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GUEST OBSERVATION
Greater Melbourne officially became home to 5 million people last month – that’s almost 90% of the state’s population. With these figures in mind, the state government is taking important steps to address the growing affordable housing crisis.
According to the amended Planning and Environment Act 1987, affordable housing is “housing, including social housing, that is appropriate for the housing needs of very low, low and moderate-income households”. And Victoria faces a dire shortage.
Since the launch in February 2017 of Plan Melbourne, the metropolitan planning strategy, and Homes for Victorians, the affordable housing strategy, the Planning Act has included affordable housing as a crucial aim.
This allows voluntary agreements with developers to provide 5-10% of new dwellings that will be affordable to households on very low, low and moderate incomes. An inclusionary zoning pilot on government land will result in “at least” 100 affordable housing units. The private development-led Public Housing Renewal Program will result in “at least” another 1,100 units.
But, given the scale of the problem, how much difference will this make? To make a real difference to housing stress and the risk of homelessness, Plan Melbourne’s commitment to using vacant or under-utilised government land needs to be scaled up and refocused. Our new report provides details on where, why and how government land could be used to boost affordable housing.
We mapped 195 hectares of government-owned land across 255 sites (see map below). This map shows Victoria has the opportunity to gain much more social benefit from its public land assets.
How big is the affordable housing shortfall?
When the state government strategies were released, we argued that the affordable housing strategy’s modest goal of 4,700 dwellings between 2017 and 2022 is a drop in the bucket.
According to our report, Victoria faces a deficit of roughly 164,000 affordable homes for very low and low-income households – and that’s before accounting for population growth of over 2% a year.
To highlight the sheer scale of the issue, we have compared the number of very low and low-income households with the availability of affordable units.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/234977/original/file-20180905-45175-pmximu.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
The shortfall of affordable and available units by income group In Victoria. Author provided
Well-located unused and lazy land
If we look at Vancouver in Canada, the city’s 2017 Housing Strategy aims for the equivalent of 300,000 dwellings for lower-income households by 2027. An essential part of this strategy is using all suitable and well-located vacant and under-utilised government land.
In April 2018, Vancouver also committed to provide 600 units of modular supportive housing for homeless people on vacant government land. By August, half of these units were complete or being built.
To identify such land in Melbourne, we started with a dataset of over 12,000 government-owned properties identified through title searches and Freedom of Information Act requests. We limited our search to government sites that were surplus, vacant or “lazy” – “lazy” land already houses low-rise facilities like community centres, health clinics, libraries, government offices, car parks and childcare centres but is also compatible with accommodating affordable housing. We excluded parkland and green space.
We then limited our search to sites that scored highly on our Housing Access Rating Tool (HART).
This is a 20-point tool that measures critical amenities and social services within walking distance of each parcel of land. HART takes its inspiration from the 20-minute city concept in Plan Melbourne. We included public transport, childcare centres, public schools, parks, libraries, grocery stores, community centres and healthcare services.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/234978/original/file-20180905-45169-1vornnd.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Map of well-located government land (based on HART scores) for social and affordable housing. Author provided
Making the most of scarce land
It will come as no surprise that land costs are highest in the city centre and inner suburbs where existing transport and services are strongest. This makes it difficult for non-profits to develop social housing in these rapidly gentrifying areas. In fact, Australian research suggests land costs can consume up to 30% of the cost of development.
Government can lease its land to non-profits for a nominal fee to eliminate this cost for housing providers. Construction and building permit exemptions, expedited planning permits, low-rate construction loans and mortgages as well as ongoing Commonwealth Rent Assistance subsidies attached to projects can all help to reduce affordable housing costs.
Cause We Care House in Vancouver is an example of creative use of “lazy” public land. There’s a library on the first floor, which is topped by five floors of housing for women escaping domestic violence. Through a combination of local government land, senior government subsidy and philanthropic donations, 21 mothers and their children have found stable and secure housing as a result of the project.
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/257809771" frameborder="0" width="500" height="281"></iframe>
 Cause We Care House, built over a library, is an example of how Vancouver is creatively using ‘lazy’ land for affordable housing.
We are working with the Lord Mayor’s Charitable Foundation and the City of Darebin on an Affordable Housing Challenge to build philanthropically funded social housing on a local government car park close to Preston Market. The City of Port Phillip has already successfully trialled this kind of housing that sits above car parks.
Non-profit housing providers, architects and builders have the expertise and experience to rapidly scale up affordable housing in fast-growing cities like Melbourne. So, what are we waiting for?

Matthew Palm, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Transforming Housing Research Network, University of Melbourne
Carolyn Whitzman, Professor of Urban Planning, University of Melbourne
Katrina Raynor, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Transforming Housing Project, University of Melbourne
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/put-unused-and-lazy-land-to-work-to-ease-the-affordable-housing-crisis-102720" target="_blank">original article</a>.
This article has been updated to make it clear the authors are not advocating that the government sell off public land, which can instead be leased to make it available for housing.
This is an edited version of an article co-published with <a href="https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank">Pursuit</a>.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/102720/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1">
Main photo: Getting more out of ‘lazy’ land, such as this community housing built over a Port Phillip City Council-owned car park, is a key strategy to reduce the shortage of affordable housing. City of Port Phillip
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j.ballantyne1990-6AQqhLzZaK

Put unused and ‘lazy’ land to work to ease the affordable housing crisis

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Australia’s unlisted property sector has continued its strong run delivering a return of 18% for the 12 months to 30 June 2018, according to a quarterly report produced by Zenith Investment Partners, MSCI, the Property Funds Association and the Property Council of Australia.
The report found that unlisted property outperformed Australian equities (+12.9%) and A-REITs (+9.7%) despite an uptick in equities and A-REITs during the last quarter. 
Mitchell McCallum, Vice President at MSCI, said that the attractiveness of property is backed by relatively high yields compared to other asset classes as well as stable and consistent income, that mostly provides a natural hedge against inflation.
“MSCI’s research shows that rising interest rates do not automatically have to translate in negative returns, but that the general economy is a larger driver of where property returns will go, as, contrary to bond coupons, property income can adjust to shifts in economic growth,” he said.
“We’re continuing to see interest in direct property from overseas investors due to the high income returns compared to those returns in other global gateway cities like London, New York and Tokyo.”
 <img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/11/unlisted%20property%201.jpg" alt="">
 
Souce: <a id="m_-8793514629263697276LPlnk754225" href="http://www.propertyfunds.org.au/images/Property_Research/Property_Investment_Factsheet_Q2_2018.pdf" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&amp;q=http://www.propertyfunds.org.au/images/Property_Research/Property_Investment_Factsheet_Q2_2018.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1536710418690000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFynfYRvOEOBY-_sW7mR0vpahV9VQ">Property Investment Factsheet – June 2018</a>
Mark Lumby, Head of Commercial Property at Australian Unity, said ongoing domestic uncertainty would continue to influence the market, but the outlook for unlisted property remained positive. 
“While the detail is unknown for now, we’re anticipating one outcome from the Royal Commission will be the detangling of vertically integrated models which may create a more level playing field for non-bank aligned fund managers,” said Lumby.  
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2018/9/11/unlisted%20property%202.jpg" target="_blank">Click here</a> to enlarge
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/11/unlisted%20property%202.jpg" alt=""> 
Source: <a id="m_-8793514629263697276LPlnk754225" href="http://www.propertyfunds.org.au/images/Property_Research/Property_Investment_Factsheet_Q2_2018.pdf" target="_blank" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?hl=en&amp;q=http://www.propertyfunds.org.au/images/Property_Research/Property_Investment_Factsheet_Q2_2018.pdf&amp;source=gmail&amp;ust=1536710418690000&amp;usg=AFQjCNFynfYRvOEOBY-_sW7mR0vpahV9VQ">Property Investment Factsheet – June 2018</a>
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Unlisted property trusts nearly doubling A-REIT performance 

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The Norman Beisher Medical Research Foundation, which funds clinically based research into the health of women and babies, has sold its Smith Street, Fitzroy corner retail holding.
The <a href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-retail-vic-fitzroy-502901470" target="_blank">83-87 Smith Street offering</a> attracted six bidders competed for the offering which annual income of $148,426.
It is leased to bag maker Crumpler Design (above and below), Japanese restaurant Neko Neko, the Burnside Cafe and the Greenwood Loft wine bar.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/11/crump2.jpg" alt="">
It fetched $5.1 million which was $1.6 million over reserve on a yield of 2.8%.
The result equated to a land rate of $23,406 a square metre and a building rate of $12,599 a square metre.
The buyer was an Asian family.
The Norman Beisher Medical Research Foundation paid $455,000 in 1993.
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Smith Street, Fitzroy premises sold by Norman Beisher Foundation

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The Confederation of Australian Motor Sports (CAMS) has bought new headquarters in Canterbury.
CAMS has acquired auto group Worldmark's office building at <a href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-offices-vic-canterbury-502888626" target="_blank">275 Canterbury Road</a> (above).
It cost $6.72 million, having last traded for $675,000 in 1995.
The sports motoring group sold its existing headquarters at 851 Dandenong Road, East Malvern for $8 million last year (below).
CAMS had paid $1,781,000 in 1997.
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/11/AMS.jpg" alt="">
There was no room to expand in the building which was in need of a significant upgrade.
The 40 staff will move in March.
Meanwhile, after selling its St Kilda Road headquarters for $95.38 million, the auto industry's local lobby group, The Victorian Automotive Chamber of Commerce, has snapped up a North Melbourne site for $8.8 million.
It has bought 644-658 Victoria Street after it passed in at auction.
The property, home to Melbourne City Garage, is a vast 1618 square metre garage where the VACC will construct a four-level office with a rooftop garden. 
The VACC is leasing back 464 St Kilda Road - held for 60 years - from new co-owners Abacus and Wing Tai Holdings.
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Motor sports body buys new Canterbury headquarters 

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Little known Queensland developer Troy Daffy of Silverstone Development has emerged as the mystery buyer of Macedon House, the Gisborne three bedroom house which is noted on the Victorian Heritage Register.
It was recently sold for $1.36 million by mortgagees through Jason Kennedy from Kennedy &amp; Hunt Gisborne.
Daffy told the Great Gisborne Gazette he would carry out repairs to Macedon House as ordered by the State Government.
“I may live in Brisbane, but at heart I am still a Gisborne boy,” he told the local paper.
Built circa 1847, Macedon House at 1 Kilmore Road operated for some time as the Mount Macedon Hotel, then functioned as a boarding and guest house for many years from 1887.
Since then, the building on 5.17 acres has been used as a private house, restaurant, reception centre, bowling clubhouse and kindergarten.
Specified works have been outlined by Heritage Victoria that needs to be actioned to prevent further deterioration of the structure.
It was last sold at $250,100 in 1998.
<a href="https://freshlyworded.com/2018/06/12/macedon-house-the-old-and-new-history-of-a-gisborne-ruin/" target="_blank">A local blogger</a> noted Macedon House had been bought for $190,000 in 1995 by the Gisborne Bowling Club who sold it for $250,000 in 1998 to Mainpoint, the family company of Eduard “Ted” Sent.
In 2014 Melbourne developer Brian Forshaw, who has been a business partner of Sent acquired Macedon House for $770,000.
Forshaw had hoped he'd struck a deal to sell Macedon House to a company called Nuline Consulting, ultimately owned by Grace Sent, Ted Sent’s wife.
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Silverstone Group's Troy Daffy buys Macedon House, Gisborne

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The latest research from Burke Road Cityscope shows sales value has decreased in the quarter to August 2018.
In the latest quarter, there were six sales at a total value of $6 million, compared to the five sales at a total value of $10.8 million in the previous quarter.
This quarter brings the 12-month total to $85.8 million of 20 sales, an increase compared to the 28 sales at a total value of $58.5 million over the previous year.
The table below shows sales recorded for the past eight updates of Burke Road Cityscope.
<a href="https://www.propertyobserver.com.au/images/2018/9/10/BURKE%20RD%201.jpg" target="_blank">Click here </a>to enlarge:
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/BURKE%20RD%201.jpg" alt=""> 
Notable sales in the August 2018 update of Burke Road Cityscope include:
<ul>
<li>5 Redfern Road, Hawthorn East (pictured below), a single-storey former house converted to use as an office and warehouse on a 190 square metre block and 7 Redfern Road, Hawthorn East, a single-storey former house on a 192 square metre block, which were bought together as a development site for $2.05 million through Knight Frank - Glen Waverley; </li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/5%20REDFERN%20RD.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>742 Burke Road, Camberwell, a two-storey 48 square metre brick shop building with first floor dwelling with a brick outbuilding at the rear and parking for four or five cars in a paved rear yard and carport, which was bought for $1.65 million through Prowse Burns Commercial; and </li>
<li>Unit 1 at 321-323 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, a ground floor space on the north-west side of approximately 173 square metre and three car spaces, which was bought for $1.135 million through DBRE Pty Ltd - Moorabbin. </li>
</ul>
 <img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/BURKE%20RD%202.jpg" alt="">
Properties for sale in the August 2018 update of Burke Road Cityscope include:
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/267%20Camberwell%20Road.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>267 Camberwell Road, Camberwell (pictured above), a single-storey brick retail building with brick one-car garage at rear, constructed in 1940 on a 257 square metre block, which is for sale by auction on 31 August, 2018 through Teska Carson Pty Ltd – Richmond; and</li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/694%20burke%20rd.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>Unit 1, a ground level retail space and unit 2, consisting of office space on level one and residential on level two at 694 Burke Road, Camberwell (pictured above), a brick building with three-storeys to the front and two and three-storeys to the rear, constructed 1890 and refurbished in 1997 and 2005 with a four-car garage at rear on a 184 square metre block; which is for sale together by auction on 31 August, 2018 through RT Edgar – Hawthorn.</li>
</ul>
Leasing opportunities listed in the August 2018 update of Burke Road Cityscope include:
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/693%20burke%20rd.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>693 Burke Road, Hawthorn East (pictured above), a four-storey commercial building with a ground floor car parking area and 24 basement car spaces, which has an office space of 336 sqm available through Gorman Commercial; </li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/691%20burke%20rd.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>Chiquita House at 691 Burke Road, Hawthorn East, a five-storey concrete building with parking for 17 cars on part of the ground floor and to the rear, built 1971  and building was renovated in 1990 and again in 1999, which has office space ranging from 214 to 329 square metre available through Gorman Commercial; and</li>
</ul>
<img src="https://res.cloudinary.com/dz9xllyip/image/fetch/c_scale,w_580,q_auto:good/https://s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/po.images/2018/9/10/697%20burke%20rd.jpg" alt="">
<ul>
<li>697 Burke Road, Camberwell, a seven-level concrete office building built in the 1970s and refurbished in 1999 which comprises office floors, an upper ground floor showroom/office and parking for 38 vehicles on the lower ground floor and an additional car space stacker for 16 vehicles, has an office space of 253 square metres for lease through JLL Glen Waverley and Colliers International Melbourne East. </li>
</ul>
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Burke Road, Camberwell commercial property sale values fall

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Investor Paul Holyoake was the under-bidder, pipped by a locally based Chinese buyer, when 487-495 Bridge Road, Richmond went to recent auction.
The $14.81 million price reflected a 2.09 per cent yield, well above its $11.6 million reserve.
The onsite lunchtime auction of the <a href="https://www.realcommercial.com.au/property-retail-vic-richmond-502909238" target="_blank">Adairs showroom</a> reportedly attracted a crowd including George Saade, Nick Williams and Joel Freeman, who redeveloped the Dimmeys building in Swan Street.
The Chinese buyer was one of four Chinese parties making bids on the 1045 sq m single level building.
It is on a 1658 sq m site with 50 metres frontage with future development potential. 
It is leased to Adairs and Regal Sleep Solutions for 10 years, currently returning $422,282 a year and about $310,000 net.
The vendors were barrister Tony Kiel and Sandra Rush, who had paid $500,000 in 1984.
Meanwhile Beller Commercial have leased 236-238 Bridge Rd, Richmond to celebrated photography agency Blessed Vision for 3 + 3 years after only 2 weeks without a tenant.
The property was leased by Beller Commercial leasing agent Max Warren for $65,0000 net per annum at $144 PSM.
The highly visible shop-front was in great condition, which played a large contributing factor to it being snapped up in a flash.
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Max Warren advised Bridge Road Richmond was once a bustling shoppers paradise, however with a now roughly 18% vacancy rate the outlet-shopping mecca now feels a little sparse.
"Landlords need to be realistic if they are to start earning an income on their properties," he said.
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Paul Holyoake misses out on Adairs, Bridge Road Richmond showroom offering

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GUEST OBSERVATION
The Productivity Commission – the Australian government’s highly influential economic advisory body – released a report titled Rising Inequality? last week. The question mark indicates its scepticism about other research findings on rising inequality in Australia. The commission responded to its own question in the report’s very first heading: “Over nearly three decades, inequality has risen slightly in Australia”.
This conclusion has left commentators divided. Some have celebrated this finding. Others, such as Peter Whiteford and Ross Gittins, argued the true picture is more complex.
We wish to point out one major flaw in the Productivity Commission’s conclusion. It ignores the deeply polarising impact of the housing boom on Australia in recent years. Our analysis shows that, once rent and mortgage costs are deducted, the rate of increase in average equivalised disposable income of the top 10% of households was 2.7 times faster than for the bottom 10% between 1988 and 2015.
On average, capital city house prices have doubled since 2003. This has benefited affluent homeowners and has disadvantaged lower-income households, especially those in long-term private rental.
Housing costs undermine gains for low-income households
We examined changes in income inequality using the same method and dataset that the Productivity Commission used, with only minimal technical differences. From 1988 to 2015, average equivalised incomes for households in the lowest 10% of incomes increased by 54%, compared with 85% in the highest decile. Such a difference is by no means “slight”.
However, to reveal the full extent of rising inequality, we conducted further analysis, deducting housing costs from income. This included both rent and mortgage repayments. The results were striking: from 1988 to 2015, average after-housing disposable incomes increased by only 30% in the lowest decile, compared with 81% in the highest decile.
This analysis shows that income inequality between the highest and lowest deciles nearly doubled once housing costs are taken into account. These costs hardly affected rising incomes for the top decile. For the bottom decile, housing costs nearly halved any gains in income over the same period.
Between these extremes, as the chart below shows, there is a very linear pattern across the spectrum. Housing cost impacts on disposable incomes decline as household incomes rise.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/234735/original/file-20180904-41717-1e1h69e.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Rising gap in disposable income, before and after housing costs, 1988-2015. Authors' estimates using:ABS Microdata: Household Expenditure, Income and Housing, 2015-16 (Cat. no. 6540.0, as at 3/08/18) and ABS HES Basic confidentialised unit record file for 1988-89 (as at 3/08/18)
Housing costs account for a much higher share of lower-income households’ income. Furthermore, at the bottom end of the distribution, renters have seen their rental costs increase. This has been fuelled by low vacancy rates and the absolute supply shortage of affordable rental housing.
In contrast, at the upper end of the distribution, home buyers have seen their mortgage repayments decline. This is thanks to lower interest rates and the slow but typically steady reduction in housing costs across the life course as owners pay out mortgage debt. Outright owners have not been impacted by housing costs either way.
House price growth boosts gains for wealthier households
The housing boom also played a key role in the rise of wealth inequalities, which are more extreme than income inequalities.
The Productivity Commission’s report shows that, since the early 2000s, the wealth of households in the top 50% grew faster than the bottom half. The upper deciles experienced average annual growth close to 3%. In contrast, the bottom decile experienced negative growth.
By 2015-16, those in the top 10% owned 45% of wealth. The bottom half of the distribution owned just 11%.
Property ownership rates are higher in the middle and upper deciles. For these households, house price growth made a major contribution to rising wealth.
In contrast, property ownership rates are relatively low in the bottom deciles. These households saw little or no wealth gains from the housing boom.
The report’s headline claiming only a “slight” rise in inequality over three decades seems to ignore this widening wealth gap as a crucial aspect of the story.
A national affordable housing plan is needed
Over nearly three decades of economic growth, living standards have improved for Australians across the board. This is good news.
But inequality has also risen significantly, which is bad news. Inequality creates unfair advantage for wealthier households and is deeply damaging for the social fabric, democratic stability and economic drive of our society.
Our analysis highlights the polarising impact of the housing boom, in two primary ways. Firstly, increasing housing costs undermined income gains for less affluent households. Secondly, house price growth increased wealth gains for more affluent households.
This analysis shows that rising inequality cannot be redressed without some redistribution of housing wealth and costs.
The Productivity Commission report commended the “equalising effect” of Australia’s progressive income tax. Including housing in our analysis, however, points to the polarising effect of taxation on wealth and housing. The tax system disproportionately benefits more affluent home owners and property owners.
An increased supply of affordable rental housing is crucial to reduce the gap in after-housing disposable income. Low-income private renters also need greater security of tenure, including more stringent controls on rent increases.
A renewed focus on affordable home purchase schemes for people on moderate incomes can help reduce the wealth gap. In addition, housing tax levers, used well, can help reduce both wealth and income inequalities over time.<img src="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/102581/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-basic" alt="The Conversation" width="1" height="1" style="border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; margin: 0 !important; max-height: 1px !important; max-width: 1px !important; min-height: 1px !important; min-width: 1px !important; opacity: 0 !important; outline: none !important; padding: 0 !important; text-shadow: none !important;">
Ilan Wiesel, Senior Lecturer in Urban Geography, University of Melbourne
Liss Ralston, Urban Statistician, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology
Wendy Stone, Associate Professor, Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com" target="_blank">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/how-the-housing-boom-has-driven-rising-inequality-102581" target="_blank">original article</a>.
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How the housing boom has driven rising inequality

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GUEST OBSERVATION
The question of which city is the most liveable is an annual hot topic. Competition is fierce, especially between Melbourne and Sydney. We have previously highlighted the limitations of The Economist Intelligence Unit Global Liveability Index. In this article we analyse the differences between Sydney and Melbourne using clearly defined liveability indicators based on objective spatial data.
Liveability is an important concept with implications for health and well-being that go beyond promotional material or the prestige of being named number one. As part of our Creating Liveable Cities project, in July we released a scorecard looking at the liveability of Sydney. The scorecard for Melbourne comes out today.
For this research, we mapped policies designed to create liveable cities. We found great variation in these policies. Both cities do well on some but not all aspects of liveability.
We also found inequities in the delivery of infrastructure relating to liveability policies in both cities. Some suburbs do better than others, but in both cities suburbs on the urban fringe are less liveable. These areas often have poor access to the basic amenities needed for daily living.
So, let’s take a closer look at the liveability of Melbourne and Sydney.
Public transport access
Melbourne has an ambitious policy for public transport access. This requires 95% of residences to be within a 400-metre walk to a bus stop, 600m to a tram stop, or 800m to a train station. At present, 69% of residences meet this target.
The policy we measured spatially for Sydney is even more stringent. It requires 100% of residences to be close to public transport – within 400m of a bus stop with a service every 30 minutes, or 800m of a train station with a service every 15 minutes. Only 38% of residences and 2% of suburbs meet this target.
To create a consistent comparison between Sydney and Melbourne, we developed a common national liveability indicator that measures access (within 400m) to frequent public transport (a 30-minute service frequency). Results using this indicator were very similar: 36% of residences in Melbourne achieved this, compared to 35% in Sydney.
In both cities, however, inner and more established suburbs have the best public transport access. Many middle and outer suburbs miss out (Figure 1).
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/235325/original/file-20180907-190665-qcajq0.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Figure 1: Percentage of residences by suburb within 400m of a public transport stop with a service every 30 minutes. Author provided
Another important liveability indicator measures how people get to work. This is especially important with growing population, increased traffic congestion and longer commuting times. Our research shows cities are healthier, more liveable and sustainable when walking, cycling and public transport are more convenient than driving.
Residents of Sydney are more likely to use public transport (26%) than residents of Melbourne (18%). The proportions who walk or cycle to work in each city are similar (6% Sydney, 5% in Melbourne). Both Melbourne and Sydney are doing well relative to other Australian cities.
By international standards, though, we have a long way to go. For instance, 50% of people (and 63% of MPs!) in Denmark’s capital, Copenhagen, commute daily by bike.
Walkability
Coinciding with good access to public transport are walkable areas, which combine somewhere to walk (to local shops and services), population density (to support the services) and a way to get there (connected road network). Walkable neighbourhoods are the backbone of a liveable city.
Figure 2 shows that in both Sydney and Melbourne inner areas have the highest walkability. This declines dramatically towards the urban fringe. Yet neither city has policies in place to achieve walkable neighbourhoods in the suburbs.
<img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/235326/original/file-20180907-190662-abpa8b.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="">
Figure 2: Composite walkability indicator* for suburbs within each capital city. Author provided
Walkability is also unlikely to be achieved with population density requirements set at only 15 dwellings per hectare. That’s too low to achieve walkable neighbourhoods.
Higher residential densities ensure there are enough people and the associated demand to support the transport and everyday services that help make cities liveable. Research is now showing that this requires higher densities of at least 25 dwellings per hectare, and even higher around activity centres and transport nodes.
Suburban densities are higher in Sydney, at 19 dwellings per hectare, than in Melbourne, which has only 13 dwellings per hectare.
Better policies create better cities
So to the question: which is the most liveable city? The answer in turn depends on another question: liveable for whom? Both cities have areas performing well on some liveability domains and other areas where more could be done.
The findings of these reports show a need for more ambitious policies, research evidence linking liveability indicators to health and well-being, and investment in infrastructure and spatial planning to improve liveability, health and well-being for all residents of all cities.
Lucy Gunn, Research Fellow, Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, RMIT University; Billie Giles-Corti, Director, Urban Futures Enabling Capability Platform and Director, Healthy Liveable Cities Group, RMIT University; Julianna Rozek, Research Officer, Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University, and Melanie Davern, Senior Research Fellow, Healthy Liveable Cities Group, Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University
This article is republished from <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a> under a Creative Commons license. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/melbourne-or-sydney-this-is-how-our-two-biggest-cities-compare-for-liveability-102247">original article</a>.
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Melbourne or Sydney? How our two biggest cities compare for liveability

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A syndicate of buyers, including mortgage broker John Kolenda and his wife Milenka, have sold Emerald Cove, their Central Coast weekender for $3,225,000.
The 3200 square metre property last traded 18 months ago for $2,999,999.
It was renovated and landscaped last year by Kolenda, Jennifer Davitt and Adrian Lee.
It came with initial $3.5 million hopes.
The Hamptons-style house, with 125 metres of beachfrontage at Umina, was bought by Goldman Sachs managing director Nell Hutton.
It has been returning over $100,000 annually in rental income.
There are also architectural plans available for a substantial 10 bed, 12 bath, two pool residence with sky-garden, an abundance of living areas and tennis court.
Umina Beach last year had a $3.58 million purchase by wealthy businessman Tony Borg.
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Mortgage broker John Kolenda sells Umina Beach weekender

A who's who of Australian surfing, business and entertainment has emerged on title records following the completion of Esprit Rainbow Bay, the latest boutique beachfront apartment development by former professional surfer Paul Gedoun's S&amp;S Projects.

The completed project has attracted an enviable collection of owners, many with long-standing ties to the southern Gold Coast and the surf culture that has helped define Rainbow Bay and neighbouring Kirra for generations.

Given Gedoun's own background in surfing, it perhaps comes as little surprise that some of Australia's most recognisable surfers have chosen to buy into the development overlooking one of the country's most celebrated stretches of coastline.

Pezet Matheson directors Jayde Pezet and Todd Matheson launched the project in late 2021, and have managed the sales campaign all the way through to its sell-out and recent completion.

<img alt="Esprit" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="08fc6261-b84e-4b09-8a44-66d3067fd0d1" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/Screenshot%202026-07-29%20at%208.51.05%E2%80%AFAM.png?VersionId=4AOcb6ETZwNUnMPdTtz1B3pZAIB_jgZ2" />

Former world champion Mick Fanning, who grew up in Coolangatta, secured an apartment in 2023. He paid&nbsp;$2.07 million. Last year he sold his Bilinga home for over $16 million.

Three-time world champion Joel Parkinson also purchased in the development, alongside big wave surfer Mark Mathews. Mathews bought the most expensive apartment in the building, spending just over $4 million.

Joining them is Rip Curl founder Doug Warbrick, whose company helped shape Australia's global surfing industry over the past five decades.

The appeal of Rainbow Bay has extended well beyond the surfing community.

International DJ Paul Fisher purchased an apartment through his investment vehicle, YLB Developments, an abbreviation of his trademark phrase "You Little Beauty".

The purchase comes as Fisher and his wife Chloe are developing their own luxury apartment project further north in Palm Beach. Their boutique beachfront development, Pescado, comprises just seven apartments on Jefferson Lane, which start from just shy of $6 million. The couple intend to retain the two-level penthouse as their Australian base between international touring commitments.

Melbourne Storm coach Craig Bellamy and his wife Wendy have also invested in Esprit, purchasing two apartments after spending decades holidaying on the southern Gold Coast. They also have a luxury apartment in Joe Adsett's Rockpool, less than 400m away from Esprit.

<h2>Boutique project draws owner-occupiers</h2>

Esprit launched in 2021 and sold strongly, with buyers drawn to its boutique scale, beachfront position and contemporary design.

The completed development comprises 94 apartments across 11 levels, offering expansive floorplans designed primarily for owner-occupiers rather than the investor market.

Crowning the building is Club Esprit, pitched as being the Gold Coast's first residential rooftop wellness centre. The roof features a&nbsp;25 metre magnesium lap pool, which is surrounded by wet daybeds and poolside cabanas,&nbsp;multiple barbecue areas,&nbsp;a yoga and relaxation play lawn, and a private dining room with a kitchen scullery, bar, lounges, and an outdoor terrace.

The wellness centre is&nbsp;fully equipped with a Technogym, ice bath, infra-red sauna, steam room, thermal room, and treatment room. The roof has views spanning&nbsp;Rainbow Bay, Snapper Rocks and the Pacific Ocean.

<h2>S&amp;S Projects continues to shape Rainbow Bay</h2>

S&amp;S Projects founder Paul Gedoun has become one of the key figures behind Rainbow Bay's evolution over the past several years.

After establishing S&amp;S Projects, Gedoun has focused on delivering lifestyle-driven apartment developments designed primarily for owner-occupiers seeking a permanent coastal home.

Esprit is Gedoun's third completed project in Rainbow Bay, following Flow and Awaken, both of which achieved record prices for the suburb.

He is now delivering <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/radia-rainbow-bay-271-boundary-street-coolangatta-qld-4225">Radia Rainbow Bay</a>, a 38-apartment development on Boundary Street that is currently selling, and has no plans to leave the precinct anytime soon. S&amp;S Projects has also lodged plans for its fifth Rainbow Bay development, an 88-apartment project on Boundary Street featuring a strong wellness focus.

Read more:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/news/qld/first-look-s-s-projects-proposes-88-apartment-wellness-tower-at-coolangattas-boundary-street">First look: S&amp;S Projects proposes 88-apartment wellness tower at Coolangatta's Boundary Street</a>

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Joel Robinson

Who's who of buyers revealed as Esprit Rainbow Bay settles

Nature Based Cities (NBC), the not-for-profit organisation focused on improving biodiversity and nature outcomes in urban development, has launched its latest industry design guidelines and accreditation framework, this time targeting precinct-scale residential communities.

The move extends NBC’s influence beyond its initial focus on medium and high-density residential developments. Several projects have already achieved NBC accreditation since the launch of its Medium &amp; High-Density Residential Guidelines in early 2025.

The expansion into masterplanned communities and new residential precincts reflects the growing need for stronger nature-positive benchmarks as Australia’s outer suburban growth corridors continue to expand at pace.

Paul Hameister OAM, NBC Founder and the Executive Chairman of Melbourne developer Hamton who itself leans heavily into nature and biodiversity in its developments, says the&nbsp;nature-first approach to mitigate the effects of climate change has become standard in other parts of the world such as the UK, but Australia is lagging.&nbsp;Australia’s environmentally sustainable design (ESD) rating tools have no minimum mandatory requirements for living landscapes.

“We’ve always wanted to do more, and we know other developers who want to do more, but the ESD rating tools just aren’t there,” Hameister says. “In Australia, you can have a five-green-star rated building that’s concrete and glass with not a blade of grass. 
 
“The focus is on reducing emissions, which is laudable, but there hasn’t been enough attention paid to protecting and re-establishing nature. We need both for the health of the environment and for communities.”

He says that having now&nbsp;made good progress in supporting developers of medium and high-density residential projects, NBC is now looking to bolster better nature-based decision-making and recognise developers of greenfield projects in the outer ring and large inner-ring brownfield precincts, who want to champion nature and living landscape as a defining feature.

Since 2022, the not-for-profit has sought to remove the roadblocks preventing developers from incorporating nature and living landscapes into their projects, shifting the conversation from the reduction of emissions and grey infrastructure, toward recognising nature as an essential infrastructure.

The New Communities Design Guidelines and Scorecard arm developers with the tools needed to deliver a nature positive outcome for their new communities. Intended to be adopted at the outset of the planning process, the guidelines are designed to help create communities that are cooler, healthier and more resilient while also enhancing social wellbeing and long-term economic value.&nbsp;

New Communities developers seeking accreditation will be independently assessed across a range of key criteria including ecology, tree canopy, biodiversity, and walkability. Once the masterplan is complete and submitted for approval, the scorecard is formalised based on proposed outcomes. Projects that meet the NBC criteria will receive either Commended or Exemplary accreditation outcomes, creating a clear benchmark for nature-positive new communities in Australia.&nbsp;

Janis Fischer, Director at Tract and NBC Advisory Council member, said the development of new communities in our suburbs can have a substantial impact on nature and biodiversity.

"By incorporating nature-based design principles at the inception of a project, developers and their design teams can achieve nature positive outcomes that are good for both people and the planet.’’&nbsp;

NBC accredited New Community projects will gain access to NBC branding and marketing tools to help communicate their nature-based credentials to purchasers and the broader market.&nbsp;

Nature Based Cities: A new Australian benchmark for developing nature-positive new communities

Apartment buildings are increasingly being designed around how people actually live day to day, not just how they want a building to look.

For buyers, that shift is showing up in practical inclusions that respond to changing habits. Work-from-home spaces, EV charging, wellness amenities, secure bike storage and parcel management are becoming part of the broader apartment conversation, reflecting a move toward buildings that reduce friction in everyday life.

Online shopping has become one of the clearest examples of that change.

Australians spent a record $82.6 billion online in 2025, with nearly one in four retail dollars now spent online. That has made parcel delivery a regular part of apartment living, rather than an occasional inconvenience.

For apartment residents, however, the delivery process can be less straightforward than it is for detached homes. Parcels may be left in lobbies, redirected to Post Offices, missed entirely, or placed under the responsibility of building managers and concierge teams.

That is why secure parcel infrastructure is increasingly being considered alongside more familiar apartment amenities.

<iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-VjjLwoViX0?si=A3k7ws9NX35Uac7_" title="YouTube video player" width="560"></iframe>

Australia Post Parcel Lockers offer one way to address the issue. When a parcel arrives, residents receive a notification through the AusPost app or SMS, then collect it using a QR code or one-time PIN. The parcel is kept secure, accessible and removed from common areas.

The broader Parcel Locker network now includes more than 1,500 locations across Australia, positioned at Post Offices, shopping centres, supermarkets, transport hubs and other accessible locations.

For new apartment projects, the relevance is clear. A building’s amenity offering is no longer only about lifestyle spaces, but also about convenience, security and functionality.

As buyer expectations evolve, secure parcel delivery is becoming part of the same design conversation as flexible working, sustainable transport and resident wellbeing.

It is one less thing for residents to worry about, and another example of apartment design adapting to the way Australians now live.

Apartment design is adapting to the way Australians shop

While school holidays and trips to Europe tend to define the winter property market, there's been no cold snap at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/the-walden-north-sydney-177-walker-street-north-sydney-nsw-2060">The Walden</a> in North Sydney.

Developer-builder&nbsp;<a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/aland">ALAND</a> sold more than $35 million worth of apartments throughout June, including a $6.8 million apartment that now ranks among the highest apartment sales ever recorded in North Sydney.

SRM Residential agent Ben Stewart said buyer demand throughout June reflected a mix of improving market confidence and longer-term thinking from owner-occupiers.

"We're seeing strong demand from owner-occupiers who are taking a longer-term view," Stewart said.

"Many recognise the opportunity to secure an apartment in an iconic building and premium location while values remain attractive. They may initially lease the property, but the intention is to eventually move in themselves, rather than purchasing purely as an investment."

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134323 project_image_fid=367129]

Located at 177 Walker Street, The Walden will deliver 161 one, two, three and four-bedroom residences across a 30-storey tower designed by Rothelowman. Every apartment occupies a corner position, maximising natural light, cross ventilation and views across Sydney Harbour, the Opera House, Sydney Heads and the northern districts.

Rather than a traditional balcony, the residences feature winter gardens that seamlessly extend the open plan living areas, creating versatile spaces for relaxing or entertaining throughout the year. Floor-to-ceiling glazing draws in natural light while showcasing sweeping views from the building's elevated Walker Street position.

Every apartment features high-end Calacatta marble, bespoke joinery, and fully integrated appliances.

The larger residences have been planned with distinct entertaining and private zones, with many master suites positioned on corners to capture natural light and harbour views. Walk-in dressing rooms, freestanding baths and refined stone finishes reinforce the house-like feel that has resonated with downsizers and owner-occupiers.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134323 project_image_fid=6393]

Rothelowman Principal Ben Pomroy said the project was designed to make the most of its unique position overlooking the harbour.

"The Walden is a celebration of all things beautiful, curated for those who expect nothing less than exceptional," Pomroy says.

"Meticulously designed entertaining spaces and light-filled living areas that capitalise on capturing the natural beauty of Sydney's iconic harbour."

Residents will also have exclusive access to The Pavilion, a dedicated amenity building featuring a rooftop pool, wellness studio, gymnasium, sauna, concierge service, residents' lounge, private dining spaces and work-from-home facilities.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134323 project_image_fid=6402]

The project marks ALAND's first major luxury apartment development in Sydney's inner-city market after more than two decades delivering residential communities across Greater Sydney.

Founder and CEO Andrew Hrsto previously said the rarity of the Walker Street site made it an opportunity the company could not overlook.

"This is a rare opportunity to bring a truly exceptional project to life in one of Sydney's most iconic locations, and to showcase our craftsmanship and design expertise at a world-class level," Hrsto said.

[smartcode_project:default project_id=134323 project_image_fid=6383]

The Walden has been introduced to the market at a time when demand for living in North Sydney is at an all-time high. Billions of dollars have been invested in infrastructure, including the recently opened Victoria Cross Metro station, located just 300 metres from The Walden, providing residents with direct access to the Sydney CBD in just minutes.

Private investment has also transformed the area through the arrival of new retail and dining destinations, elevating the lifestyle offering in what was once considered primarily a commercial precinct rather than an aspirational residential address.

The Walden is currently under construction and is scheduled for completion in 2028.

[smartcode_project_cta:default project_id=134323]

ALAND records $35 million in sales in North Sydney as The Walden bucks quiet winter selling season

The long-awaited redevelopment of the former Eastlakes Shopping Centre site has reached a major milestone, with Conquest's plans for a new mixed-use precinct officially placed on public exhibition.

The State Significant Development Application would transform the 1.7-hectare site at <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/new-apartments/19a-evans-avenue-eastlakes-nsw-2018">19A Evans Avenue</a> into one of Sydney's largest urban renewal projects, delivering 736 apartments above a new shopping centre anchored by Woolworths, alongside specialty retail, dining, commercial space and new public open spaces.

The public exhibition marks the next chapter for the project after <a href="https://www.apartments.com.au/developers/conquest">Conquest</a> acquired the stalled Stage Two development from Crown Group, who completed the first stage across the road prior to their voluntary liquidation.

<img alt="First look: Conquest unveils plans for 736-home Eastlakes Shopping Centre redevelopment" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="5fca22c5-d1ed-4e2c-8801-03f7df1eafc8" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/eastland%20podium.png?VersionId=uomwr41nF8CmLUZRDcu3mHQechlbxucS" />

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Designed by DKO Architecture, the proposal comprises four residential buildings ranging from 14 to 18 storeys above a two-level retail podium. The development would deliver 736 apartments, including 74 affordable homes, 215 Build-to-Rent apartments and 521 market residences. Provision has also been made for dual-key apartments, which could increase the total number of dwellings to 877.

At ground level, the shopping centre has been designed as the suburb's new meeting place, anchored by a full-line Woolworths and complemented by a curated mix of fresh food retailers, cafés, restaurants, health services and everyday convenience shopping. Generous pedestrian links and landscaped public spaces will connect the retail precinct through to Jack Mundey Reserve, creating a more walkable and connected neighbourhood.

Conquest CEO Michael Akkawi said the redevelopment was about far more than replacing a shopping centre.

"Eastlakes has been overlooked for too long, and this is the community’s moment. We are building a shopping centre and homes, a genuine heart for the suburb, and we genuinely want locals to help shape it."

"We enrich communities through the creation of homes, places, and experiences designed for life, built to last, and owner for generations. That starts with listening, so we warmly encourage everyone with a connection to Eastlakes to view the plans and share their thoughts."

<img alt="First look: Conquest unveils plans for 736-home Eastlakes Shopping Centre redevelopment" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="22f6fb20-54fb-4bd7-8a92-48fafdd00608" src="https://s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/www.urban.com.au/s3fs-public/inline-images/eastland.png?VersionId=cugp7s9hrMHGJJdYzkeAkrFoQgnF4GXf" />

DKO said the design had been shaped by the site's landscape setting and surrounding open space.

"Our vision for the site embraces its unique Bidjigal identity by blending the residential living with generous landscaping and a material palette inspired by the Bidjigal locality, and celebrating the panoramic views to Botany Bay and the wetlands reserves."

"Taking cues from Country, we seek to harmonise built form with the landscape and lightly touch the earth. By reconnecting, retaining and regenerating existing ecology, and weaving in natural elements, we can deepen our connection to Country."

The landscape strategy extends across the podium and rooftops, incorporating communal gardens, children's play areas, lawns, community gardens, family gathering spaces and extensive tree planting. New landscaped links will also strengthen the connection between the precinct and Jack Mundey Reserve, while publicly accessible open spaces have been integrated throughout the development.

The proposal builds on Conquest's broader placemaking strategy for the site. Through an ongoing partnership, local artist Joe Rashbrook has been appointed Urban Art Curator, working alongside young residents to transform the project's site hoardings into a public art gallery that allows the community to engage with the redevelopment before construction is complete.

Conquest has rapidly expanded its development pipeline since acquiring the Eastlakes site, with more than $6 billion worth of mixed-use projects now in planning across Sydney, including Stanmore, Castlecrag and Waterloo.

Conquest CEO Michael Akkawi said the redevelopment was about far more than replacing a shopping centre.

Staff reporter

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