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In <a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/residential/land/understanding-land-valuation/2011080851071" title="Understanding land valuation" target="_blank">part one </a>of a two-part series on land valuation, we examined the nuts and bolts of what you need to know. In part two, we talk about the people who are part of the process: valuers and real estate agents.
VALUERS 
Valuations are ordered when a definitive value for a property where finance, settling a dispute, or establishing the value of a deceased estate is required. 
There are many valuation firms that are hired both by buyers and buyers’ agents, vendors and developers and lending institutions, bringing an independent eye that can provide essential knowledge to ensure that all parties can make an informed decision about a particular property on the market and its deemed market value.  The valuation of residential property is a diverse field and includes suburban residential, prestige homes, beachfront dwellings, thousand-lot multi-stage residential subdivisions to smaller scale unit developments and commercial/retail. 
A certified practising valuer will conduct a full inspection of the nominated property, carry out research and analysis into the local market with comparisons to recent sales and submit a detailed report providing information and commentary on issues affecting the current market value of the property. 
Typically reports include:
<ul>
<li>An executive summary detailing the property and business.</li>
<li>A site appraisal specifying;</li>
<li>Land particulars </li>
<li>Improvements </li>
<li>Market comments </li>
<li>Income analysis </li>
<li>Sales evidence </li>
<li>Rationale </li>
<li>A valuation reporting summing up the analysis. </li>
</ul>
There are three ways a valuer may value the subject property:
<ol>
<li>Full value – this involves the valuer undertaking a full inspection of the property, including an internal inspection.</li>
<li>Kerbside – the valuer literally stops outside the property and does not undertake an internal inspection.</li>
<li>Desktop – this involves the valuer collecting comparable sales data based on the description of the property and where no physical site inspection takes place. 
</li>
</ol>
Depending upon who has ordered the valuation determines how they will use it.
For buyers who are not sure if they are paying too much or how much to offer, <a title="Property Checks" href="https://htw.com.au/services/researchcentre.aspx"></a>a pre-purchase valuation will give reassurance about the price and many other aspects of the property before an offer is made.  As a buyer, you can use the valuation to your advantage as a bargaining tool if the valuation comes in lower than the vendor is asking.  You may also be able to do your own research and provide the valuer with comparable sales that are favourable to you.  The valuation may also confirm that what you intend to offer or what the vendor is asking is market value – but it doesn’t hurt to always put in a lower offer – you just never know if the vendor will accept or not. 
When ordering your independent valuation, you may ask for it to be formatted so that it can also be submitted to the bank in their formatted criteria and ask for it to be assigned to say in two bank names, therefore when the time comes for the bank to order a valuation, you have one on file that hopefully matches what you are trying to achieve – lower than market value or at least on contract price.  You may also be able to ask the bank to provide you finance based on the higher valuation, rather than contract price, therefore providing you with a higher loan-to-valuation ratio. 
When selling, present the valuer with information including recent comparable sales and points about your property that presents it in the best light.  Ensure the presentation reflects the price you are trying to achieve, e.g. gardens are manicured, cleaned fixtures and fittings throughout the property, declutter or accessorise fashionably. 
On the flipside, if you want a new valuation on your existing asset base so you can draw upon the equity to further your portfolio, this is when it would be in your interest to get the valuation as high as possible.  
<ul>
<li>For developers and vendors, the report will give them an idea of how to market their property and at what price point.  Too high a price and they won’t get the buyers they require, too low a price and they won’t make the profit margin they projected.  Again, an independent valuation is a tool they can use to provide buyers proof that what they are asking is fair market price.</li>
<li>Lending institutions will always order a valuation when you are taking out a loan for a new purchase or if you want to draw equity from your existing portfolio.  They need to know that the money they are lending you is financially secured by that asset and this will form the basis of their LVR (loan to value ratio) and will also provide them with a realistic sale price should they need to sell the property quickly (normally referred to as a fire sale).</li>
</ul>
Find out which valuers sit on particular banks panels by either asking the bank, broker or asking the valuer themselves.  Also find out which areas they usually value and what types of properties they value.  A bank won’t accept a valuation if the valuation firm is not on their panel.  
REAL ESTATE AGENTS 
A real estate agent has the obligation to get the best price for the vendor and will use databases and their knowledge of the local market and recent sales to provide a “market appraisal” when you wish to sell your property.  These appraisals are intended as a guide only and are not the definitive price which may be achieved for that property. 
Appoint an agent who is acutely familiar with your suburb and who does not work outside the area.  An agent who works outside of the area may result in an appraisal that is too high and not achievable, or too low essentially providing a property below market value. 
Be wary of agents who quote an extremely high price and therefore providing you with an unrealistic expectation of the final sale value.  They may be doing this just to get your business and you may wonder why you do not have any viewings.  Vendors are soon conditioned to lower their asking price to meet the market feedback.  Again, conduct your own due diligence on pricing in your local area. 
On the other hand, agents who value too low not only hurt the vendor with the end result, but can ultimately bring down values of an area if the sale is then used as comparable data with professional valuation firms and professional property databases, such as RP Data. 
As a buyer, using the services of professional database firms and independent valuers as a tool for your negotiation with the vendor and agent, plus finding out the true motivation for that sale (e.g. bought elsewhere, divorce, financial stress) and using it to your advantage, may assist you in saving thousands of dollars and purchasing that property under market value. 
If your offer has been accepted at a particular price and the valuation comes in very low after the initial offer period, I would ask for strong evidence as to why you would continue with the purchase at original agreed price based on the valuation you have received. 
At the end of the day, true market value is achieved when both parties agree on the final sale price and a settlement occurs. 
Although investing can be fun, exhilarating, scary and heart-stopping, it’s still a business and should be treated as such because that investing business could be worth millions.  I myself have called our investing “B’dearys Vision”.  It gives it a name and therefore is treated as a business entity.  Just because you like the tiles in the bathroom or the swimming pool or the colour of the walls does not necessarily make it a great investment, and it may cost you dearly investing with your heart.
While every effort has been made to ensure accuracy of this article, please refer to your state or territory’s Valuer General’s Office or Office of State Revenue for more detailed information and seek independent advice pertaining to a particular purchase.
Swarnie Condon is passionate about property investment with a total of nine properties in her portfolio.  Swarnie is co-author of the book Journeys Along the Property Path and founding partner of<a href="https://www.ipip.com.au" title="Inspirational People in Property" target="_blank"> Inspirational People in Property</a>.  Swarnie provides free mentoring services.
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swarniecondon-aTY2bgqmPh

The people involved in land valuation

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An individual property can be viewed from different perspectives such as home owner, investment or development and therefore the value of that property will be determined accordingly from that perspective. Knowing how and who values your property will assist you in making an informed decision about the buying, selling and holding process. 

There are three main types of valuations: 

<ol start="1">
<li>Valuer-General / Council Valuations</li>
	<li>Certified Valuers / Bank Valuations</li>
	<li>Real Estate Agent Appraisals / Market Value 
</li>
</ol>
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Valuer General/ Council Valuations 

Dependent upon which state or territory you live in, it is usually the role of the Valuer-General to oversee and provide updated land valuations for all properties in a local government area and to maintain complete, accurate and as current as possible valuation rolls for that State or Territory. Valuations are conducted annually in SA, Queensland and ACT, every two years for Victoria, every three years for NSW, WA and NT, every six years in Tasmania with a third of councils every two years. 

The Valuer-General is responsible for:

<ul>
<li>the provision of fair, accurate and consistent land values for rating and taxing purposes</li>
	<li>the determination of compensation following the compulsory acquisition of land</li>
	<li>providing leadership to the valuation industry and profession</li>
	<li>providing statutory valuations as required under the Land Act for that state or territory </li>
</ul>
The results of these valuations are provided to:

<ul>
<li>the Office of State Revenue annually, which manages and determines a landowner's land tax liability. Your principal place of residence is generally exempt from land tax.</li>
	<li>councils and other authorities such as water boards and emergency services as a basis for the levying of rates and taxes.</li>
	<li>departments to determine state land lease rent</li>
	<li>landowners via their notice of valuation, which is issued when their local government area is revalued.</li>
</ul>
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The Register of Land Values contains the following information:

<ol>
<li>the ownership of the land</li>
	<li>the occupation of the land</li>
	<li>the value of the land</li>
	<li>reference to the title of the land</li>
	<li>the location or description of the land</li>
	<li>the area of the land, and</li>
	<li>any other information as required by Valuation of Land Act for that particular state or territory. 
</li>
</ol>
Land values and council rating

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Councils use these land values to assist in the calculation of rates for local residents in one of three ways.

<ul>
<li>A combination of the land value of the property and a fixed amount per property.</li>
	<li>Entirely on the land value of the property.</li>
	<li>Entirely on the land value but subject to a minimum amount. </li>
</ul>
Fluctuations in land values don't necessarily lead to similar changes in rates. Rates depend on each councils rating structure and the limits to increases set by the various state and territory governments. The land value does not generally reflect the full sale price that could be obtained for the property. 

If you want to find out how your rates are calculated, contact your council. 

Land valuation process 

While states and territories differ in their approach and methodology, the general basis is that values are calculated using either the “unimproved land value” or the more common “site value” method. For the purpose of this article, I’ll use the NSW and Queensland methodologies for the explanation of each: 

NSW

<ol>
<li>Values refer to land value only, which does not include the value of your home or other improvements.</li>
	<li>Most land in NSW is valued using mass valuation, where properties are placed together and valued in groups called components. The properties in each component are similar or are likely to change in value in a similar way.</li>
	<li>Within each component, at least one representative property is valued individually each year to measure how much the value has changed from the previous year. The change in value is then applied to all properties within the component to determine their new value.</li>
	<li>Before undertaking valuations, valuers will inspect and analyse a large number of sales in a locality to gain in-depth understanding of what is happening in the real estate market. This information and the valuer’s expertise are then used to value the representative property.</li>
	<li>Where mass valuation is not appropriate, valuers will individually value the property.</li>
	<li>The most direct evidence for assessing land value is to compare the property being valued with the sale price of comparable vacant land sold around the time of the valuation date.</li>
	<li>During the valuation process, the valuer will examine the breadth of the real estate market including both vacant land and improved property sales. Valuers make allowance for the added value of any buildings or other structures on the land.</li>
	<li>Unsuitable sales, for example those between related parties, are not used to determine land values.</li>
	<li>When comparing property sales to the land being valued, the valuer may take a number of factors into consideration, including:</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>The location of the land, size and shape</li>
	<li>Soil type and land surface, such as slope</li>
	<li>Town planning controls and constraints on use, such as heritage restrictions</li>
	<li>Nearby development and amenities, such as parks, views, public transport and busy roads.</li>
	<li>Valuations are based on certain assumptions, including the property being vacant. The value of a home or other structures and improvements is not included. However, land improvements remain part of the land value, for example clearing, draining and filling of land. </li>
</ul>
Strata site land values 

<ol>
<li>The Valuer-General is responsible for determining the land value for the whole site of a strata scheme. The valuation will take into consideration the most valuable possible use for the whole site. This may exceed the current level of development on the site.</li>
	<li>The land value for individual strata units for council rating and land tax purposes is calculated using the land value for the whole site of the strata scheme and apportioned based on the unit entitlement listed in the strata plan.</li>
	<li>The Valuer General issues the secretary of the strata plan or the owners’ corporation with a Notice of Valuation showing the land value for the whole site of a strata scheme that will be used for rating purposes.</li>
</ol>
 

Queensland

From May 3 2011, the 58 rateable municipalities in Queensland have used the new site value methodology to value non-rural land and the unimproved value methodology to value rural land. 

Most landowners have seen very little difference in their new valuation as a result of the introduction of site value. Where there have been substantial site works made to land, landowners may see an increase in the value of the land. Approximately 95% of residential land in Queensland has not been significantly affected by the change in valuation methodology. However, the valuation of some residential land may have increased, such as land with water frontage. Other types of land also changed in value to reflect the difference in value between the land in its natural state (unimproved value) and its current state (site value).

For example, industrial estates that have been heavily filled, retained or levelled have seen the value of these improvements included in the land’s value. 

The new site value methodology has resulted in some properties, mainly commercial properties with significant leasing arrangements, having a reduction in their statutory land valuation as a result of the intangible elements no longer being considered in their valuation.

Swarnie Condon is an author of <a href="https://www.ipip.com.au/" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: #6888b1;" target="_blank" title="Journeys Along the Property Path">Journeys Along the Property Path: 12 real life stories of 12 property investors</a>, published by Inspirational People in Property.

 
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Understanding land valuation

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By the year 2000, we were on the lookout for our next dream home. We looked at several suburbs, but decided we wanted to build. Our focus turned to a new estate at Glenwood in north-west Sydney.
Again, I scoured the Homes Pictorial, which had progressed with the times and the listings were now in colour! We found a block that was 700 square metres and put our $500 holding fee on it. However, it was not all smooth sailing.
The sales agent made an error and got confused with the lot numbers, as there were five vacant lots in a row. The lot that we had decided on had actually already been bought just the day prior. I remember sitting at work and bawling my eyes out – I couldn’t believe it. I yelled and ranted at the agent and I wanted to sue! The principal of the agency was most apologetic and he refunded our money, and our search began again.
It was not long before I spotted another block for $210,000. I asked John to go and have a look, which he did. He took his dad along for assurance. The call in the afternoon said it all: it was ours for $205,000 and John had already put down a deposit.
There had been no discussion with me (you’ll read my payback about non-discussions further in our story) but I assumed that because he and his dad had seen it, it must have been great. In fact, it was a much better position than the block we lost just a couple of weeks earlier. It was meant to be.
It was time to sell our Guildford property to fund the construction of our new dream home. It sold for $218,000. We found a suitable builder (after visiting every single display home I could find) and moved in with my parents for nine months while our dream home was being built. During this time, our second daughter, Tia, was born.
We chose a lovely home from the Henley range of properties. By chance, a week after we signed the building contract, Henley hit the headlines on all the popular current affairs shows with their incredibly poor workmanship. John and I could only look at each other and wonder: what have we done?
Fortunately, we had no problems with <place>Henley</place> and we have a fantastic home that we plan to live in for many years to come.
The facts
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="95">
Purchase price 2001
</td>
<td valign="top" width="95">
Current value 2010
</td>
<td valign="top" width="91">
Rental start
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
Rental current
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
Yield current
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="95">
$420,000
</td>
<td valign="top" width="95">
$650,000
</td>
<td valign="top" width="91">
N/A
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
N/A
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
N/A
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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Missing out on our block was the best thing that ever happened

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It was the height of the boom in 2004, and as we walked our little girls around Glenwood, watching new houses being built, we discussed whether they will ever be able to afford a house when they grow up. In our suburb alone, prices were conservatively in the high $600,000s. During this walk we had a discussion that changed our lives. John knew a fellow policeman who was investing in property – so if they could do it on a policeman’s wage, why couldn’t we?
Not long after this conversation, on my regular train commute to work, my thoughts were consumed with property. I looked up and saw a ‘for sale’ sign on a property that was located literally opposite the Harris Park train station.
When I tried to search for that particular property on the internet, I couldn’t find it, but the first listing that popped up grabbed my attention. It was in dire need of help – bright blue, smoke-grimed walls, crappy carpet and hodge-podge kitchen – and it was cheap at $190,000.
At the time, prime-time TV was all about renovation rescue shows and I was caught up in the hype of it all. I thought, “Let’s go and renovate!” It wasn’t the thought of making lots of money that was driving me – just the idea of renovating.
I just really wanted to buy something and when I viewed the property, I saw the renovation potential. I perused the local newspapers to see how many other properties were on offer in that price range and to see how much a one-bedroom unit rented for. There wasn’t much to go by, so I called the agent to view the property and subsequently made an offer of $180,500, and it was accepted.
Before I put any money down, though, I had to convince John that it was a good buy. He came down and viewed the unit. I don’t think he was that enthused – he knew I just wanted to buy something for the sake of buying something. Still, he gave me the green light. Even my mortgage broker tried to talk me out of it, but I was adamant: this was going to be our first step towards financial freedom through property investing. I just knew it!
So where did we go wrong?
This renovation-rescue, one-bedroom unit was under 50 square metres, which made it more difficult to secure funding. Banks prefer to see properties that are at least 50m2 in size, as it means that a wider pool of people – including singles and couples – could potentially live in the property. We paid approximately $2,500 in lender’s mortgage insurance for the privilege of buying under 50m2. It was also in a 1970s red brick building and we purchased at the top of the <city><place>Sydney</place></city> boom, which crashed all of two months later.
We spent $5,000 on renovations, including replacing carpet, painting, light fittings and kitchen cupboard handles. John’s nightmare renovation task was to the paint the very 70s vermiculite ceiling – as he learnt, that stuff has limitless potential to soak up paint and our money.
As it turned out, it wasn’t the most astute investment decision we could have made. Over the past five years, the property actually decreased in value by about $5,000 – even with the renovations. Only in the past six months have we seen capital growth. But every cloud has a silver lining and in this instance, our mistakes have been softened by the property’s strong performance in the rental market. It’s always had good tenants and it takes care of itself, so we don’t have to think about it. Utopia would be for a developer to knock the whole block down, so there could be further potential there.
The facts
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="95">
Purchase Price 2004
</td>
<td valign="top" width="95">
Current value 2010
</td>
<td valign="top" width="91">
Rental start
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
Rental current
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
Yield current
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="95">
$180,500
</td>
<td valign="top" width="95">
$200,000
</td>
<td valign="top" width="91">
$150
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
$290
</td>
<td valign="top" width="90">
8.35%
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
This is an exerpt from  <a style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: #6888b1;" href="https://www.ipip.com.au/" title="Journeys Along the Property Path" target="_blank">Journeys Along the Property Path: 12 real life stories of 12 property investors</a>, published by Inspirational People in Property. Two of the authors are fighting breast cancer, and IPIP has aligned with the McGrath Foundation to raise money to fund McGrath breast care nurses in communities across Australia and raise awareness of breast cancer, particulary among young women. The <a style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: #6888b1;" href="https://www.facebook.com/inspirationalpeopleinproperties" title="Keep up with the campaign" target="_blank">initiative </a>aims to sell 9,000 books to raise $90,000 to support the McGrath Foundation. 
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How a simple conversation sparked a property addiction

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I bought my second investment property in early 2005. This purchase was a two-bedroom, two-bathroom apartment bought off the plan at the Surfair Resort on <placename>Marcoola</placename><placetype>Beach</placetype> on the Sunshine Coast in <state><place>Queensland</place></state>.
Friends recommended that we go to a development group, and we didn’t really know what we were doing, but we trusted in their recommendation as they had bought several properties through this same group.
The absolute beachfront, brand-new complex promised a 7% rental guarantee for the first two years, so we placed our deposit down and waited for it to be constructed. The apartment was $301,000, which included a furniture package and car space. We haven’t done too badly with this investment overall in terms of capital growth, but the purchase process was fraught with dramas, basically due to our lack of knowledge and the fact that we didn’t know what to ask.
Firstly, we trusted the group marketing the property. We failed to conduct proper due diligence, and it wasn’t until after settlement that we discovered the exorbitant management fees of 49.5%.   Being a real resort for holidaymakers, they charge these high fees in order to cover their marketing and management expenses.
Through this experience we learnt how chilling it can be to trust these property marketers. About a week before settlement, they called and casually asked what we had borrowed and what money we had for settlement.   We assumed that this would have been the balance of the purchase price less deposit, so we were shocked to hear them say, “Oh no, the money you put down already was purely for the builder to fund the building of the complex. We still need you to come up with the full purchase price plus costs, and the deposit will be refunded after settlement.”
This was incredibly dodgy as at no time was this ever mentioned to us until suddenly and very casually, a week before settlement.
In any case, our brilliant mortgage broker did what she had to do and in five days, she was able to come up with the extra funds we required. I called the property marketers office to have my say, only to be greeted by the receptionist. I politely told her that my comments were not directed to her personally but “#?A$%^&amp;!@” and could she please pass those comments on.
I later found out that this marketer had said to my broker that I was the client bitch from hell – what’s that saying about the pot and the kettle?! In any event, we settled and we haven’t dealt with those people ever again.
After the first year, it was time to prepare our tax and we thought we would be covered with our 7% rental guarantee, but this was not the case. We were advised that we had to deduct the cost of the furniture and the GST from the purchase price – or something to that effect! Therefore the 7% guarantee was actually calculated on $265,000, not $301,000 using the gross rental amount.
Also, because the apartment is part of the rental pool, we only get the seasonal rental, so it’s not exactly great on the cash flow. We do have the option of permanent rental, but the rental pool option allows us to stay there on holidays for free, so it’s not all bad. We let our friends stay there so they too can enjoy the resort and have a great holiday.
The Facts
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody>
<tr>
<td width="84" valign="top">
Purchase Price 2005
</td>
<td width="82" valign="top">
Current Value 2010
</td>
<td width="94" valign="top">
Rental Start
</td>
<td width="94" valign="top">
Rental Current
</td>
<td width="75" valign="top">
Yield Current
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="84" valign="top">
$301,000
</td>
<td width="82" valign="top">
$350,000
</td>
<td width="94" valign="top">
N/A - part of rental pool
</td>
<td width="94" valign="top">
N/A - part of rental pool
</td>
<td width="75" valign="top">
Differs each year
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
 
This is an exerpt from  <a style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: #6888b1;" href="https://www.ipip.com.au" title="Journeys Along the Property Path" target="_blank">Journeys Along the Property Path: 12 real life stories of 12 property investors</a>, published by Inspirational People in Property. Two of the authors are fighting against breast cancer, and IPIP has aligned with the McGrath Foundation to raise money to fund McGrath breast care nurses in communities across Australia and raise awareness of breast cancer, particulary among young women. The <a style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: #6888b1;" href="https://www.facebook.com/inspirationalpeopleinproperties" title="Keep up with the campaign" target="_blank">initiative </a>aims to sell 9,000 books in nine days to raise $90,000 to support the McGrath Foundation.
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Our first resort investment was not all smooth sailing

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By April 2008, the focus seemed to be on the market of Melbourne, which was starting to come out of doldrums after the overstocked Docklands area had been absorbed by immigration, migration and investors.
It seemed to me that although I couldn’t afford absolute beachfront near Melbourne itself, maybe if I looked down the peninsula town by town, I would find something suitable. So that’s exactly what I did with my research: seaside suburb by seaside suburb, I scanned the listings.
Eventually I came across the suburb of Seaford. I found a newly constructed townhouse and encouraged my husband, John, to fly down for a look. We had bought all of our other properties (apart from Harris Park) sight unseen. This time, I can’t really explain why, I just didn’t have the confidence to buy without viewing the townhouse and surrounding areas first.
The townhouse turned out to be quite small compared with the pictures on the internet, and John wasn’t keen to buy it. As he was staying overnight, he had some time to expand his search and he drove a little further down to the main hub of beachside Frankston. He thought this was probably better suited for investment.
After many weeks of searching and chatting with agents, putting in offers and not really getting anywhere, I was becoming obsessed with buying something in Frankston. All the talk suggested it was good to buy with the infrastructure and freeway plans.
I would surf realestate.com.au and domain.com.au every half hour to see if a new listing had come up. Finally, one Saturday afternoon, I decided to look one last time before I went off to have a nanna nap.
A new listing! The property looked fairly new and not that bad looking, located near Monash University and reasonably priced at $285,000.
I quickly called out to John and with the amazing power of Google Earth, we looked at the positioning of the property and were just amazed. It was directly across the road from Monash – and I mean, you literally walk out of the driveway and across the road and presto, you are at the university.   The next block over from the university was the hospital and one street away was a train station, which was only one stop from Frankston train station.
We called the agent, who happened to be in the car on his way to the vendor’s house to pick up the paperwork to list the property. The listing was so brand-new that the vendor hadn’t even officially signed the paperwork with the agent yet.
As we sat on the phone with the laptop in front us, with Google Earth showing us the highlights of Frankston, we probed the agent as to what that building was, what that large parcel of land was, asking how far away this and that was. John had a vague idea of some of the area, but looking from the heavens above gave a whole new perspective.
It turned out that this four-year-old, three-bedroom townhouse-style unit had been recently fully furnished with student desks, new mattresses, outdoor furniture and all that three young students could want or need. They were renting it on three separate leases, meaning the rent was great at $375 per week.
We looked at each other and covered the phone. “What do you think?” I asked John, “Should we put in an offer?” We shrugged and thought what the heck, so we offered $275,000. The agent couldn’t believe it – he was literally pulling into the driveway of the vendor’s house and wasn’t convinced we were serious. An hour-old listing and a 15-minute conversation with a buyer in another state and he had an offer on the table and was five feet away from the vendor’s front door.
I couldn’t stand it, it was so exciting and nerve-wracking at the same time. A few minutes later, the agent came back, our offer declined, so we raised our offer to $280,000.   After that I had to go next door for the comfort of neighbours and left the phone with John. Ten minutes later he came in and said it was ours at $282,500. It wasn’t much off the sale price, but it seemed like an opportunity and there was no time like the present to buy.
We were flying down in a few weeks’ time for a property conference in Melbourne, so we used this opportunity to complete a pre-settlement inspection. We met our lovely Chinese students, all studying to be accountants. They could barely utter a word of English, but I’m sure their studies are more important than partying.
The only downfall with student accommodation can be the potential lengthy vacancy periods at the end of a school year. In our second year of ownership, this has proved to be the case as we had two out of the three rooms vacant. It took nearly 10 weeks to have all three rooms tenanted, ready for the new school year.
 
The Facts
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="131">
Purchase Price 2008
</td>
<td valign="top" width="131">
Current Value 2010
</td>
<td valign="top" width="131">
Rental Start
</td>
<td valign="top" width="131">
Rental Current
</td>
<td valign="top" width="131">
Yield Current
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="131">
$282,500
</td>
<td valign="top" width="131">
$320,000
</td>
<td valign="top" width="131">
$375
</td>
<td valign="top" width="131">
$405
</td>
<td valign="top" width="131">
7.45%
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
 
This is an exerpt from  <a target="_blank" title="Journeys Along the Property Path" href="https://www.ipip.com.au" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: #6888b1;">Journeys Along the Property Path: 12 real life stories of 12 property investors</a>, published by Inspirational People in Property. Two of the authors are fighting against breast cancer, and IPIP has aligned with the McGrath Foundation to raise money to fund McGrath breast care nurses in communities across Australia and raise awareness of breast cancer, particulary among young women. The <a target="_blank" title="Keep up with the campaign" href="https://www.facebook.com/inspirationalpeopleinproperties" style="outline-style: none; outline-width: initial; outline-color: initial; text-decoration: underline; color: #6888b1;">initiative </a>aims to sell 9,000 books in nine days to raise $90,000 to support the McGrath Foundation.
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Buying a student investment property in 10 minutes

<html><body>
By 2006, I was really starting to get into the whole property investing thing. I was constantly on the internet looking, looking, looking and slowly but surely, the addiction was starting to surge through my veins.
I researched Mount Isa for about three months, watching the market to really see how it performed. I’d started to educate myself through reading property magazines, and I began to really look at investing differently, but I still had a long way to go in terms of my knowledge and understanding what it all meant.
I started to call agents to chat to them about the area and get an idea of where prices were heading. One day, I spied a lovely duplex on a real-estate website: it was fully furnished with renovated bathrooms and kitchens, and both sides of the duplex were tenanted. It was on a large 920-square-metre block, and it was relatively affordable at $240,000.
I spoke with the agent at length, and we chatted about the price.  After our conversation, I sent an email to the agent with my offer –which was slightly less than what we discussed on the phone – at $233,500, and it was accepted straight away. I couldn’t believe it. I threw my hands over my face and had an “OMG!” moment.
So, what was the drama about this purchase? Well, it also happened to be the case that I had quit my job that morning after a disastrous five-month temp job and my husband, John, was away on business. He wasn’t too happy and needless to say, I’m now banned from putting in offers without him being in the room.
I really didn’t have to move forward with this purchase, as no money had actually changed hands and no contracts had been signed, but I convinced John that the dual-income property was a good buy, as it had a rental yield of just over 9%. We needed a balance for our negative cash flow position, so this was perfect.
Once a building inspection was completed, we found a few things that needed to be fixed, so we negotiated another $3,000 off the price.
I recall the agent that I dealt with said just before my offer “'I think you’ve missed the boom, love,” and I said: 'Oh, I don’t think so!"  I could see that Mount Isa would continue to boom for some time, and so far, the increase in growth in a relatively short time and the rental return has been this property’s biggest asset.
The Facts
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody>
<tr>
<td width="187" valign="top">
Purchase Price 2006
</td>
<td width="123" valign="top">
Current Value 2010
</td>
<td width="104" valign="top">
Rental Start
</td>
<td width="112" valign="top">
Rental Current
</td>
<td width="131" valign="top">
Yield Current
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="187" valign="top">
$230,500
</td>
<td width="123" valign="top">
$360,000
</td>
<td width="104" valign="top">
$410
</td>
<td width="112" valign="top">
$655
</td>
<td width="131" valign="top">
14.77%
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
 
On our way to a holiday in Cairns, just one week before settlement, John took a side trip flight to Mount Isa to check out the duplex. Luckily, he was happy with what he saw.
However, this is our problem-child property, and we have experienced the full gamut of issues, including residents not paying rent and skipping off in the middle of the night; storm damage to the property that required extensive repairs of approximately $10,000; tenants that we suspect have had “special dealings” in the backyard of maybe an organic nature; and both air-conditioning units blowing up within a week of each other, which required complete replacement of a new system to the tune of $18,500.
Also, the initial real estate agent’s dodgy pest inspection report failed to reveal that there were termites! Slugged with a repair bill of $3,500 one month after settlement, this was an expensive mistake to make, as we could have uncovered the damage if we had done our own inspection.
This is where I can absolutely recommend that landlord’s insurance comes into play, because we’ve made five claims already. Our property manager, Tracey Lowe at RealWay Property in Mount Isa, has been invaluable in helping us manage this dear property and its many incidents – we love her. To show her that we do appreciate her work, I’ve sent her flowers and a bottle of champers. She takes good care of us.
We’ve also had a few offers to purchase the property from us. Once, the real-estate agent went down to give me a market appraisal and she came back saying she actually couldn’t give me a fair appraisal because she wanted to buy it off me for about $300,000. We declined.
The second offer came from the two tenants that were renting one side of the duplex, who asked if we were interested in purchasing, but we also declined. We know that the rental return will continue to grow and help our portfolio balance out and our investing strategy is definitely geared for the long term.
This is an exerpt from  <a target="_blank" title="Journeys Along the Property Path" href="https://www.ipip.com.au">Journeys Along the Property Path: 12 real life stories of 12 property investors</a>, published by Inspirational People in Property. Two of the authors are fighting against breast cancer, and IPIP has aligned with the McGrath Foundation to raise money to fund McGrath breast care nurses in communities across Australia and raise awareness of breast cancer, particulary among young women. The <a target="_blank" title="Keep up with the campaign" href="https://www.facebook.com/inspirationalpeopleinproperties">initiative </a>aims to sell 9,000 books in nine days to raise $90,000 to support the McGrath Foundation.
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There's nothing like your first problem-child investment

Private equity real estate firm Conquest has entered into a $220 million partnership with Woolworths’ development arm, Fabcot, to deliver its long-awaited Waterloo project on Bourke Street.

The Bourke Street development was first flagged by Fabcot back in 2021 as part of its push into Sydney’s residential market. However, progress has since stalled, with no activity on site amid a number of design revisions in consultation with the City of Sydney.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/conquest">Conquest</a>, which is actively planning more than $6 billion worth of new developments, predominantly mixed-use precincts, is now set to move the project forward.

The current plans include between 110 and 120 apartments across two buildings designed by Bates Smart at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/923-935-bourke-street-waterloo-nsw-2017">923 Bourke Street</a>. The scheme will incorporate a portion of apartments reserved for key workers, alongside premium commercial space at ground level, including a full-line Woolworths supermarket.

Construction is expected to commence in the second half of 2026.

Michael&nbsp;Akaawi, CEO of Conquest, said the partnership reflects the firm’s commitment to "convenience-led" urban renewal."

"We are preparing to commence construction in the second half of this year," Akaawi says.

"Along with Woolworths, we look forward to delivering the first major supermarket to the growing Waterloo community, integrated with premium new apartments and specialty retail shops. Our focus is on creating a seamless lifestyle hub where essential services are at the doorstep, saving residents time and enhancing their quality of life."&nbsp;

<img alt="Conquest" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="d8beee83-ef9b-446b-a3b3-1e2fe596512b" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-05-01%20at%2011.08.46%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=raYhGepiLUJfx4InLPRRJduA3ftDJ_kS" />

The news comes just a week after Conquest went to the NSW Government to upsize its plans for Castlecrag's Quadrangle Shopping Centre.

Conquest purchased the site for just shy of $70 million last year, with existing plans in place for a mixed-use residential and retail precinct comprising 38 luxury apartments.

Those plans have now been significantly expanded, with the developer lodging a State Significant Development Application with the NSW Government’s Housing Delivery Authority for 150 apartments across two 11-storey buildings. The apartments will sit above a four-storey podium, incorporating specialty retail tenancies and five levels of basement car parking, on the 5,166 sqm site at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/100-edinburgh-road-castlecrag-nsw-2068">100 Edinburgh Road</a>.

Conquest has been increasingly active in the development space in recent years. The group acquired the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/eastlakes-nsw-2018">Eastlakes</a>&nbsp;Shopping Centre redevelopment, where it plans to deliver more than 1,000 apartments above a new retail precinct, and has also lodged a $900 million State Significant Development Application for a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/nsw/conquest-unveils-900m-stanmore-village-vision-for-landmark-inner-west-site">mixed-use precinct in Stanmore</a>.

Joel Robinson

Conquest partners with Woolworths to deliver mixed-use Waterloo project

A shift away from Sydney’s industrial past has left parts of the inner south defined by contrast, brick warehouses repurposed into dining precincts, former factory streets softened by landscaping and pedestrian activity.

Rosebery is one of those suburbs. Over the past decade, it has undergone significant gentrification, anchored by The Cannery, which has helped reposition the area as one of the inner city’s most sought-after lifestyle pockets.

What hasn’t kept pace with that transformation is new residential supply, which has remained relatively limited. Builder-developer Deicorp identified that gap early, securing a site in 2019 and delivering what is now one of the suburb’s most architecturally distinctive developments.

To realise the vision, Deicorp engaged Candalepas Associates to design The Rothschild, a project that is immediately recognisable from the street.

Completed in 2025, The Rothschild comprises two buildings across Rothschild and Mentmore Avenues, delivering 176 apartments. The development replaces a former industrial site, retaining a material and structural dialogue with its past while introducing a more resolved residential framework. The scale is deliberate but not monolithic, broken into forms that engage both street frontages, with retail at ground level and two levels of basement parking below.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=106843 project_image_fid=221665]

From the street, the architectural intent is clear. Off-form concrete columns run through the façade, establishing a repeated structural rhythm that gives the building its visual weight. These are paired with deep-set arches and sections of exposed brickwork, creating a layered elevation that reads less like a typical apartment block and more like a reinterpretation of industrial architecture.

The material palette is intentionally restrained, with concrete left exposed and brick used to define mass rather than decoration. The result is a building that stands out through proportion and repetition, rather than height or glazing.

This approach continues internally. A central landscaped courtyard sits between the two buildings, anchored by an olive grove that acts as both a visual and spatial focal point. Rather than functioning as residual space, the courtyard is designed as a shared ground plane, where circulation paths, seating areas and planting come together to create a usable communal environment. Its positioning allows natural light to penetrate deep into the site while maintaining separation between residences.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=106843 project_image_fid=221666]

Within the apartments, the planning follows a clear and functional logic. Entry points lead directly into open-plan living areas, with kitchens positioned as central elements alongside dining and lounge spaces. These zones extend to balconies or external openings, maintaining a visual connection to either the courtyard or the street.

Kitchens prioritise practicality, with generous bench space, ample storage and European appliances configured for everyday use. Bedrooms are typically set back from the main living areas, creating quieter zones within each residence, with separation achieved through layout rather than material change. Bathrooms are compact but efficient, incorporating mirrored cabinetry and integrated storage to maximise space. Across all residences, the emphasis is on clarity of movement and functional planning.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=106843 project_image_fid=221669]

At ground level, retail and hospitality uses extend the building’s presence beyond its residential function. A café or restaurant space, alongside communal amenities such as a music room and rooftop areas, positions the development as part of a broader urban network rather than a standalone project. These shared spaces reinforce a lifestyle where the building operates as an extension of the surrounding neighbourhood.

Rosebery’s proximity to Green Square, The Cannery and nearby parklands supports this model of living, where much of daily life is within walking distance. The Rothschild sits comfortably within that network, contributing to the streetscape through its distinctive architecture, while internally organising space around light, structure and communal use.

The Rothschild is now complete and ready to move in, with limited residences remaining.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=106843]

The Rothschild reinterprets Rosebery’s industrial DNA into residential form

KTQ has unveiled&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/casilia-16-marine-parade-coolangatta-qld-4225">Casilia</a>, the final residential release within the Kirra Point precinct which really kicked off the boom in the area back in 2019.

The final stage comprises&nbsp;87 residences and marks the culmination of a long-term, family-led vision for Kirra Point, as the precinct moves toward completion in tandem with the development.

Around $100 million in sales have been achieved already, close to 35 per cent of the residences secured ahead of launch. There have been a significant number of buyers returning from the first stage of the development, Miles Residences, securing another property within Kirra Point.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152295 project_image_fid=368410]

Selling agent Tim Keenan from Keenan Byrne said the response reflects both the scarcity of the offering and Kirra’s growing reputation as a premium coastal market.

“This is effectively Kirra’s final act, the last release within what has become one of the Southern Gold Coast’s most tightly held beachfront precincts,” Keenan said.

“We’ve seen exceptionally strong pre-sale interest, from VIP waitlists through to off-market enquiry, which speaks to both the quality of the product and the confidence buyers have in the precinct. What’s particularly compelling is the number of buyers returning from Miles, either upgrading or investing again, which is a strong signal of how the precinct has been received."

Keenan adds that at the same time, north-facing beachfront remains exceptionally rare in Australia, limited to places like Noosa, Byron and Kirra, which is underpinning long-term value.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152295 project_image_fid=368415]

Positioned along one of Australia’s few true north-facing beaches, Casilia offers a mix of two and three-bedroom residences with pricing ranging from $1.87 million to $7.15 million and two exclusive penthouses. Residences are oriented to capture varying outlooks, from uninterrupted Pacific Ocean views across Kirra Beach to hinterland vistas, with upper levels and shared amenity taking in sweeping perspectives along the Gold Coast coastline.

At rooftop level, a north-facing pool deck captures expansive, uninterrupted views over Kirra Beach and north towards Surface Paradise. The space incorporates a heated resort-style pool, mineral spa, sun lounges and a covered BBQ cantina.

Buyer profiles are broad, typically aged between 40 and 70, with a strong skew toward second-home ownership, drawn by a combination of lifestyle, relative value, proximity to Gold Coast Airport and lower congestion compared to more established markets such as Byron Bay and Noosa.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152295 project_image_fid=368414]

The project is being delivered by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/ktq-group">KTQ Group</a>, a family-owned Australian property group with a diverse portfolio spanning residential, hospitality and commercial developments. The group has delivered a number of notable projects across sectors, including the award-winning Elements of Byron resort, demonstrating its depth of experience across both hospitality and residential development.

Known for its long-term approach to place-making, KTQ Group retains a vested interest in its projects, often holding assets within its portfolio, which has also helped build trust among buyers and reinforced confidence in both the vision and delivery certainty of the precinct.

“Casilia represents the final opportunity to secure a residence within Kirra Point and brings to market the last release within our long-term vision for the precinct," KTQ Group's Jeremy Holmes said.

"Kirra Point has been more than a decade in the making, and that timeframe reflects the care behind each decision, it takes listening, balance and vision to arrive at something that feels right for the location.

“Our approach has always been to deliver Kirra Point as a destination in its own right, a connected coastal neighbourhood integrating residential, hospitality and wellness, rather than a standalone project. It’s a vision that respects place, pace and permanence, and contributes to a sense of community that feels authentic to Kirra.”

[smartcode_project:default project_id=152295 project_image_fid=368411]

Once complete, the Kirra Point masterplan will incorporate a mix of dining establishments, bars and cafés, alongside the Kirra Point Health Club and a future 91-room independent resort hotel, creating a walkable, integrated lifestyle precinct.

Architecutue and interiors at Casilia have been designed by the experienced design houses of <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/little-boat-projects">Little Boat Projects</a> and O’Neil Architecture &amp; Interior Design, The design moves beyond the conventional coastal apartments, instead taking cues &nbsp;from the surrounding landscape - layering natural materials, soft curves and warm textures to create spaces that respond to light, airflow and the rhythms of coastal living.

Residences are designed with an array of floorplates, generous proportions and intuitive flow, while at ground level Casilia connects into the broader precinct, where future laneways, retail and hospitality offerings will contribute to a neighbourhood defined as much by how people live day-to-day as its beachfront position.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=152295]

The final residential release within the Kirra Point masterplan is set to launch, as strong pre-sales signal sustained demand for the Southern Gold Coast

A decade in the making: KTQ launches Casilia at Kirra Point

South East Queensland developer&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/gardner-vaughan-group">Gardner Vaughan Group</a>’s entry into the Gold Coast apartment market has progressed from pipeline to market, with its Chevron Island project Bronze on Chevron now formally available to purchase ahead of a planned 2029 completion.

The 119-apartment development on Mawarra Street marks the Brisbane-headquartered builder-developer’s first residential play in the Gold Coast, following its expansion south from Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast.

<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/bronze-on-chevron-8-mawarra-street-surfers-paradise-qld-4217">Bronze on Chevron</a> comprises a mix of two-, three- and four-bedroom residences, with pricing starting from just over $1.5 million. The project is being delivered under Gardner Vaughan’s fully integrated model, with the group acting as both developer and builder, a structure it has consistently applied across its South East Queensland portfolio.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=107520 project_image_fid=367182]

Architecture has been designed by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/cottee-parker-architects">Cottee Parker</a>, with landscape architecture by <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/landscape-architect/jeremy-ferrier-landscape-design">Jeremy Ferrier</a>. The building presents as a single-tower scheme, with a focus on maximising outlook across both the Surfers Paradise skyline and the Nerang River.

Apartments have been planned with open-plan living zones extending to generous balconies, a response to the site’s dual-aspect positioning between river and ocean. Interiors follow a restrained coastal palette, with two colour schemes offered, and an emphasis on natural light and cross-ventilation.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=107520 project_image_fid=367181]

Resident amenity is concentrated across more than 1,250 sqm and includes a resort-style pool, gym, yoga lawn and rooftop entertaining areas. A function space with catering facilities forms part of the upper-level offering, alongside north- and south-facing outdoor areas.

Ground level will incorporate two retail tenancies, intended to extend the existing village character of the surrounding streets.

&nbsp;

[smartcode_project:default project_id=107520 project_image_fid=367200]

The project sits within walking distance of Thomas Drive’s established dining strip, while maintaining proximity to <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/surfers-paradise-qld-4217">Surfers Paradise</a> beach and broader Gold Coast amenity. The location, positioned on Chevron Island between the river and coastline, has increasingly attracted mid- to high-density development in recent years as the precinct evolves beyond its low-rise origins.

Gardner Vaughan’s move into the Gold Coast was first signalled in 2025, with the group identifying the region as a natural extension of its operations. Chief Executive Officer Simon Betteridge described the expansion as both “strategic and natural”, citing demand for well-designed apartments in lifestyle-driven markets.

Construction is expected to complete in early 2029.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=107520]

Gardner Vaughan brings Bronze on Chevron to market as Gold Coast debut

One of the penthouses at Lily Lane, the latest stage of Carrington Place by Ellipse Property, has set a new local apartment price record.

The four-bedroom residence, purchased by a local downsizer, sold for $5.75 million—around 75 per cent higher than the previous record of $3.3 million.

Over 40 per cent of the first release of apartments at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/lily-lane-at-carrington-place-castle-hill-32-carrington-road-castle-hill-nsw-2154">Lily Lane</a> have already been snapped up just six weeks since it launched to the market.

&nbsp;

Located at 32 Carrington Road, <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developments/castle-hill-nsw-2154">Castle Hill</a> and designed by award-winning architects <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/architects/ptw">PTW</a>, Lily Lane is directly opposite the Hills Showground Metro station. It offers a total 213 units over two 12-storey towers - a mix of 67 one-bedroom, 100 two-bedroom and 46 three-bedroom apartments - with a ground-floor retail offering.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=151821 project_image_fid=368352]

Blake Schulze, National Director – Residential at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/project-marketer/colliers">Colliers</a>, says around 44 per cent of buyers are&nbsp;owner occupiers, with 35 per cent being investors and 21 per cent first homebuyers.

“Developments of this calibre are very rare in the Hills District, and Lily Lane’s sales success demonstrates the depth of demand for over-sized apartments that genuinely compete with freestanding homes," Schulze says.

"We are seeing particular demand from downsizers who want to remain in the area but transition into spacious, high-quality apartment living."

On the penthouse sale, it says it shows buyers&nbsp;are prepared to pay a premium for scale, quality, and direct access to the Metro.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=151821 project_image_fid=368351]

One-bedroom apartments are sized from 50-72 sqm with prices starting at $745,000, while two-bedrooms are priced from $990,000 with sizes from 75 to 132 square metres. Three-bedroom floorplans are sized between 97 and 182 sqm,, with prices starting at $1,395,000.&nbsp;

The three remaining penthouses, spanning up to 262 sqm, are priced from $2.9 million.

Over 75 per cent of apartments include dedicated studies, multipurpose rooms or family rooms, with select layouts offering walk-in pantries and laundries. Apartments are appointed with premium Miele appliances including ovens, washing machines, dryers, gas cooktops and dishwashers, while larger residences also incorporate integrated Miele microwaves, Fisher &amp; Paykel integrated refrigerators and five-burner Miele cooktops.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=151821 project_image_fid=360285]

Lily Lane will be constructed by award-winning iCIRT-rated builder <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/builders/decode">Decode Group</a>, with construction to commence in mid-2026 and expected to complete early 2029.

Carrington Place comprises more than 800 apartments and is being delivered across multiple stages, with completion expected in 2032. Integrated with neighbouring bushland, the project will feature over 20,000 sq, of outdoor recreational area, including a one-kilometre boardwalk to Fred Caterson Reserve.&nbsp;

The Hills Showground Metro Station is just a two-minute walk away, offering fast connectivity to Sydney’s CBD, North Sydney, Chatswood, Macquarie Park and Norwest Business Park.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=151821]

Swarnie Condon

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