been a number of reviews of the Building Act 1975 and the system of private certification since their introduction, including in 2003 and 2006. These reviews implemented a number of improvements including mandatory planning and regulatory training for certifiers, amendments to the certifier’s code of conduct, improved documentation requirements and introducing on-the-spot fines for building certifiers who failed to meet their legislative obligations.
In August 2011, the Queensland government commenced a further review of building certification and released the discussion paper Improving building certification in Queensland for public consultation. The results of the consultation and proposed improvements were being considered by government but the review process was put on hold when the Parliamentary Inquiry into the former Queensland Building Services Authority was announced. The discussion paper was subsequently referred to the inquiry for consideration.
On 2 August 2012, the Legislative Assembly directed the Transport, Housing and Local government Parliamentary Committee to inquire into and report on the operation and performance of the Queensland Building Services Authority in its regulation of the construction industry.
The Parliamentary Committee tabled its report in November 2012. The report contained 41 recommendations based on the information received throughout the public briefing, the public hearing process and written submissions.
The Queensland government provided its response to the report in May 2013 in the form of a Ten Point Action Plan released by the Minister for Housing and Public Works, the Honourable Tim Mander MP.
An implementation committee was established to oversee the implementation of all items in the Ten Point Action Plan and report back to government.
Action Item 9 of the Ten Point Action Plan committed the government to undertake a review of the role of private certifiers practising in Queensland. The item places an emphasis on probity, conflicts of interest, quality and appropriate accountability for private certifiers to ensure they adequately perform their functions. 
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jchancellor-FAypfDUnLy

High wind residential building lapses prompts Queensland inquiry into private certification

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Owners of strata properties in North Queensland have been hit by insurance premium increases of up to 200% over the past five years and the industry is calling for action to alleviate the strain.
Strata Community Australia Queensland branch president Simon Barnard, who is also a principal of Hartley's Body Corporate Management, said skyrocketing strata insurance premiums were affecting owners’ corporations across North Queensland.
Barnard said under state laws, strata buildings must be insured to full replacement value.
“There’s no option to not insure or to self-insure and that put enormous pressure on owners and property values. In some cases the debts became worth more than the properties,” he said.
Between 2007 and 2012, strata premiums in North Queensland rose by around 200% as strata insurance underwriters realised they had previously under-priced their policies in the wake of Cyclone Yasi.
Barnard said there was currently no mechanism for insurers to use to differentiate risk between individual properties.
“If you’ve got a brand new building that’s cyclone rated next to an old one that’s not, they are currently paying the same insurance,” he said.
North Queensland presents a greater risk to insurers than other regions as it is more prone to severe weather events. An Australian Government Actuary study in 2012 found that strata insurers in the region spent $130 on claims, commissions and operating expenses for every $100 of premium they earned.
At present only two insurers – IAG and Suncorp – offer cover to new strata buildings in North Queensland. Other strata insurers have exited the North Queensland market, or limited their exposure by only offering renewals.
Barnard said more competition would help to lower premiums, as would measures to allow insurers to better assess the risks of individual strata properties.
The federal government released a discussion paper examining the high cost of home and strata title insurance in North Queensland on 9 May and is calling for submissions by 2 June.
Minister for Finance Mathias Cormann noted in the discussion paper that homeowners in North Queensland were paying premiums around two and a half times higher than Queenslanders who live in the state’s south.
The paper also noted that home contents insurance prices across Australia had risen at twice the rate of the consumer price index since 2009, while home buildings insurance prices had risen at six times CPI.
Properties in North Queensland were worst affected with average premiums for combined home and contents policies in that region around two and a half times those in Queensland’s southern cities.
Average premiums for home and contents insurance for a property with no or little flood risk for a sum insured of about $300,000 for building and $80,000 for contents could range from $3,000 to $6,000 a year.
Adding to the costs for owners’ corporations, the Queensland state government has recently lifted stamp duty on strata insurance products to 9% from 7.5%.
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zfielding-GvX3Uq9KTa

North Queensland strata property owners slugged with massive insurance premium increases

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Serra Property Group are offering a free scooter with their one-bedroom apartments. The <a href="https://38highst.com.au/" target="_blank">38 High Street</a> Toowong, Queensland development (pictured above) does not come with car parks.
Bruce Goddard, marketing the properties through Place Projects, notes that buyers don’t need a car.
“There are a multitude of public transport options, with a bus stop just 10 metres away, the Toowong train station 50-metres away and the CityCat located 500 metres away, and being an inner city suburb, situated only a few kilometres from the CBD, it’s very easy to get around,” said Goddard.
The scooters provide an “added convenience” he said, with the developer only recently introducing the incentive. He noted it had been well received so far.
“You don’t need a motorbike licence to operate the scooter, only a car licence, so it appeals to most people, and we’re throwing in not only the scooter, but also a year’s registration and a helmet,” he said.
The remaining property includes half of the scooter-eligible one-bedroom apartments, and half two-bedroom apartments. They range from 51 square metres to 87 square metres and are priced from $378,000 to $795,000.
This isn’t the first time a developer has thought up the scooter enticement.
In a South Yarra development from Spec Property Group, <a href="/news/vic/vespa-offer-to-entice-buyers-to-south-yarra-one-bedroom-apartments">buyers were being offered a Vespa on the one-bedroom apartments</a>. Up to 20 were on offer, however these apartments – without car spaces – did come with scooter spaces.
Those one-bedroom apartments ranged from $339,000 to $445,000, between 39 square metres and 45 square metres.
Notably, Vespas are worth from $4,000 to $9,500, depending on the model.
The Vespa incentive first appeared in Jacksonville Florida, with buyers at the Chelsea Lofts being able to choose between receiving a Vespa, having their homeowner association fees paid for a year or getting a plasma TV.
Another popular buying incentive, this time offered on established properties, was in the form of food. Or, more specifically, ice cream.
A year’s supply was on offer for the <a href="/news/an-ice-cream-auction-incentive-to-entice-prospective-buyers">buyer of a newly renovated Albert Park house</a>.
This same technique was used <a href="/news/nsw/ice-cream-giveaway-with-camperdown-cottage-offering">six months earlier for the sale of a Camperdown cottage</a>.
Here are some examples of incentives previously offered by developers, from <a href="/expert-insights/building/from-10-000-to-50-000-residential-developers-tempt-buyers-with-incentives">covering your mortgage repayments to doubling your deposit</a>.
Developers have also been known to offer <a href="/expert-insights/building/new-cars-10-000-cheques-and-free-home-size-upgrades-six-spring-incentives-from-house-and-land-developers-and-builders">anything from cars, to providing you the property without a deposit</a>.
Property Observer readers were previously of the opinion that offerings in the form of incentives, such as <a href="/news/frequent-flyer-points-might-be-a-gimmick-but-will-off-the-plan-buyers-be-attracted-by-the-incentives">the trend of providing frequent flyer points based on the value of the purchase</a>, would indeed entice buyers. Of those who were polled, 71.4% said 'Yes', buyers would be tempted.
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Developer offers free scooter, but no car park, to encourage off the plan apartment sale

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The besieged Queensland government has moved to retrospectively legalise the state's "differential council rates" system which was recently found by the Supreme Court to be illegal.
The anti-investor legislation covers the 20 Queensland Councils that charge higher rates for investor ratepayers. <a href="/news/qld/mackay-investors-gear-up-for-council-rates-legal-challenge">Property Observer reported the pending challenge</a> last October.
The Local Government Minister David Crisafulli introduced amendments to prevent ratepayers from having the money returned to them, and to allow councils to continue using the differential rates system after letters from the Local Government Association and Brisbane City Council.
Up to $300 million in higher rates are collected annually from “non-owner occupied homes” across Queensland by councils
Crisafulli said it was not up to him as local government minister to decide if it was "good policy for councils" to use a differential residential rating system.
But the amendments cleared up "any doubt about whether councils are able to issue differential rates for owner occupied versus investors".
<a href="/news/qld/the-queensland-councils-charging-higher-rates-for-investors">Twenty of Queensland's largest councils</a> including Brisbane, Gold Coast, Townsville, and Moreton Bay Regional Council use differential rates policy for residential homes and units.
Brisbane City Council introduced the policy under former lord mayor Jim Soorley in 1992 and Mackay Regional Council was the last of 20 councils to introduce it for 2012-13.
The Local Government Association - on behalf of other councils - is challenging the Supreme Court's ruling that Mackay was wrong to introduce the scheme, however Queensland councils need to bring down budgets within the next month. 
It has emerged there is throughout Queensland councils a little-known residential rates category that sees people who own a property - but do not live in it -  being hit with a larger rates bill than people who live in the home they own.
Some councils call it an "investor" residential rates category, others called it the "non-owner occupier" rates category.
The Supreme Court ruled last month that Mackay Regional Council's decision to apply the "differential rates" system was illegal. Mackay investment home owners were being charged an extra $200 a year above the normal rates.
The ratepayers, who call themselves the Mackay Investor Rates Committee, welcomed Supreme Court judge Justice Duncan McMeekin who ruled it was illegal for Mackay to charge a different rate.
Mackay Regional Council faces a refund bill of $1.6 million on 7,700 properties for 2013-14.
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